Article(id=1241065981938815093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241065978004557893, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409538, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727625600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773822787985, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773822787985, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773822787985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822787985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241065978004557893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773822787047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773823194927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241067688831808347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241065978004557893, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241067688831808348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241065978004557893, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=709, endPage=715, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241065982244999305, articleId=1241065981938815093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Correlation analysis between health literacy and health-related quality of life among the elderly in China, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the correlation between health literacy and health-related quality of life among the elderly in China.

Methods

A multi-stage random sampling method was used to measure the health literacy and health-related quality of life of the participants using short-form health literacy survey questionnaire (HLS-SF12) and the European five-dimensional five-level health scale (EQ-5D-5L), respectively. Health-related quality of life was evaluated by using the health utility value. Spearman’s correlation analysis, tobit regression analysis, and restricted cubic spline were used to analyze the correlation between health literacy and HRQoL in elder adults, and sensitivity analyses were performed by excluding participants with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and overweight and obesity.

Results

A total of 1 147 cases of older adults aged ≥60 years were included, with 581 male cases (50.65%) and the age range of 71-75 years was the most prevalent, with 361 cases (31.47%). The mean level of health literacy was 34 (30, 36) points, and the mean level of health utility value was 0.94 (0.83, 1.00). Spearman correlation analysis found a positive correlation between health literacy and health utility value (rs=0.370, P<0.001). Tobit regression analysis found a positive correlation between health literacy and health utility value (β=0.007, 95% CI: 0.005-0.008, P<0.001). Restricted cubic spline showed an irregular “right skewed” distribution between health literacy and health utility value after adjusting for confounding factors; The relationship between health literacy and health utility value still existed in the sensitivity analyses of elder adults who excluded participants with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and overweight and obesity.

Conclusion

The health literacy level is an influential factor in the health-related quality of life of the elderly, and improving the health literacy of the elderly is conducive to the patients’ beneficial behaviors such as disease prevention and control, health care, and health promotion.

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目的

分析我国老年人健康素养与健康相关生命质量的相关性。

方法

采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,使用12条目健康素养量表(short-form health literacy survey questionnaire,HLS-SF12)、欧洲五维健康量表(European five-dimensional five-level health scale,EQ-5D-5L)评估调查对象的健康素养和健康相关生命质量(health-related quality of life,HRQoL),使用健康效用值评价调查对象的健康相关生命质量。使用spearman相关性分析、tobit回归分析、限制性立方样条图分析老年人健康素养与HRQoL的相关性,排除高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常及超重和肥胖的老年人进行敏感性分析。

结果

共纳入≥60岁老年人1 147例,男性581例,占50.65%;年龄以71~75岁最多,361例,占31.47%。健康素养平均水平为34(30,36)分,健康效用值的平均水平为0.94(0.83,1.00)。Spearman相关性分析发现,健康素养评分与健康效应值之间呈正相关(rs=0.370,P<0.001)。Tobit回归分析发现,健康素养与健康效应值呈正相关(β=0.007,95% CI:0.005~0.008,P<0.001)。限制性立方样条显示,调整混杂因素后,健康素养评分与健康效应值之间呈不规则的“右偏态”分布;排除高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常及超重和肥胖的老年人700例进行敏感性分析,健康素养评分与健康效应值之间的关系仍然存在。

结论

健康素养水平是老年人健康相关生命质量的影响因素,提高老年人的健康素养,有利于患者做出疾病预防控制、卫生保健、健康促进等有益行为。

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邬丹,E-mail:
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杜市(1992—),女,本科,主治医师,研究方向:健康教育与健康促进工作

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BMJ Open, 2024, 14(10): e081892., articleTitle=Associations between health literacy proficiencies and health-related quality of life and GP visits among young People in Norway: a population-based cross-sectional study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241065995431891618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=103, issue=29, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Yardimci gürel T, Güner Ö, journalName=Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yardimci gürel T, Güner Ö. Health literacy as a predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factor knowledge level among women in Turkey: A community-based cross-sectional study[J]. Medicine, 2024, 103(29): e38994., articleTitle=Health literacy as a predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factor knowledge level among women in Turkey: A community-based cross-sectional study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241065995561915057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Delshad MH, Pourhaji F, Abdollahi M, journalName=Cancer Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Delshad MH, Pourhaji F, Abdollahi M, et al. Colorectal cancer literacy and related factors in Northeast of Iran: A cross-sectional study[J]. Cancer Reports, 2024, 7(3): e2037., articleTitle=Colorectal cancer literacy and related factors in Northeast of Iran: A cross-sectional study, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241065983121608894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241065983129997504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, companyId=1241065983121608894, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Endemic and Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Health Education, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchuan District, Chongqing 408400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241065983138386113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, companyId=1241065983121608894, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=重庆市南川区疾病预防控制中心地慢健教科,重庆 408400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241065986514800965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Restricted cubic spline of healthliteracy scores versus health utility values, figureFileSmall=nY2XWvG1KrsjCw3A+6YOqw==, figureFileBig=SjJipU4sr1QMqwsqXUSGkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241065986615464267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, language=CN, label=图1, caption=健康素养评分与健康效应值的限制性立方条图

注:限制性立方条图调整变量与tobit回归分析调整的变量一致(图1A. 调整年龄、性别等基本特征后,健康素养评分与健康效应值的限制性立方条图;图1B. 排除高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常及超重和肥胖的老年人后,健康素养评分与健康效应值的限制性立方条图)。

, figureFileSmall=nY2XWvG1KrsjCw3A+6YOqw==, figureFileBig=SjJipU4sr1QMqwsqXUSGkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241065986825179477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics andoverall score of health utility values of the elderly (n=1 147)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量调查数
(例)
构成比
(%)
健康效用值
[M(P25P75)]
统计值P
性别Z=-3.0900.002
58150.650.95(0.82,1.00)
56649.350.94(0.79,1.00)
年龄(岁)H=56.706<0.001
60~6527223.711.00(0.89,1.00)
66~7024221.100.95(0.83,1.00)a
71~7536131.470.94(0.83,1.00)a
≥7627223.710.88(0.73,1.00)a
受教育程度H=65.982<0.001
小学及以下50644.120.89(0.75,1.00)
初中23120.140.94(0.83,1.00)
高中20017.440.95(0.83,1.00)
大专及以上21018.311.00(0.94,1.00)
婚姻状态Z=-5.247<0.001
已婚89477.940.95(0.75,1.00)
其他25322.060.89(0.75,1.00)
职业状态H=21.268<0.001
在职685.931.00(0.93,1.00)
退休62554.490.94(0.83,1.00)a
其他45439.580.93(0.79,1.00)
常住地Z=-3.1230.002
城市65457.020.95(0.84,1.00)
农村49342.980.94(0.79,1.00)
户籍类型Z=-3.459<0.001
非农业户口52946.120.95(0.84,1.00)
农业户口61853.880.94(0.81,1.00)
家庭人均月收入/元H=27.275<0.001
≤3 00047141.060.93(0.78,1.00)
3 001~6 00040635.400.94(0.83,1.00)a
≥6 00127023.541.00(0.88,1.00)a
独居Z=-2.2290.026
1 01188.140.94(0.83,1.00)
13611.860.89(0.78,1.00)
吸烟Z=-0.8420.400
98285.610.94(0.83,1.00)
16514.390.95(0.84,1.00)
饮酒Z=-2.1890.029
78168.090.94(0.81,1.00)
36631.910.95(0.85,1.00)
高血压
63755.541.00(0.88,1.00)Z=-7.478<0.001
51044.460.89(0.78,1.00)
糖尿病Z=-5.893<0.001
1 00987.970.95(0.83,1.00)
13812.030.84(0.73,1.00)
血脂异常Z=-4.443<0.001
1 03590.240.94(0.83,1.00)
1129.760.89(0.73,1.00)
超重和肥胖Z=-1.4030.160
83072.360.94(0.82,1.00)
31727.640.94(0.83,1.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1241065986955202908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

老年人基本特征及健康效用值总体评分(n=1 147)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量调查数
(例)
构成比
(%)
健康效用值
[M(P25P75)]
统计值P
性别Z=-3.0900.002
58150.650.95(0.82,1.00)
56649.350.94(0.79,1.00)
年龄(岁)H=56.706<0.001
60~6527223.711.00(0.89,1.00)
66~7024221.100.95(0.83,1.00)a
71~7536131.470.94(0.83,1.00)a
≥7627223.710.88(0.73,1.00)a
受教育程度H=65.982<0.001
小学及以下50644.120.89(0.75,1.00)
初中23120.140.94(0.83,1.00)
高中20017.440.95(0.83,1.00)
大专及以上21018.311.00(0.94,1.00)
婚姻状态Z=-5.247<0.001
已婚89477.940.95(0.75,1.00)
其他25322.060.89(0.75,1.00)
职业状态H=21.268<0.001
在职685.931.00(0.93,1.00)
退休62554.490.94(0.83,1.00)a
其他45439.580.93(0.79,1.00)
常住地Z=-3.1230.002
城市65457.020.95(0.84,1.00)
农村49342.980.94(0.79,1.00)
户籍类型Z=-3.459<0.001
非农业户口52946.120.95(0.84,1.00)
农业户口61853.880.94(0.81,1.00)
家庭人均月收入/元H=27.275<0.001
≤3 00047141.060.93(0.78,1.00)
3 001~6 00040635.400.94(0.83,1.00)a
≥6 00127023.541.00(0.88,1.00)a
独居Z=-2.2290.026
1 01188.140.94(0.83,1.00)
13611.860.89(0.78,1.00)
吸烟Z=-0.8420.400
98285.610.94(0.83,1.00)
16514.390.95(0.84,1.00)
饮酒Z=-2.1890.029
78168.090.94(0.81,1.00)
36631.910.95(0.85,1.00)
高血压
63755.541.00(0.88,1.00)Z=-7.478<0.001
51044.460.89(0.78,1.00)
糖尿病Z=-5.893<0.001
1 00987.970.95(0.83,1.00)
13812.030.84(0.73,1.00)
血脂异常Z=-4.443<0.001
1 03590.240.94(0.83,1.00)
1129.760.89(0.73,1.00)
超重和肥胖Z=-1.4030.160
83072.360.94(0.82,1.00)
31727.640.94(0.83,1.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1241065987039088991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Composition of each level of the five dimensions in the EQ-5D-5L for the elderly in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平行动能力自我照顾日常活动疼痛或不舒服焦虑或沮丧
例数
(例)
构成比
(%)
例数
(例)
构成比
(%)
例数
(例)
构成比
(%)
例数
(例)
构成比
(%)
例数
(例)
构成比
(%)
没有问题76866.9693181.1786375.2461153.2777867.83
轻度问题28224.5915413.4322319.4439934.7929926.07
中度问题706.10393.40423.6611810.29514.45
严重问题171.48121.05151.31161.39141.22
非常严重问题100.87110.9640.3530.2650.44
), ArticleFig(id=1241065987148140902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

我国老年人EQ-5D-5L中五个维度各水平的构成情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平行动能力自我照顾日常活动疼痛或不舒服焦虑或沮丧
例数
(例)
构成比
(%)
例数
(例)
构成比
(%)
例数
(例)
构成比
(%)
例数
(例)
构成比
(%)
例数
(例)
构成比
(%)
没有问题76866.9693181.1786375.2461153.2777867.83
轻度问题28224.5915413.4322319.4439934.7929926.07
中度问题706.10393.40423.6611810.29514.45
严重问题171.48121.05151.31161.39141.22
非常严重问题100.87110.9640.3530.2650.44
), ArticleFig(id=1241065987240415596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Tobit regression analysis of health literacy and health utility values of the elderly in China (n=1 147)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量标准误ZPβ值(95% CI
截距0.0939.235<0.0010.863(0.680~1.046)
性别0.012-1.6460.100-0.019(-0.042~0.004)
年龄0.005-4.771<0.001-0.023(-0.033~-0.014)
受教育程度0.0060.9130.3610.005(-0.006~0.017)
婚姻状态0.0152.1170.0340.031(0.002~0.060)
职业0.0090.5750.5650.005(-0.013~0.024)
常住地0.014-1.5930.111-0.023(-0.051~0.005)
户籍类型0.0151.5070.1320.022(-0.007~0.051)
家庭人均月收入0.0081.5980.1100.012(-0.003~0.028)
独居0.0190.0590.9530.001(-0.035~0.037)
吸烟0.016-0.1420.887-0.002(-0.034~0.030)
饮酒0.0120.2280.8200.003(-0.021~0.027)
高血压0.011-2.5860.010-0.028(-0.049~-0.007)
糖尿病0.016-3.0900.002-0.051(-0.083~-0.019)
血脂异常0.018-1.2490.212-0.022(-0.057~0.013)
超重和肥胖0.0120.4380.6610.005 (-0.018~0.028)
健康素养0.0017.163<0.0010.007(0.005~0.008)
log(Sigma)0.021-83.739<0.001-1.748(-1.789~-1.707)
), ArticleFig(id=1241065987336884593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065981938815093, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

我国老年人健康素养与健康效应值的Tobit回归分析 (n=1 147)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量标准误ZPβ值(95% CI
截距0.0939.235<0.0010.863(0.680~1.046)
性别0.012-1.6460.100-0.019(-0.042~0.004)
年龄0.005-4.771<0.001-0.023(-0.033~-0.014)
受教育程度0.0060.9130.3610.005(-0.006~0.017)
婚姻状态0.0152.1170.0340.031(0.002~0.060)
职业0.0090.5750.5650.005(-0.013~0.024)
常住地0.014-1.5930.111-0.023(-0.051~0.005)
户籍类型0.0151.5070.1320.022(-0.007~0.051)
家庭人均月收入0.0081.5980.1100.012(-0.003~0.028)
独居0.0190.0590.9530.001(-0.035~0.037)
吸烟0.016-0.1420.887-0.002(-0.034~0.030)
饮酒0.0120.2280.8200.003(-0.021~0.027)
高血压0.011-2.5860.010-0.028(-0.049~-0.007)
糖尿病0.016-3.0900.002-0.051(-0.083~-0.019)
血脂异常0.018-1.2490.212-0.022(-0.057~0.013)
超重和肥胖0.0120.4380.6610.005 (-0.018~0.028)
健康素养0.0017.163<0.0010.007(0.005~0.008)
log(Sigma)0.021-83.739<0.001-1.748(-1.789~-1.707)
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我国老年人健康素养与健康相关生命质量的相关性分析
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杜市 , 邬丹 , 陈静
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(4): 709-715
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(4): 709-715
我国老年人健康素养与健康相关生命质量的相关性分析
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杜市, 邬丹 , 陈静
作者信息
  • 重庆市南川区疾病预防控制中心地慢健教科,重庆 408400
  • 杜市(1992—),女,本科,主治医师,研究方向:健康教育与健康促进工作

通讯作者:

邬丹,E-mail:
Correlation analysis between health literacy and health-related quality of life among the elderly in China
Shi DU, Dan WU , Jing CHEN
Affiliations
  • Department of Endemic and Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Health Education, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchuan District, Chongqing 408400, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409538
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目的

分析我国老年人健康素养与健康相关生命质量的相关性。

方法

采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,使用12条目健康素养量表(short-form health literacy survey questionnaire,HLS-SF12)、欧洲五维健康量表(European five-dimensional five-level health scale,EQ-5D-5L)评估调查对象的健康素养和健康相关生命质量(health-related quality of life,HRQoL),使用健康效用值评价调查对象的健康相关生命质量。使用spearman相关性分析、tobit回归分析、限制性立方样条图分析老年人健康素养与HRQoL的相关性,排除高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常及超重和肥胖的老年人进行敏感性分析。

结果

共纳入≥60岁老年人1 147例,男性581例,占50.65%;年龄以71~75岁最多,361例,占31.47%。健康素养平均水平为34(30,36)分,健康效用值的平均水平为0.94(0.83,1.00)。Spearman相关性分析发现,健康素养评分与健康效应值之间呈正相关(rs=0.370,P<0.001)。Tobit回归分析发现,健康素养与健康效应值呈正相关(β=0.007,95% CI:0.005~0.008,P<0.001)。限制性立方样条显示,调整混杂因素后,健康素养评分与健康效应值之间呈不规则的“右偏态”分布;排除高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常及超重和肥胖的老年人700例进行敏感性分析,健康素养评分与健康效应值之间的关系仍然存在。

结论

健康素养水平是老年人健康相关生命质量的影响因素,提高老年人的健康素养,有利于患者做出疾病预防控制、卫生保健、健康促进等有益行为。

老年人  /  健康素养  /  健康相关生命质量  /  相关性
Objective

To analyze the correlation between health literacy and health-related quality of life among the elderly in China.

Methods

A multi-stage random sampling method was used to measure the health literacy and health-related quality of life of the participants using short-form health literacy survey questionnaire (HLS-SF12) and the European five-dimensional five-level health scale (EQ-5D-5L), respectively. Health-related quality of life was evaluated by using the health utility value. Spearman’s correlation analysis, tobit regression analysis, and restricted cubic spline were used to analyze the correlation between health literacy and HRQoL in elder adults, and sensitivity analyses were performed by excluding participants with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and overweight and obesity.

Results

A total of 1 147 cases of older adults aged ≥60 years were included, with 581 male cases (50.65%) and the age range of 71-75 years was the most prevalent, with 361 cases (31.47%). The mean level of health literacy was 34 (30, 36) points, and the mean level of health utility value was 0.94 (0.83, 1.00). Spearman correlation analysis found a positive correlation between health literacy and health utility value (rs=0.370, P<0.001). Tobit regression analysis found a positive correlation between health literacy and health utility value (β=0.007, 95% CI: 0.005-0.008, P<0.001). Restricted cubic spline showed an irregular “right skewed” distribution between health literacy and health utility value after adjusting for confounding factors; The relationship between health literacy and health utility value still existed in the sensitivity analyses of elder adults who excluded participants with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and overweight and obesity.

Conclusion

The health literacy level is an influential factor in the health-related quality of life of the elderly, and improving the health literacy of the elderly is conducive to the patients’ beneficial behaviors such as disease prevention and control, health care, and health promotion.

Elder adults  /  Health literacy  /  Health-related quality of life  /  Correlation
杜市, 邬丹, 陈静. 我国老年人健康素养与健康相关生命质量的相关性分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (4) : 709 -715 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409538
Shi DU, Dan WU, Jing CHEN. Correlation analysis between health literacy and health-related quality of life among the elderly in China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (4) : 709 -715 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409538
健康素养是指在日常生活中获取、理解、评估和应用信息以做出有关医疗保健、疾病预防和健康促进的判断和决定的知识、动机和能力[1]。健康素养与不同的疾病结局之间存在关联[2-3]。健康相关生命质量(health-related quality of life,HRQoL)能够反映公众的健康水平。我国已明确进入老龄化社会,老年人健康问题严峻。目前,关于老年人HRQoL研究主要集中在高血压[4]、糖尿病[5]或共病[6-7]。研究发现,年龄、性别、慢性病患病情况、人均年收入等是我国老年人HRQoL的影响因素[8-9]。然而,关于健康素养与普通老年人HRQoL的研究报道较少[10]。本研究采用欧洲五维健康量表(the European five-dimensional five-level health scale,EQ-5D-5L)评估受访者的HRQoL,通过使用该量表转换成健康效应值[11],使主观体验客观化,分析我国老年人健康素养与HRQoL的相关性,为提高老年人HRQoL提供参考依据。
所有资料均来自2021年“中国居民心理与行为调查”,本研究选取60岁及以上老年人1 147例进行分析。
关于该项目的研究设计及抽样方法等已在线发表[12]。2021年7月10日至9月15日,采用多阶段随机抽样方法,首先,选择全国31个省(直辖市、自治区),不包括香港、澳门和台湾;其次,使用随机数字表在每个调查点选择2~6个地级市,最终共纳入120个城市进行调查。为了实现具有代表性的人口分布,使用配额抽样(配额属性,如性别、年龄和城乡分布)选择每个城市的参与者。最终,所获得样本的人口分布(每100人)与“2021年第七次全国人口普查”结果的人口特征基本匹配。
使用“问卷星”(https://www.wjx.cn/)开展问卷调查。调查人员或调查小组(少于10人)从当地大学招募。工作人员在抽样方法、研究工具和研究质量控制方面开展培训。在正式调查开始前,组织模拟调查,以保证调查质量。调查人员一对一、面对面地开展问卷调查。在调查开始前,参与者被要求点击一个链接,所有调查对象均签署知情同意书。每位调查对象均分配一个问卷编号,以确保电子问卷的唯一性。如果参与者有思考能力但不能自己完成问卷,研究者根据他/她回答的问题填写问卷。调查共发放问卷11 709份,回收有效问卷11 031份,有效率为94.2%。2021年“中国居民心理与行为调查”通过陕西省健康文化研究中心(JKWH-2021-01)和暨南大学(JNUKY-2021-018)伦理审查。
项目办自行编制的基本情况调查表,主要包括家庭基本信息,如居住地、户口信息等;个人基本信息,如性别、受教育程度、家庭人均月收入等。
该量表由Duong[13]开发,用于评估亚洲国家公众的健康素养水平,共12个条目[14],每个条目用 Likert 4 级评分法,即非常困难(1分),困难(2分),容易(3分),非常容易(4分)。量表总分在12~48分之间,总分越高,说明健康素养越高[14]。该问卷在国内的信效度已得到很好的验证[15]。本研究中该量表Cronbach α系数为0.892。
采用欧洲五维健康量表(EQ-5D-5L)评估老年人的HRQoL。HRQoL是指评估身体状态、精神功能、社会能力和整体个人状况的多维指标[16],可以反映疾病、身体或精神障碍对个人整体健康质量的影响。EQ-5D-5L工具由5个维度组成:活动能力、自我保健、日常活动、疼痛或不舒服和焦虑或沮丧。每个维度由没有问题、轻度问题、中度问题、严重问题、非常严重问题5个等级组成。五个响应级别(1、2、3、4、5)以给定的顺序对应于每个维度。首先,获得一个五级健康量表状态(如:11111,意味着在活动能力、自我保健、日常活动、疼痛或不舒服和焦虑或沮丧方面没有问题),EQ-5D-5L可以代表总共3 125(55)种不同的健康状态[17]。其次,从Luo开发的效用值积分系统获得某种状态的健康效应值[18],其范围从-0.391到1。0表示死亡,1表示个体HRQoL的“完美健康”[19],健康效应值小于0代表被认为比死亡更糟糕的健康状态[20]。本研究中该量表Cronbach α系数为0.842。
①吸烟:指调查时30天内仍有吸烟行为;②饮酒:指调查的30天内仍有饮酒行为。③超重和肥胖:根据身高和体重计算体质量指数(body mass index,BMI),BMI=体重(Kg)/身高(m)2,BMI在24~27.99 kg/m2定义为超重,BMI≥28 kg/m2定义为肥胖[21]
使用SPSS 22.0和R 4.4.1进行统计分析。由于健康素养评分及健康效应值均不符合正态分布,使用四分位数[M(P25P75)]进行表示。双变量的差异使用Mann-Whitney U检验,多变量的差异使用Kruskal-Wallis H检验并进行两两比较;使用双变量的spearman相关性分析评估健康素养评分和健康效应值的关系。参照既往研究[22],采用tobit 回归分析老年人HRQoL的影响因素并开展变量的共线性诊断。健康素养评分与HRQoL的的限制性立方样条图使用R 4.4.1绘制,同时调整混杂因素。检验水准α=0.05。
纳入分析1 147例,男性581例,占50.65%;年龄以71~75岁最多,361例,占31.47%。不同性别(Z=-3.090,P=0.002)、年龄(H=56.706,P<0.001),受教育程度(H=65.982,P<0.001),婚姻状态(Z=-5.247,P<0.001)、职业状态(H=21.268,P<0.001)、常住地(Z=-3.123,P=0.002),户籍类型(Z=-3.459,P<0.001)、家庭人均月收入(H=27.275,P<0.001)、独居(Z=-2.229,P=0.026),饮酒(Z=-2.189,P=0.029)、高血压(Z=-7.478,P<0.001)、糖尿病(Z=-5.893,P<0.001)、血脂异常(Z=-4.443,P<0.001)的健康效应值差异有统计学意义。见表1
1 147例老年人的健康效用值的平均水平为0.94(0.83,1.00),其中492例老年人评分为1,占42.89%(492/1147)。老年人在行动能力、自我照顾、日常活动、疼痛或不舒服、焦虑或沮丧5个维度存在困难的比例分别为33.04% 、18.83%、24.76%、46.73%、32.17%。存在中度及以上问题比例较高的维度主要为疼痛或不舒服,占11.94%。见表2
1 147例老年人健康素养评分在12~40分之间,平均水平为34(30,36)分。Spearman相关性分析发现,健康素养评分与健康效应值之间呈正相关(rs=0.370,P<0.001)。
将性别、年龄等基本特征及健康素养评分作为自变量,健康效应值作为因变量,使用tobit回归分析健康素养与健康效应值的相关性分析,所有变量的方差膨胀因子均小于5,容忍度均小于1,各变量间不存在共线性。分析发现,健康素养与健康效应之呈正相关(β=0.007,95% CI:0.005~0.008,P<0.001)。(见表3)。限制性立方样条显示,调整年龄、性别等基本特征后,健康素养评分与健康效应值之间呈不规则的“右偏态”分布,健康素养评分>34分,β>0(见图1A)。排除高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常及超重和肥胖的老年人700例进行敏感性分析,健康素养评分与健康效应值之间的关系仍然存在,健康素养评分>35分,β>0(见图1B)。
分析发现,我国老年人的健康效应值平均水平为0.94(0.83,1.00)分,低于我国18~90岁的普通自然人群平均水平(0.946±0.096)[23],高于德国65岁以上普通老年人(0.84±0.22)[24],高于韩国体质虚弱(0.74)和体质强壮(0.93)的70~84岁老年人[25],高于英国85岁以上老年人(0.68)[26],高于香港地区老年高血压患者(0.83)[27],高于巴仑比亚认知障碍患者(0.31)[28],说明老年人健康效应值的差异与研究纳入不同年龄段的老年人、疾病情况、评估量表等有关。
分析发现,年龄、高血压、糖尿病与健康效应值呈负相关,是HRQoL的影响因素,与既往研究结果类似[8-9]。关于健康素养与普通老年人HRQoL 的研究较少,更多的研究关注的是老年人HRQoL 的影响因素。Spearman相关性分析发现,健康素养水平越高的老年人,健康效应值更高,说明健康素养对老年人的HRQoL影响是积极的。研究发现,低水平的高血压健康素养是哈萨克族高血压患者HRQoL的主要影响因素[29];Guo等[30]研究发现,大学生健康素养与 HRQoL 呈正相关。Wei等[31]研究发现,提高乳腺癌患者的健康素养,能够优化患者的生命质量;芝加哥的研究发现,发生脊柱裂的患者,健康素养水平更低[32]。Tobit回归分析、限制性立方样条图及敏感性分析均再次印证健康素养与HRQoL之间的关联。健康素养代表个人寻找、理解和使用健康信息以促进和保持良好健康的能力[30]。越来越多的证据表明,低健康素养与一系列不良健康结果有关[33]。分析发现,老年人健康素养平均水平为34(30,36)分,低于该研究总人群健康素养的平均水平(36.70±6.04)[14]。由于老年人比其他年龄段的人需要更多的健康服务和筛查计划,缺乏健康素养会给老年人和我国卫生资源带来巨大的挑战。
对健康信息的理解不足,失败的患者与提供者的交流互动,可能导致自我护理能力差、对健康行为的适用率低以及对医疗保健决策的参与较少等问题[34]。健康素养水平较低的人对疾病治疗带来的好处可能存在理解偏差,表现为药物治疗依从性差、无法准确理解疾病进展,进而造成总体健康状况较差[35]。健康素养能够促进健康行为的养成,促进生命健康。健康素养也是测量认知能力、社会、文化和环境因素的混杂因素,而这些因素推动健康素养与HRQoL的关联。由此可见,提高公众的健康素养,是疾病防治的重要策略之一。国家和地方在制定健康促进工作策略时,要充分考虑健康素养对健康相关生命质量的影响,根据老年人的健康素养水平考虑提供健康服务的方式。
研究的局限性:(1)研究为横断面调查,无法推断健康素养与HRQoL的因果关系,但研究使用多种统计方法,确保了关联的一致性;(2)健康素养、健康相关生命质量是由调查对象自我报告的,可能存在报告偏倚;(3)研究发现,慢性病患病情况是影响HRQoL的主要因素,研究涉及的高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常等是由患者报告的,未进行体格检查确定,可能会低估了慢性病对HRQoL的影响,但研究采用敏感性分析,排除高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、超重和肥胖的调查对象,确保研究的稳健性。
终上所述,健康素养水平是老年人健康相关生命质量的影响因素,提高老年人的健康素养,有利于患者做出疾病预防控制、卫生保健、健康促进等有益行为,促进生命健康。建议:(1)结合国家基本公共卫生服务和家庭医生签约服务,做好老年人的慢性病、传染病等健康教育工作;(2)开发适合老年人的健康教育支持性工具,提高老年人疾病防控、健康技能的可及性;(3)拓宽健康教育普及的形式,通过社区广播、讲座、宣传册等形式,多渠道向老年人提供健康信息,提高老年人对各类疾病的知晓率;(4)卫生行政部门做好优质医疗资源下沉工作,提高基层医疗机构的医疗服务能力。
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409538
  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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    重庆市南川区疾病预防控制中心地慢健教科,重庆 408400

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