Article(id=1241036339588682727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502240, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739548800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815720698, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815720698, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815720698, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815720698, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036327177744706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='17', pageStart='3073', pageEnd='3264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815717738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840080282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3086, endPage=3092, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036340050056187, articleId=1241036339588682727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The impact of psychological resilience, different types of social participation, and their interaction on cognitive impairment in the elderly, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the impact of psychological resilience and various types of social participation, as well as their interaction, on cognitive impairment in older adults.

Methods

This study utilized data from the 2018 China Longitudinal Healthy and Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Analyses were conducted using χ2 tests, logistic regression, restricted cubic splines, and additive interaction models.

Results

Cognitive impairment was observed in 1 421 elderly individuals (19.46%). Risk factors for cognitive impairment included lack of domestic participation (OR=1.73, 95% CI: 1.48-2.02), lack of socialization (OR=1.75,95% CI: 1.45-2.11), lack of leisure activities (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.52-2.28), and low psychological resilience (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.35-1.84). Among elderly individuals with low psychological resilience, non-linear dose-response relationships were observed between three types of social participation and cognitive impairment (P-overall<0.01, P-nonlinear<0.01). An additive interaction between low psychological resilience and lack of social participation in cognitive impairment was identified. Using elderly individuals with high psychological resilience and corresponding types of social participation as the control group, the risk of cognitive impairment for elderly individuals with low psychological resilience and no domestic, no socialization, or no leisure activities was 3.13 (OR=3.13, 95% CI: 2.51-3.91) times, 2.77 (OR=2.77, 95% CI: 2.06-3.72) times, and 3.75 (OR=3.75, 95% CI: 2.93-4.81) times higher, respectively, compared to the control group.

Conclusion

Lack of social participation, low psychological resilience, and their interactions increase the risk of cognitive impairment, suggesting that comprehensively enhancing both psychological resilience and social participation in older adults may improve cognitive function.

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目的

探讨心理弹性与三类社会参与及其交互作用对老年人认知障碍的影响。

方法

基于2018年中国纵向健康长寿调查,采用χ2检验、logistic回归、限制性立方样条和相加模型进行分析。

结果

认知障碍者共1 421例(19.46%),无家务型社会参与(OR=1.73, 95%CI: 1.48~2.02)、无社交型社会参与(OR=1.75, 95%CI: 1.45~2.11)、无休闲娱乐型社会参与(OR=1.86, 95%CI: 1.52~2.28)和心理弹性低(OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.35~1.84)是认知障碍的危险因素。在心理弹性低的老年人中,三类社会参与均分别和认知障碍存在非线性剂量反应关系(P-overall <0.01, P-nonlinear <0.01)。心理弹性低与无社会参与对认知障碍存在相加交互作用,以心理弹性高且参与相应类型社会活动的老年人为参照,心理弹性低且无家务型、无社交型或无休闲娱乐型社会参与的老年人认知障碍风险分别是参照组的3.13倍(OR=3.13, 95%CI:2.51~3.91)、2.77倍(OR=2.77, 95%CI: 2.06~3.72)、3.75倍(OR=3.75, 95%CI: 2.93~4.81)。

结论

无社会参与、心理弹性低及其交互作用增加认知障碍的风险,应综合提高老年人的心理弹性和社会参与水平,改善认知功能。

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吕启圆,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=PWigxPX0zmWXAo+HHB5jXQ==, magXml=nk3X8D3AMy3/NmM7nOMIBw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=9qg561x4oLbRydli3WvtYw==, pdfFileSize=874066, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=MtSui2UZQKVryZuTcZwfqg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=L15neVg3Tj1W2ROZ6p+ioQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张芸菁(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:大数据与智慧康养

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Current status of cognitive impairment in older adults with different characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征调查人数认知障碍患病人数认知障碍患病率 (%)χ2P
年龄(岁)802.524<0.001
65~793 2091494.64
804 0911 27231.09
性别187.474<0.001
3 46444312.79
3 83697825.50
居住地11.2620.001
城镇4 28977918.16
农村3 01164221.32
是否独居1.7130.191
6 0901 16919.20
1 21025220.83
婚姻情况525.147<0.001
有配偶3 6303198.79
无配偶3 6701 10230.03
教育情况818.511<0.001
未受过教育3 0361 06835.18
受过教育4 2643538.28
生活来源16.626<0.001
够用6 3841 19718.75
不够用91622424.45
吸烟史51.797<0.001
从不4 9461 07621.75
当前1 22117214.09
曾经1 13317315.27
饮酒史36.549<0.001
从不5 2261 10321.11
当前1 21216613.70
曾经86215217.63
锻炼195.180<0.001
从不4 09399724.36
当前2 71430011.05
曾经49312425.15
日常活动能力636.924<0.001
正常6 20590314.55
受损1 09551847.31
BMI(kg/m2208.163<0.001
18.5~23.93 77477120.43
<18.598933333.67
≥242 53731712.50
睡眠时长(h)154.291<0.001
<61 35230122.26
6~84 16461514.77
>81 78450528.31
高血压37.895<0.001
3 29153716.32
4 00988422.05
糖尿病32.023<0.001
86810712.33
6 4321 31420.43
心理弹性水平151.381<0.001
2 86835512.38
4 4321 06624.05
社会参与
家务型554.731<0.001
参与4 90258011.83
不参与2 39884135.07
休闲娱乐型607.523<0.001
参与6 6501 05715.89
不参与65036456.00
社交型304.500<0.001
参与2 2971737.53
不参与5 0031 24824.95
), ArticleFig(id=1241139377926107411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036339588682727, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征老年人认知障碍现状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征调查人数认知障碍患病人数认知障碍患病率 (%)χ2P
年龄(岁)802.524<0.001
65~793 2091494.64
804 0911 27231.09
性别187.474<0.001
3 46444312.79
3 83697825.50
居住地11.2620.001
城镇4 28977918.16
农村3 01164221.32
是否独居1.7130.191
6 0901 16919.20
1 21025220.83
婚姻情况525.147<0.001
有配偶3 6303198.79
无配偶3 6701 10230.03
教育情况818.511<0.001
未受过教育3 0361 06835.18
受过教育4 2643538.28
生活来源16.626<0.001
够用6 3841 19718.75
不够用91622424.45
吸烟史51.797<0.001
从不4 9461 07621.75
当前1 22117214.09
曾经1 13317315.27
饮酒史36.549<0.001
从不5 2261 10321.11
当前1 21216613.70
曾经86215217.63
锻炼195.180<0.001
从不4 09399724.36
当前2 71430011.05
曾经49312425.15
日常活动能力636.924<0.001
正常6 20590314.55
受损1 09551847.31
BMI(kg/m2208.163<0.001
18.5~23.93 77477120.43
<18.598933333.67
≥242 53731712.50
睡眠时长(h)154.291<0.001
<61 35230122.26
6~84 16461514.77
>81 78450528.31
高血压37.895<0.001
3 29153716.32
4 00988422.05
糖尿病32.023<0.001
86810712.33
6 4321 31420.43
心理弹性水平151.381<0.001
2 86835512.38
4 4321 06624.05
社会参与
家务型554.731<0.001
参与4 90258011.83
不参与2 39884135.07
休闲娱乐型607.523<0.001
参与6 6501 05715.89
不参与65036456.00
社交型304.500<0.001
参与2 2971737.53
不参与5 0031 24824.95
), ArticleFig(id=1241139378022576410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036339588682727, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Associations between different types of social participation, psychological resilience, and cognitive impairment in older adults [OR (95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单因素模型多因素模型
社会参与
家务型
1.001.00
4.03 (3.57~4.54)1.73 (1.48~2.02)
社交型
1.001.00
4.08 (3.45~4.83)1.75 (1.45~2.11)
休闲娱乐型
1.001.00
6.73 (5.69~7.97)1.86 (1.52~2.28)
心理弹性
1.001.00
2.24 (1.97~2.56)1.58 (1.35~1.84)
), ArticleFig(id=1241139378131628324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036339588682727, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同类型的社会参与、心理弹性与老年人认知障碍的关联[OR (95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单因素模型多因素模型
社会参与
家务型
1.001.00
4.03 (3.57~4.54)1.73 (1.48~2.02)
社交型
1.001.00
4.08 (3.45~4.83)1.75 (1.45~2.11)
休闲娱乐型
1.001.00
6.73 (5.69~7.97)1.86 (1.52~2.28)
心理弹性
1.001.00
2.24 (1.97~2.56)1.58 (1.35~1.84)
), ArticleFig(id=1241139378207125801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036339588682727, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The additive interaction between different types of social participation and psychological resilience

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素OR值 (95%CI)P
模型1
有家务型社会参与且心理弹性高1.00
有家务型社会参与且心理弹性低1.50 (1.21~1.85)<0.001
无家务型社会参与且心理弹性高1.73 (1.34~2.24)<0.001
无家务型社会参与且心理弹性低3.13 (2.51~3.91)<0.001
模型2
有社交型社会参与且心理弹性高1.00
有社交型社会参与且心理弹性低1.29 (0.91~1.83)0.150
无社交型社会参与且心理弹性高1.63 (1.20~2.23)0.002
无社交型社会参与且心理弹性低2.77 (2.06~3.72)<0.001
模型3
有休闲娱乐型社会参与且心理弹性高1.00
有休闲娱乐型社会参与且心理弹性低1.52 (1.29~1.79)<0.001
无休闲娱乐型社会参与且心理弹性高1.91 (1.28~2.86)0.002
无休闲娱乐型社会参与且心理弹性低3.75 (2.93~4.81)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241139378295206197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036339588682727, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同类型社会参与和心理弹性的相加交互作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素OR值 (95%CI)P
模型1
有家务型社会参与且心理弹性高1.00
有家务型社会参与且心理弹性低1.50 (1.21~1.85)<0.001
无家务型社会参与且心理弹性高1.73 (1.34~2.24)<0.001
无家务型社会参与且心理弹性低3.13 (2.51~3.91)<0.001
模型2
有社交型社会参与且心理弹性高1.00
有社交型社会参与且心理弹性低1.29 (0.91~1.83)0.150
无社交型社会参与且心理弹性高1.63 (1.20~2.23)0.002
无社交型社会参与且心理弹性低2.77 (2.06~3.72)<0.001
模型3
有休闲娱乐型社会参与且心理弹性高1.00
有休闲娱乐型社会参与且心理弹性低1.52 (1.29~1.79)<0.001
无休闲娱乐型社会参与且心理弹性高1.91 (1.28~2.86)0.002
无休闲娱乐型社会参与且心理弹性低3.75 (2.93~4.81)<0.001
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老年人心理弹性与不同类型的社会参与及其交互作用对认知障碍的影响
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张芸菁 , 庄荘 , 吕启圆
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(17): 3086-3092
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(17): 3086-3092
老年人心理弹性与不同类型的社会参与及其交互作用对认知障碍的影响
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张芸菁, 庄荘, 吕启圆
作者信息
  • 暨南大学护理学院,广东 广州 510632
  • 张芸菁(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:大数据与智慧康养

通讯作者:

吕启圆,E-mail:
The impact of psychological resilience, different types of social participation, and their interaction on cognitive impairment in the elderly
Yun-jing ZHANG, Zhuang ZHUANG, Qi-yuan LV
Affiliations
  • School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502240
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目的

探讨心理弹性与三类社会参与及其交互作用对老年人认知障碍的影响。

方法

基于2018年中国纵向健康长寿调查,采用χ2检验、logistic回归、限制性立方样条和相加模型进行分析。

结果

认知障碍者共1 421例(19.46%),无家务型社会参与(OR=1.73, 95%CI: 1.48~2.02)、无社交型社会参与(OR=1.75, 95%CI: 1.45~2.11)、无休闲娱乐型社会参与(OR=1.86, 95%CI: 1.52~2.28)和心理弹性低(OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.35~1.84)是认知障碍的危险因素。在心理弹性低的老年人中,三类社会参与均分别和认知障碍存在非线性剂量反应关系(P-overall <0.01, P-nonlinear <0.01)。心理弹性低与无社会参与对认知障碍存在相加交互作用,以心理弹性高且参与相应类型社会活动的老年人为参照,心理弹性低且无家务型、无社交型或无休闲娱乐型社会参与的老年人认知障碍风险分别是参照组的3.13倍(OR=3.13, 95%CI:2.51~3.91)、2.77倍(OR=2.77, 95%CI: 2.06~3.72)、3.75倍(OR=3.75, 95%CI: 2.93~4.81)。

结论

无社会参与、心理弹性低及其交互作用增加认知障碍的风险,应综合提高老年人的心理弹性和社会参与水平,改善认知功能。

老年人  /  交互作用  /  心理弹性  /  社会参与  /  认知障碍
Objective

To explore the impact of psychological resilience and various types of social participation, as well as their interaction, on cognitive impairment in older adults.

Methods

This study utilized data from the 2018 China Longitudinal Healthy and Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Analyses were conducted using χ2 tests, logistic regression, restricted cubic splines, and additive interaction models.

Results

Cognitive impairment was observed in 1 421 elderly individuals (19.46%). Risk factors for cognitive impairment included lack of domestic participation (OR=1.73, 95% CI: 1.48-2.02), lack of socialization (OR=1.75,95% CI: 1.45-2.11), lack of leisure activities (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.52-2.28), and low psychological resilience (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.35-1.84). Among elderly individuals with low psychological resilience, non-linear dose-response relationships were observed between three types of social participation and cognitive impairment (P-overall<0.01, P-nonlinear<0.01). An additive interaction between low psychological resilience and lack of social participation in cognitive impairment was identified. Using elderly individuals with high psychological resilience and corresponding types of social participation as the control group, the risk of cognitive impairment for elderly individuals with low psychological resilience and no domestic, no socialization, or no leisure activities was 3.13 (OR=3.13, 95% CI: 2.51-3.91) times, 2.77 (OR=2.77, 95% CI: 2.06-3.72) times, and 3.75 (OR=3.75, 95% CI: 2.93-4.81) times higher, respectively, compared to the control group.

Conclusion

Lack of social participation, low psychological resilience, and their interactions increase the risk of cognitive impairment, suggesting that comprehensively enhancing both psychological resilience and social participation in older adults may improve cognitive function.

Elderly  /  Interaction  /  Psychological resilience  /  Social participation  /  Cognitive impairment
张芸菁, 庄荘, 吕启圆. 老年人心理弹性与不同类型的社会参与及其交互作用对认知障碍的影响. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3086 -3092 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502240
Yun-jing ZHANG, Zhuang ZHUANG, Qi-yuan LV. The impact of psychological resilience, different types of social participation, and their interaction on cognitive impairment in the elderly[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3086 -3092 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502240
中国老龄化程度和痴呆症对经济的影响均高于全球平均水平[1]。痴呆症是损害老年人健康与生活质量的主要威胁之一。值得注意的是,认知障碍向痴呆症的转化率为39.2%[1],而我国老年人认知障碍发生率为22.24%[2]
生物心理社会模型强调社会和心理因素对健康的影响,该模型在评估痴呆和认知功能方面具有重要价值[3-5]。社会参与和心理弹性是影响认知功能常见的社会和心理因素[4,6-7]。社会参与通过认知刺激增加认知储备,也有助于避免社会隔离,进而保护认知功能[8]。心理弹性低与抑郁等情绪障碍的发生有关[9],这些负面情绪往往会增加认知障碍的风险[10]。已有研究表明,社会参与和心理弹性相互影响[11-12]。Crielaard等[13]的研究也揭示了生理、心理和社会因素之间存在相互作用。
然而,现有研究多关注社会参与或心理弹性与认知障碍两两因素之间的关联,对三者综合关联的研究相对不足[6-7,14],且交互作用(尤其是加性交互效应)也未被充分探讨[4]。已有研究表明,与相乘交互作用相比,相加交互作用在公共卫生领域可能具有更重要的实践意义[15]。此外,社会参与内涵丰富且复杂,不同类型的社会参与对认知功能的影响可能也存在差异[16]
因此,本研究旨在探讨不同类型的社会参与、心理弹性与认知障碍三者的复杂关联及其交互协同效应,为改善老年人认知功能提供理论依据。
采用2018年中国纵向健康长寿调查(CLHLS)的数据,CLHLS已获得北京大学伦理委员会的批准(IRB00001052-13074)。在排除年龄<65岁,缺失认知功能、社会参与、心理弹性和协变量数据的样本后,最终纳入7 300个样本,本研究的纳排标准见图1
(1)认知功能:采用简易精神状态量表(the Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE)测量。认知障碍被定义为MMSE总分低于24分[4]。(2)社会参与:本研究将老年人的社会参与分为三种类型,家务型、社交型和休闲娱乐型[16]。家务型社会参与的问题为“您做家务吗?”“您饲养家畜吗?”;社交型社会参与的问题为“您打麻将/打牌吗?”“您参与有组织的社会活动吗?”;休闲娱乐型社会参与的问题为“您参与户外活动吗?”“您种花养宠物吗?”“您读书看报吗?”“您看电视或听广播吗?”。社会参与的频率由“不参加(1分)”向“几乎每天(5分)”递增,得分越高,说明该类型活动频率越高,还可得到“有无社会参与”的二分类回答。(3)心理弹性:老年人的心理弹性采用Likert五分量表测量[4]。包括5个问题:无论遇到什么事都想得开;自己的事自己说了算;越老越不中用;感到紧张、害怕;感到孤独。总分5~25分,分数越高,表明心理弹性越强。本研究根据中位数,将心理弹性分为高(>20分)和低(≤20分)[4]。(4)协变量:包括人口学特征(性别、年龄、是否独居、居住地、教育、婚姻、生活来源是否够用)、生活习惯(吸烟、饮酒、锻炼、睡眠时间)、健康状况(体重指数、日常生活能力、糖尿病、高血压)。本研究将年龄划分为两个组别:65~79岁和≥80岁,并将城市和镇统一归类为城镇[4]。身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)分为正常(18.5 kg/m2~23.9 kg/m2)、偏瘦(<18.5 kg/m2)、超重和肥胖(≥24 kg/m2)。睡眠时长分为<6 h、>8 h和6~8 h[17]
采用SPSS 26.0和R 4.3.3进行统计分析。所有资料采用频数(构成比)描述,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用logistic回归分析各类社会参与、心理弹性与认知障碍的关联。采用限制性立方样条(restricted cubic spline,RCS),根据赤池信息准则(Akaiket information criterion,AIC)和贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)选取最优节点来评估在不同心理弹性水平下,社会参与和认知障碍的非线性剂量反应关系。通过计算超额危险度(RERI)、归因比(AP)、交互作用指数(S)来评估三种社会参与类型与心理弹性的相加交互作用。如果不存在相加交互作用,那么RERI和AP的置信区间包含0,S的置信区间包含1[18]。检测水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入7 300位老年人,包括3 209位(43.96%) 65~79岁老年人和4 091位(56.04%) 80岁以上老年人。其中,认知障碍的有1 421人(19.46%),心理弹性低的有4 432人(60.71%),无家务型社会参与的有2 398人(32.85%),无社交型社会参与的有5 003人(68.53%),无休闲娱乐型社会参与的有650人(8.90%)。是否发生认知障碍在年龄、性别、居住地、生活来源是否够用、婚姻状况、受教育情况、吸烟、饮酒、锻炼、日常活动能力、睡眠时间、BMI、糖尿病和高血压上存在差异(P<0.001)。见表1
表2所示,无家务型社会参与(OR=1.73 95%CI: 1.48~2.02)、无社交型社会参与(OR=1.75,95%CI: 1.45~2.11)、无休闲娱乐型社会参与(OR=1.86, 95%CI: 1.52~2.28)、心理弹性低(OR=1.58,95%CI: 1.35~1.84)均会增加老年人认知障碍的风险。
在调整单因素分析中有统计学意义的协变量后,心理弹性低的老年人三类社会参与均与认知障碍呈非线性剂量反应关系(P-overall <0.01, P-nonlinear <0.01)。见图2
以有家务型社会参与且心理弹性高的老年人为参照,无家务型社会参与且心理弹性低的老年人认知障碍风险是其3.13倍(OR=3.13,95%CI: 2.51~3.91);以有社交型社会参与且心理弹性高的老年人为参照,无社交型社会参与且心理弹性低的老年人认知障碍风险是其2.77倍(OR=2.77,95%CI: 2.06~3.72);以有休闲娱乐型社会参与且心理弹性高的老年人为参照,无休闲娱乐型社会参与且心理弹性低的老年人认知障碍风险是其3.75倍(OR=3.75, 95%CI: 2.93~4.81)。结果见表3。相加交互作用结果显示,无家务型社会参与和心理弹性低的相加交互作用与二者单独作用之和的差值为0.90(RERI=0.90, 95%CI: 0.36~1.44),认知障碍的患病风险有29%可归因于两个因素的交互作用(AP=0.29,95%CI: 0.12~0.42),当两个因素同时存在时,认知障碍的风险比二者独立风险总和大1.73倍(S=1.73,95%CI:1.17~2.56)。无社交型社会参与和心理弹性低的相加交互作用与二者单独作用之和的差值为0.84 (RERI=0.84, 95%CI: 0.29~1.31),认知障碍的患病风险有30%可归因于两个因素的交互作用(AP=0.30, 95%CI: 0.12~0.48),当两个因素同时存在时,认知障碍的风险比二者独立风险总和大1.91倍(S=1.91, 95%CI:1.05~3.48)。无休闲娱乐型社会参与和心理弹性低的相加交互作用与二者单独作用之和的差值为1.28 (RERI=1.28, 95%CI: 0.18~2.34),认知障碍的患病风险有34%可归因于两个因素的交互作用(AP= 0.34, 95%CI: 0.05~0.53),当两个因素同时存在时,认知障碍的风险比二者独立风险总和大1.88倍(S= 1.88, 95%CI:1.05~3.34)。
认知障碍不仅降低老年人日常生活能力与生活幸福感,还使照护负担加重及医疗成本攀升。在本研究中,老年人认知障碍的发生率较高,为19.46%,与Xu等[19]和朱正杰等[6]的研究结果类似,但低于杨萌柳等[20]的研究,可能是因为研究对象存在个体差异或认知障碍的筛查方式不同。
缺少社会参与增加老年人认知障碍的风险。既往研究表明[4],高水平的社会参与有利于避免认知障碍的发生,而活动种类不同,对认知功能的保护作用也不尽相同[6]。打麻将、阅读书报、与朋友交往等社交型和休闲娱乐类活动不仅能够缓解老年人的负面情绪,还充分锻炼认知能力的多个领域,增加认知刺激[21-22]。此外,经常做家务、保持业余爱好和其他日常活动也可通过保护大脑结构和改善神经可塑性来维持认知功能[23]。因此,相关部门应加强老年人社会活动网络建设,完善公共空间的适老化改造。
心理弹性低也是老年人认知障碍的危险因素。这与Jiang等[14]和Kim等[7]的研究结果一致。良好的心理弹性有助于应对衰老过程中出现的各种负性事件带来的精神压力,减少脑淀粉样蛋白和tau蛋白沉积,避免认知功能进一步恶化[7]。基于此,相关人员可开展针对老年人的心理疏导和情绪调节训练,协助老年人通过健康饮食、锻炼、睡眠管理等方式科学应对焦虑,从而提高心理弹性,延缓认知衰退。
本研究中,缺乏家务型、社交型或休闲娱乐型社会参与分别与心理弹性低在认知障碍发生风险上存在交互作用。社会参与为老年人提供丰富的社交互动与认知刺激,有助于维持大脑活力,减缓认知衰退。但随着年龄增长,老年人社会参与水平逐渐下降,这不仅减少了认知刺激的来源,还对心理弹性产生负面影响[12]。与此同时,年龄增长可能使老人经历更多的负性事件(丧偶、疾病等)。个人能力、角色和生活方式的转变要求老人有更强的适应力,心理弹性高的老人在面对生活压力时能保持积极心态,而心理弹性低的老人则更易被环境影响,产生负面情绪,进而损害认知功能[10,24]。此外,良好的心理弹性又反过来促使老人更积极地参与社会活动[11,25]。鉴于二者的协同作用,我们应综合提升老年人的社会参与和心理弹性,构建更强大的认知障碍预防机制。相关部门也应积极推进“老年友好型”社区建设。在政策层面,应制定并实施支持老年人社会参与和心理健康的政策,完善老年人医疗保障体系,提供认知障碍的早期筛查和干预服务。在社区层面,需优化社区配套设施建设,增设无障碍设施和休闲空间,为老年人创造安全便利的生活环境。同时,还应开展多样化的社区活动,鼓励老年人积极参与,并提供心理疏导和情感关怀,增强其社会网络和心理弹性。在家庭层面,家庭成员应鼓励老年人参与家庭决策和社交活动,增强归属感和自我价值感,并且多陪伴老人,帮助其正确应对生活中的压力和挑战。此外,老人自身也应主动关注认知健康,通过健康饮食、规律作息、适度锻炼、积极参与社会活动、保持良好心态、认知训练等方式改善认知功能[26]
RCS表明,在心理弹性低的老年人中,三种类型的社会参与频率均与认知障碍呈现非线性剂量反应关系,这与先前的研究结果在一定程度上相似[27]。本研究还发现认知障碍风险随着社会参与频率的增加呈现先下降后轻微上升的趋势,提示社会参与频率存在潜在的阈值,参与社会活动应适度,身心不应过度劳累。
本研究利用具有全国代表性的CLHLS数据进行横断面分析,首次探讨了不同类型的社会参与、心理弹性及其交互作用与中国老年人认知障碍的关联。本研究也存在一些局限性。一方面,本研究难以推断因果关系。此外,社会参与和心理弹性对认知障碍的长期影响需要较长的时间才能显现,而横断面研究不利于观察二者的长期效应。因此,未来需进行大样本、多次反复测量的队列研究进一步探讨纵向关联。另一方面,本研究未能控制影响认知障碍的所有混杂因素。
综上所述,我国老年人认知障碍发生率较高,不同类型的社会参与、心理弹性及其交互作用与老年人认知障碍有关。在心理弹性低的老年人中,三类社会参与的频率均与认知障碍呈非线性剂量反应关系。基于此,我们要积极构建“老年友好型”社区,对老年群体实行个性化干预,鼓励社会参与,提高心理弹性,改善认知功能。
  • 国家自然科学基金(72274078)
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2025年第52卷第17期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502240
  • 接收时间:2025-02-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-02-15
基金
国家自然科学基金(72274078)
作者信息
    暨南大学护理学院,广东 广州 510632

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吕启圆,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502240
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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