Article(id=1241036337818686413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412223, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734105600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815720276, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815720276, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815720276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815720276, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036327177744706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='17', pageStart='3073', pageEnd='3264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815717738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840080282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3190, endPage=3195, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036339450270691, articleId=1241036337818686413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Cost-effectiveness analysis of HPV vaccine immunization prevention in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the disease burden of patients with cervical cancer (CC) and precancerous lesions in Suzhou in 2022,evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, and explore the optimal vaccination mode in Suzhou.

Methods

A retrospective survey was conducted to investigate the medical expenses and hospitalization costs of patients with CC and precancerous lesion in Suzhou City in 2022. Using the PRME model, we evaluated the cost-effectiveness of different immunization strategies and combined sensitivity analysis to determine the optimal solution.

Results

Assuming that 13-year-old girls in Suzhou received domestic bivalent HPV vaccine (2vHPV) or 9-valent HPV vaccine (9vHPV) in 2022, and the vaccination rate reached 90.00%, the model predicted that it could avoid 77-103 cases of CC and 17-23 deaths in the future, saving 42.54-56.64 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Compared with not receiving the vaccine, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 2vHPV and 9vHPV was 10 423.54 yuan/DALYs and 131 348.23 yuan/DALYs, respectively, and both were cost-effective.

Conclusion

Both 2vHPV and 9vHPV are cost-effective. Compared to 9vHPV, vaccinating 13-year-old girls with 2vHPV is a more cost-effective vaccination strategy. The cost of vaccines plays a crucial role in determining the ICER. When the price of 9vHPV drops below 90.50 yuan per dose, its ICER becomes lower than that of 2vHPV at 63.00 yuan per dose. Therefore, reducing HPV vaccine prices through government negotiation, centralized procurement, and promoting domestic vaccines is recommended.

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目的

分析2022年苏州市子宫颈癌(cervical cancer)及癌前病变患者的疾病负担,评估不同人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)疫苗接种的成本效果,探索苏州市最佳疫苗接种模式。

方法

采用回顾性调查研究,调查2022年苏州市子宫颈癌及癌前病变患者因病就诊和住院的费用。使用人乳头瘤病毒疫苗建模与经济学评估快速界面模型,评估不同的免疫策略的成本效果,结合敏感性分析得出最佳方案。

结果

假设2022年苏州市为13岁女性接种国产双价HPV疫苗(2-valent HPV vaccine,2vHPV)或九价HPV疫苗(9-valent HPV vaccine,9vHPV),且接种率达到90.00%时,模型预测可以避免未来77~103例子宫颈癌发病和17~23例死亡,挽救42.54~56.64个残疾调整生命年(disability-adjusted life year,DALY)。与不接种疫苗相比,2vHPV和9vHPV的增量成本-效果比值(incremental cost effectiveness ratio,ICER)分别为10 423.54元/DALYs和131 348.23元/DALYs,均具有成本效果。

结论

2vHPV和9vHPV都具有成本效果。相较于9vHPV,为13岁女性接种2vHPV是更具成本效果的疫苗接种策略。疫苗价格对ICER的影响较大,当9vHPV单价低于90.50元时,其ICER低于单价为63.00元的2vHPV时的ICER,建议通过政府谈判、集中采购、推动国产疫苗上市等方法降低HPV疫苗价格。

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栾琳,E-mail:
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邓景景与王天宇为共同第一作者

邓景景(1989—),女,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:免疫规划;

王天宇(1998—),女,硕士,公卫医师,研究方向:疾病控制。

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邓景景(1989—),女,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:免疫规划;

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BMC Medicine, 2023, 21(1):387., articleTitle=The one-dose schedule opens the door to rapid scale-up of HPV vaccination, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139388407673524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=29, pageStart=4228, pageEnd=4238, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Mwenda V, Jalang'o R, Miano C, journalName=Vaccine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mwenda V, Jalang'o R, Miano C, et al. Impact, cost-effectiveness,and budget implications of HPV vaccination in Kenya: A modelling study[J]. Vaccine, 2023, 41(29): 4228-4238., articleTitle=Impact, cost-effectiveness,and budget implications of HPV vaccination in Kenya: A modelling study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139388508336822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=31, issue=2, pageStart=139, pageEnd=145, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=31, authorNames=许晓君, 唐娴, 李小毛, journalName=中国肿瘤, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许晓君,唐娴,李小毛,等.广东省适龄人群HPV疫苗不同免疫策略的卫生经济学评价[J].中国肿瘤202231(2):139-145., articleTitle=广东省适龄人群HPV疫苗不同免疫策略的卫生经济学评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139388604805817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=31, issue=2, pageStart=139, pageEnd=145, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Xu XJ, Tang X, Li XM, journalName=China Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu XJ, Tang X, Li XM, et al. Health economics evaluation of different HPV vaccination strategies in Guangdong province[J]. China Cancer, 2022, 31(2): 139-145.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Health economics evaluation of different HPV vaccination strategies in Guangdong province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139388680303291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=178, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Choi W, Shim E, journalName=Preventive Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Choi W, Shim E. Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination for adolescent girls in Japan: A comparison of 2-valent, 4-valent, and 9-valent HPV vaccines with consideration of cross-protection[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2024, 178: 107743., articleTitle=Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination for adolescent girls in Japan: A comparison of 2-valent, 4-valent, and 9-valent HPV vaccines with consideration of cross-protection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139388776772283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=148, issue=4, pageStart=932, pageEnd=940, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Burger EA, Portnoy A, Campos NG, journalName=International Journal of Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Burger EA, Portnoy A, Campos NG, et al. Choosing the optimal HPV vaccine: The health impact and economic value of the nonavalent and bivalent HPV vaccines in 48 Gavi-eligible countries[J]. International Journal of Cancer, 2021, 148(4): 932-940., articleTitle=Choosing the optimal HPV vaccine: The health impact and economic value of the nonavalent and bivalent HPV vaccines in 48 Gavi-eligible countries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139388877435581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=38, issue=7, pageStart=663, pageEnd=666, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=35, authorNames=云雪霞, 王大虎, 谭慧峰, journalName=医学动物防制, refType=null, unstructuredReference=云雪霞,王大虎,谭慧峰,等.广州市初中女生监护人对人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)疫苗接种意愿及影响因素研究[J].医学动物防制202238(7):663-666., articleTitle=广州市初中女生监护人对人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)疫苗接种意愿及影响因素研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139388965515967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=38, issue=7, pageStart=663, pageEnd=666, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Yun XX, Wang DH, Tan HF, journalName=Journal of Medical Pest Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yun XX, Wang DH, Tan HF, et al. Study on HPV vaccination willingness of junior middle school girls' guardians and factors in Guangzhou[J].Journal of Medical Pest Control, 2022, 38(7): 663-666.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Study on HPV vaccination willingness of junior middle school girls' guardians and factors in Guangzhou, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139389041013440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=21, issue=1, pageStart=313, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Prem K, Choi YH, Bénard é, journalName=BMC Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Prem K, Choi YH, Bénard é, et al. Global impact and cost-effectiveness of one-dose versus two-dose human papillomavirus vaccination schedules: a comparative modelling analysis[J]. BMC Medicine, 2023, 21(1): 313., articleTitle=Global impact and cost-effectiveness of one-dose versus two-dose human papillomavirus vaccination schedules: a comparative modelling analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139390458688194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=19, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Cheung TH, Cheng S, Hsu D, journalName=Human Vaccines &Immunotherapeutics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheung TH, Cheng S, Hsu D, et al. Health impact and cost-effectiveness of implementing gender-neutral vaccination with the 9-valent HPV vaccine in Hong Kong[J]. Human Vaccines &Immunotherapeutics, 2023, 19(2): 2184605., articleTitle=Health impact and cost-effectiveness of implementing gender-neutral vaccination with the 9-valent HPV vaccine in Hong Kong, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139390542574276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=14, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Li YW, Lin YF, Wu XS, journalName=Frontiers in Immunology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li YW, Lin YF, Wu XS, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination strategies among men who have sex with men in China: a modeling study[J]. 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PRIME model parameters and sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值范围来源
苏州市2022年女性出生人数21 333公安局
苏州市2022年处于疫苗目标接种年龄的女性人数33 865公安局
2vHPV对子宫颈癌保护率(%)100.0080.00~100.00Zhou L 等[12]
9vHPV对子宫颈癌保护率(%)100.0080.00~100.00Zhou L 等[12]
2vHPV价格(元/支)63.00±20%2024年江苏省政府采购中标价格
9vHPV价格(元/支)1 298.00778.80~1 298.00市场供货价
免疫成本(元/剂次)2016~24政府定价
子宫颈癌诊断首年因子宫颈癌损失的DALYs0.08Zhou L 等[12]
确诊为非晚期子宫颈癌后因子宫颈癌损失的DALYs0.11Zhou L 等[12]
确诊为晚期子宫颈癌后死亡当年损失的DALYs0.78Zhou L 等[12]
贴现率(%)3.001~5Luo Y等[5];Zou M等[13]
由HPV16/18引起的子宫颈癌占所有子宫颈癌的比例(%)69.10Zhou L 等[12];Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases Report [14]
由HPV16/18/31/33/45/52/58引起的子宫颈癌占所有子宫颈癌的比例(%)92.00Zhou L 等[12];Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases Report [12,14]
2022年苏州市人均GDP(元)186 024.002022年苏州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报[15]
贴现率(%)31~5Luo Y等[5];Zou M等[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1241139382183326153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PRIME模型参数和来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值范围来源
苏州市2022年女性出生人数21 333公安局
苏州市2022年处于疫苗目标接种年龄的女性人数33 865公安局
2vHPV对子宫颈癌保护率(%)100.0080.00~100.00Zhou L 等[12]
9vHPV对子宫颈癌保护率(%)100.0080.00~100.00Zhou L 等[12]
2vHPV价格(元/支)63.00±20%2024年江苏省政府采购中标价格
9vHPV价格(元/支)1 298.00778.80~1 298.00市场供货价
免疫成本(元/剂次)2016~24政府定价
子宫颈癌诊断首年因子宫颈癌损失的DALYs0.08Zhou L 等[12]
确诊为非晚期子宫颈癌后因子宫颈癌损失的DALYs0.11Zhou L 等[12]
确诊为晚期子宫颈癌后死亡当年损失的DALYs0.78Zhou L 等[12]
贴现率(%)3.001~5Luo Y等[5];Zou M等[13]
由HPV16/18引起的子宫颈癌占所有子宫颈癌的比例(%)69.10Zhou L 等[12];Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases Report [14]
由HPV16/18/31/33/45/52/58引起的子宫颈癌占所有子宫颈癌的比例(%)92.00Zhou L 等[12];Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases Report [12,14]
2022年苏州市人均GDP(元)186 024.002022年苏州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报[15]
贴现率(%)31~5Luo Y等[5];Zou M等[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1241139382330126802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Epidemiological parameters and overall mortality rate of CC in Suzhou City, 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄(岁)子宫颈癌发病率(/10万)子宫颈癌死亡率(/10万)全因死亡率(‰)
0~<50.000.000.43
5~<100.000.000.12
10~<150.000.000.15
15~<200.000.000.20
20~<250.000.000.21
25~<302.430.000.24
30~<358.900.560.29
35~<4016.000.940.43
40~<4521.583.660.70
45~<5037.018.101.17
50~<5540.706.891.81
55~<6023.765.432.60
60~<6535.7610.414.81
65~<7019.956.147.83
70~<7521.1210.0614.47
75~<806.533.9227.71
80~<8512.3513.4828.85
85~<9011.938.5289.93
90~<950.004.03144.82
95~<1000.0018.59192.80
≥1000.000.00246.90
), ArticleFig(id=1241139382460150236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

苏州市2020年子宫颈癌流行病学参数和全因死亡率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄(岁)子宫颈癌发病率(/10万)子宫颈癌死亡率(/10万)全因死亡率(‰)
0~<50.000.000.43
5~<100.000.000.12
10~<150.000.000.15
15~<200.000.000.20
20~<250.000.000.21
25~<302.430.000.24
30~<358.900.560.29
35~<4016.000.940.43
40~<4521.583.660.70
45~<5037.018.101.17
50~<5540.706.891.81
55~<6023.765.432.60
60~<6535.7610.414.81
65~<7019.956.147.83
70~<7521.1210.0614.47
75~<806.533.9227.71
80~<8512.3513.4828.85
85~<9011.938.5289.93
90~<950.004.03144.82
95~<1000.0018.59192.80
≥1000.000.00246.90
), ArticleFig(id=1241139382585979365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Direct medical expenditures for outpatient treatment and hospitalization of patients with CC and precancerous lesion in Suzhou City, 2022 [MP25P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疾病门诊直接医疗成本(元)门诊就诊次数(次)住院直接医疗成本(元)住院天数(d)
CIN1482.28(84.93,1 013.04)1.00(1.00,2.00)4 554.20(3 256.94,5 894.51)2.00(1.00,5.00)
CIN2497.84(107.23,993.31)1.00(1.00,2.00)4 994.49(3 801.94,7 534.20)3.00(2.00,5.00)
CIN3421.87(47.00,971.65)1.00(1.00,2.00)6 910.93(4 886.69,16 510.90)4.00(3.00,8.00)
子宫颈癌1 605.49(335.00,4 253.09)2.00(1.00,6.00)29 844.37(15 944.15,37 849.13)13.00(8.00,18.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1241139382741168619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2022年苏州市子宫颈癌及癌前病变患者门诊和住院的直接医疗成本[MP25P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疾病门诊直接医疗成本(元)门诊就诊次数(次)住院直接医疗成本(元)住院天数(d)
CIN1482.28(84.93,1 013.04)1.00(1.00,2.00)4 554.20(3 256.94,5 894.51)2.00(1.00,5.00)
CIN2497.84(107.23,993.31)1.00(1.00,2.00)4 994.49(3 801.94,7 534.20)3.00(2.00,5.00)
CIN3421.87(47.00,971.65)1.00(1.00,2.00)6 910.93(4 886.69,16 510.90)4.00(3.00,8.00)
子宫颈癌1 605.49(335.00,4 253.09)2.00(1.00,6.00)29 844.37(15 944.15,37 849.13)13.00(8.00,18.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1241139382871192057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Disease burden of patients with CC and precancerous lesion in Suzhou City, 2022 [MP25P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疾病直接医疗成本(元)直接非医疗成本(元)间接疾病负担(元)
CIN1816.02(217.89,3 338.00)122.40(32.68,500.70)194.02(97.01,485.06)
CIN2860.50(266.22,3 799.19)129.07(39.93,569.88)194.02(97.01,679.09)
CIN34 633.45(812.52,8 717.11)695.02(121.88,1 307.57)873.11(194.02,2 231.28)
子宫颈癌3 245.53(803.00,17 736.11)282.36(69.86,1 543.04)388.05(97.01,1 940.25)
), ArticleFig(id=1241139383047352833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2022年苏州市子宫颈癌及癌前病变患者的疾病负担[MP25P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疾病直接医疗成本(元)直接非医疗成本(元)间接疾病负担(元)
CIN1816.02(217.89,3 338.00)122.40(32.68,500.70)194.02(97.01,485.06)
CIN2860.50(266.22,3 799.19)129.07(39.93,569.88)194.02(97.01,679.09)
CIN34 633.45(812.52,8 717.11)695.02(121.88,1 307.57)873.11(194.02,2 231.28)
子宫颈癌3 245.53(803.00,17 736.11)282.36(69.86,1 543.04)388.05(97.01,1 940.25)
), ArticleFig(id=1241139383148016134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Cost-effectiveness analysis outcomes of vaccination with 2vHPV and 9vHPV in Suzhou City

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目2vHPV9vHPV
免疫和疫苗接种成本(元)5 059 431.0080 341 326.00
节省的治疗成本(元)294 035.60391 480.11
预防的发病人数(例)77.36102.99
预防的死亡人数(例)17.2122.92
挽救的寿命年414.64552.05
挽救的DALYs42.5456.64
每预防1例宫颈癌需要的增量成本(元)61 602.45776 259.47
每预防1例宫颈癌死亡需要的增量成本(元)276 835.463 488 434.93
每挽救1个寿命年需要的增量成本(元)11 492.94144 823.89
ICER(元/DALYs)10 423.54131 348.23
), ArticleFig(id=1241139383261262350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036337818686413, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

苏州市接种2vHPV和9vHPV的成本效果分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目2vHPV9vHPV
免疫和疫苗接种成本(元)5 059 431.0080 341 326.00
节省的治疗成本(元)294 035.60391 480.11
预防的发病人数(例)77.36102.99
预防的死亡人数(例)17.2122.92
挽救的寿命年414.64552.05
挽救的DALYs42.5456.64
每预防1例宫颈癌需要的增量成本(元)61 602.45776 259.47
每预防1例宫颈癌死亡需要的增量成本(元)276 835.463 488 434.93
每挽救1个寿命年需要的增量成本(元)11 492.94144 823.89
ICER(元/DALYs)10 423.54131 348.23
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江苏省苏州市HPV疫苗免疫预防成本效果分析
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邓景景 1 , 王天宇 2 , 刘娜 1 , 张钧 2 , 朱杰 3 , 吴倩岚 4 , 龚甜 4 , 栾琳 1, 5
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025,52(17): 3190-3195
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现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025, 52(17): 3190-3195
江苏省苏州市HPV疫苗免疫预防成本效果分析
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邓景景1, 王天宇2, 刘娜1, 张钧2, 朱杰3, 吴倩岚4, 龚甜4, 栾琳1, 5
作者信息
  • 1.江苏省苏州市疾病预防控制中心,江苏 苏州 215000
  • 2.苏州市第五人民医院,江苏 苏州 215000
  • 3.江苏省苏州市卫生计生统计信息中心
  • 4.江苏省苏州市妇幼保健计划生育服务中心
  • 5.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,江苏 南京 210000
  • 邓景景(1989—),女,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:免疫规划;

    王天宇(1998—),女,硕士,公卫医师,研究方向:疾病控制。

通讯作者:

栾琳,E-mail:
Cost-effectiveness analysis of HPV vaccine immunization prevention in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province
Jing-jing DEMG1, tian-yu WANG2, Na LIU1, Jun ZHANG2, Jie ZHU3, Qian-lan WU4, Tian GONG4, Lin LUAN1, 5
Affiliations
  • Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412223
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目的

分析2022年苏州市子宫颈癌(cervical cancer)及癌前病变患者的疾病负担,评估不同人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)疫苗接种的成本效果,探索苏州市最佳疫苗接种模式。

方法

采用回顾性调查研究,调查2022年苏州市子宫颈癌及癌前病变患者因病就诊和住院的费用。使用人乳头瘤病毒疫苗建模与经济学评估快速界面模型,评估不同的免疫策略的成本效果,结合敏感性分析得出最佳方案。

结果

假设2022年苏州市为13岁女性接种国产双价HPV疫苗(2-valent HPV vaccine,2vHPV)或九价HPV疫苗(9-valent HPV vaccine,9vHPV),且接种率达到90.00%时,模型预测可以避免未来77~103例子宫颈癌发病和17~23例死亡,挽救42.54~56.64个残疾调整生命年(disability-adjusted life year,DALY)。与不接种疫苗相比,2vHPV和9vHPV的增量成本-效果比值(incremental cost effectiveness ratio,ICER)分别为10 423.54元/DALYs和131 348.23元/DALYs,均具有成本效果。

结论

2vHPV和9vHPV都具有成本效果。相较于9vHPV,为13岁女性接种2vHPV是更具成本效果的疫苗接种策略。疫苗价格对ICER的影响较大,当9vHPV单价低于90.50元时,其ICER低于单价为63.00元的2vHPV时的ICER,建议通过政府谈判、集中采购、推动国产疫苗上市等方法降低HPV疫苗价格。

宫颈癌  /  HPV疫苗  /  免疫预防  /  成本效果
Objective

To analyze the disease burden of patients with cervical cancer (CC) and precancerous lesions in Suzhou in 2022,evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, and explore the optimal vaccination mode in Suzhou.

Methods

A retrospective survey was conducted to investigate the medical expenses and hospitalization costs of patients with CC and precancerous lesion in Suzhou City in 2022. Using the PRME model, we evaluated the cost-effectiveness of different immunization strategies and combined sensitivity analysis to determine the optimal solution.

Results

Assuming that 13-year-old girls in Suzhou received domestic bivalent HPV vaccine (2vHPV) or 9-valent HPV vaccine (9vHPV) in 2022, and the vaccination rate reached 90.00%, the model predicted that it could avoid 77-103 cases of CC and 17-23 deaths in the future, saving 42.54-56.64 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Compared with not receiving the vaccine, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 2vHPV and 9vHPV was 10 423.54 yuan/DALYs and 131 348.23 yuan/DALYs, respectively, and both were cost-effective.

Conclusion

Both 2vHPV and 9vHPV are cost-effective. Compared to 9vHPV, vaccinating 13-year-old girls with 2vHPV is a more cost-effective vaccination strategy. The cost of vaccines plays a crucial role in determining the ICER. When the price of 9vHPV drops below 90.50 yuan per dose, its ICER becomes lower than that of 2vHPV at 63.00 yuan per dose. Therefore, reducing HPV vaccine prices through government negotiation, centralized procurement, and promoting domestic vaccines is recommended.

Cervical cancer  /  HPV vaccine  /  Immunoprophylaxis  /  Cost-effectiveness
邓景景, 王天宇, 刘娜, 张钧, 朱杰, 吴倩岚, 龚甜, 栾琳. 江苏省苏州市HPV疫苗免疫预防成本效果分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3190 -3195 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412223
Jing-jing DEMG, tian-yu WANG, Na LIU, Jun ZHANG, Jie ZHU, Qian-lan WU, Tian GONG, Lin LUAN. Cost-effectiveness analysis of HPV vaccine immunization prevention in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3190 -3195 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412223
子宫颈癌(cervical cancer)是女性癌症中第四大常见癌症,2022年全球估计有66万新发病例和35万人死亡[1]。在中国女性癌症中,子宫颈癌发病率排名第六,死亡人数排名第七[2-3]。几乎所有子宫颈癌都是由高危型人乳头瘤病毒(high-risk human papillomavirus,HR-HPV)持续感染导致的。世界卫生组织(WHO)建议,各国家或地区在将人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)疫苗纳入到国家免疫规划之前,应先对疫苗方案进行卫生经济学评价[4]。对中国人群HPV疫苗接种的成本效果研究较少[5-6],缺少对当地子宫颈癌及癌前病变治疗成本的调查。本研究采用了回顾性研究的方法,调查了2022年苏州市子宫颈癌及癌前病变患者的疾病负担,使用WHO推荐的人乳头瘤病毒疫苗建模与经济学评估快速界面(papillomavirus rapid interface for modelling economics, PRIME)模型,评估针对13岁女性,使用不同价别HPV疫苗免疫策略的成本效果,以探索针对子宫颈癌防控的最佳免疫预防策略,为后期苏州市适龄女性HPV疫苗免疫策略制定提出科学建议。
通过苏州市卫生计生统计信息中心和苏州市社会保险基金管理中心调取2022年苏州市子宫颈癌和癌前病变患者因病就诊和住院的费用。数据包括一般情况、门诊及住院信息和费用(挂号、检查、药费、住院费等)。子宫颈癌癌前病变为宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN),分为低级别上皮内瘤变(CIN1)、中度上皮内瘤变(CIN2)、中度上皮内瘤变(CIN3)。纳入标准:(1)女性;(2)苏州常住居民;(3)就诊日期或入院日期为2022年;(4)子宫颈癌或子宫颈癌癌前病变患者。排除标准:缺乏完整的治疗费用记录。
疾病负担可分为直接疾病负担和间接疾病负担。直接疾病负担可分为直接医疗成本和直接非医疗成本;前者是指治疗时的直接花费,包括挂号费、药费、住院费等;而后者包括因疾病治疗所产生的交通费、营养费等。间接疾病负担也称劳动力成本,主要包括劳动力损失等,如因疾病治疗导致患者本人及家人损失的劳动价值[7]
由于本研究仅调查了患者的直接医疗成本、门诊就诊次数以及住院天数,因此根据罗燕等[7]的研究,本研究按照以下比例计算出直接非医疗成本:癌前病变患者的直接非医疗成本与直接医疗成本的比例为0.15∶1,子宫颈癌患者的直接非医疗成本与直接医疗成本的比例为0.087∶1。间接疾病负担=误工时间(d)×人均年收入/365[7]。将就诊1次记为误工0.5 d(患者误工0.5 d,陪护误工0 d);住院1 d记为误工2 d(患者和陪护各误工1 d)。2022年苏州居民人均可支配收入70 819.00元[8]
使用R 4.2.1进行统计分析。使用频数和百分比描述分类变量,使用(均数±标准差)描述正态分布数据的集中趋势和离散情况,使用中位数(M)和四分位数(P25P75)描述非正态数据的集中趋势和离散情况;使用WHO支持开发的PRIME模型评估HPV疫苗接种策略在苏州市的成本效果。
从社会角度评估HPV疫苗接种策略在苏州市的成本效果。
PRIME模型是由Jit等人[9]在WHO的支持下开发的一种静态比例结果模型。该模型以人口学数据为基础,结合HPV相关的年龄别宫颈癌发病率与死亡率数据进行模拟,能够保守评估女孩在初次性行为前接种HPV疫苗的成本与效益。2014年经WHO专家委员会评估后,该模型被纳入WHO官网推荐工具清单[10]。模型支持对疫苗价格、接种策略、人口学参数等本土参数进行自定义修改,通过灵活适配不同地区的卫生政策与疾病特征,为HPV疫苗的卫生经济学评价提供标准化分析框架。表1列出了PRIME模型参数及其来源。
子宫颈癌流行病学参数包括子宫颈癌发病率和死亡率。从苏州市疾病监测信息系统获得2020年的子宫颈癌发病人数,从江苏省人口死亡登记信息系统获得2020年的子宫颈癌死亡人数。苏州市各年龄段的户籍人口数由2020年末苏州市公安局提供。全因死亡率采用全国数据,来源于2020年中国人口普查年鉴[11]
在疫苗供应充足的前提下,假定在2022年为苏州市13岁女性接种HPV疫苗,比较不接种HPV疫苗、接种2vHPV和接种9vHPV三种策略的成本效果。本研究中2vHPV和9vHPV的免疫程序均为最新接种程序,即全程接种2剂。
成本效果分析使用增量成本-效果比值(incremental cost effectiveness ratio,ICER)来评价。WHO对成本效果的定义:当ICER<1GDP时,表明具有高成本效果;当1GDP≤ICER≤3GDP时,表明具有成本效果;当ICER>3GDP时,表明不具有成本效果。
由于模型中的参数多源于参考文献和假设,具有不确定性,为了评估这些参数对结果的影响,需进行单因素敏感性分析。
苏州市2020年户籍女性子宫颈癌发病率为16.36/10万且随年龄呈现先升高后降低的趋势,50~54岁子宫颈癌发病率最高,为40.70/10万。苏州市2020年户籍人口子宫颈癌死亡率为4.10/10万且随年龄呈现上升的趋势,95~99岁年龄组子宫颈癌死亡率率最高,为18.59/10万。见表2
本研究共纳入子宫颈癌及癌前病变患者共计33 219人,平均年龄为(47.3±12.5)岁。
苏州市子宫颈癌及癌前病变门诊和住院的直接医疗成本为非正态数据,因此,使用中位数MP25P75)描述集中趋势和离散情况。子宫颈癌患者年门诊就诊次数为2.00(1.00, 6.00)次,年门诊直接医疗成本1 605.49(335.00, 4 253.09)元。子宫颈癌患者年住院天数13.00(8.00,18.00)d,年住院直接医疗成本29 844.37(15 944.15,37 849.13)元。见表3
子宫颈癌患者直接医疗成本3 245.53(803.00,17 736.11)元,直接非医疗成本282.36(69.86,1 543.04)元,间接疾病负担388.05(97.01,1 940.25)元。见表4
在疫苗供应充足的前提下,假定在2022年为苏州市13岁女性全程接种HPV疫苗(采用最新免疫程序,即2vHPV和9vHPV疫苗均全程接种2剂)。与不接种HPV疫苗相比,接种2vHPV能挽救42.54DALYs,接种9vHPV能挽救56.64 DALYs。与不接种HPV疫苗相比,接种2vHPV,每投入11 492.94元可挽救1个DALYs(ICER为10 423.54元,小于1个人均GDP);接种9vHPV,每投入144 823.89元可挽救1个DALYs(ICER为131 348.23元,小于1个人均GDP),即2vHPV疫苗和9vHPV疫苗均表明有高成本效果。见表5
9vHPV价格与其ICER之间存在线性关系,其方程为y=100.15x+1 359.70,随着9价HPV疫苗价格的上升,其ICER也随之增加,意味着成本效益比逐渐降低。当9vHPV价格低于90.50元时,其ICER低于2vHPV价格为63.00元时的ICER。见图1
对模型的接种率、免疫成本、贴现率、子宫颈癌治疗成本、疫苗价格等在取值范围内进行单因素敏感性分析,见表2。其中,2vHPV的敏感性分析显示,贴现率对子宫颈癌保护率对ICER的影响较大,而子宫颈癌的免疫成本、2vHPV价格、2vHPV对子宫颈癌保护率和治疗成本对ICER有一定影响,见图2;在9vHPV的敏感性分析中,贴现率、9vHPV价格和接种9vHPV对子宫颈癌保护率对ICER的影响较大,子宫颈癌的治疗成本和免疫成本对ICER有一定影响,见图3
本研究结果显示,苏州市子宫颈癌及癌前病变的疾病负担较重,尤其是子宫颈癌患者的年住院直接医疗成本达到29 844.37元。贺妮楠等[16]对2001—2020年关于HPV相关疾病负担的文献进行了系统回顾,结果显示,子宫颈癌人均住院费用为18 774元,略低于本次研究的结果。这一差异可能是由于调查方法和途径的不同,也可能受地区消费水平差异影响。本研究基于医保收费记录进行疾病负担调查,相较于问卷或打电话回访的调查方式不易产生回忆偏倚,数据更为精准。疾病负担随着疾病严重程度的增加而增加;研究结果提示一级预防和二级预防对于降低子宫颈癌及癌前病变的治疗成本至关重要。建议女性接种HPV疫苗,且35岁以上的妇女需定期进行子宫颈癌筛查。
假定于2022年在苏州为13岁女孩全程接种2vHPV或9vHPV,且接种率达到90.00%时,模型预测可以避免未来77.36~102.99例子宫颈癌发病和17.21~22.92例死亡,挽救42.54~56.64DALYs。这提示低年龄女孩接种HPV疫苗将大大降低子宫颈癌的发病率和死亡率,此结论与印度[17]、香港[18]等地区的研究一致。目前,全球越来越多的证据表明,单剂HPV疫苗接种可以诱导足够的免疫应答,且可以产生与多剂接种方案类似的保护,从而预防HPV感染以及HPV持续感染[19-21]。且在真实世界中,已有试验表明,1剂疫苗的保护期超过10年[22-23]。因此,在未来单剂次HPV疫苗接种方案将成为一个好的选择[24]
与不接种疫苗相比,2vHPV和9vHPV的ICER分别为10 423.54和131 348.23元,均小于1GDP,这两种HPV疫苗在苏州市都具有高成本效果。与本研究结论相似,中国大陆31个省份进行的研究结果表明,2vHPV在所有31个省级行政区均具有成本效果;4vHPV和9vHPV在除黑龙江和甘肃外的29个省级行政区均具有成本效果[12]。疫苗之间的直接比较表明,2vHPV的ICER远小于9vHPV,因此,接种2vHPV具有更好的成本效果,此结论与肯尼亚[25]、广州[26]等地的研究结果一致,与在日本[27]和48个加入全球疫苗免疫联盟的国家[28]的研究结果不同。日本的研究表明,接种9vHPV比接种2vHPV的ICER更低,更具成本效果[27]。这可能是因为日本的研究考虑了对生殖器疣等HPV相关疾病的影响,而本研究尚未探索,导致本研究低估了9vHPV的健康效用值。
疫苗价格对单因素敏感性结果的影响较大,ICER随疫苗成本的降低而降低,这与中国的其他研究结果一致。过高的疫苗价格阻碍国家将HPV疫苗纳入免规规划。研究结果显示当9vHPV单价低于90.50元时,其ICER低于单价为63.00元的2vHPV时的ICER。如果政府采取价格谈判和集中采购的方式,可进一步降低目前的9vHPV的价格。此外,随着更多国产HPV疫苗的研发上市,在激烈的市场竞争中,厂商会通过降低价格来获得市场份额[13]。为响应WHO消除子宫颈癌的全球目标,我国政府鼓励有条件的地区先行探索,实施灵活的HPV疫苗接种政策[29]。进一步研究发现,当HPV疫苗的价格进一步下调后,就可能使多剂疫苗接种计划在低收入国家具有成本效果[24,30]
本研究有一些局限性。首先,由于PRIME模型是基于人口学数据和HPV相关年龄别宫颈癌的发病率和死亡率进行模拟的,不需要使用HPV16/18的感染率。因此本研究未考虑疫苗的交叉保护作用,可能低估了疫苗交叉保护的功效。其次,未考虑为男性接种HPV疫苗能产生的成本效果[31-32]。最后,未考虑疫苗对HPV感染所引起的其他疾病保护作用,如口腔癌、阴道癌和肛门癌等,因此,可能低估了疫苗的实际效用。
综上,苏州市子宫颈癌及癌前病变的疾病负担较重,尤其是子宫颈癌患者的年住院直接医疗成本。疾病负担随着疾病严重程度的增加而增加,建议35岁以上的妇女需定期进行子宫颈癌筛查。接种HPV疫苗将大大降低子宫颈癌的发病率和死亡率。本研究中仅使用厦门万泰生物生物技术有限公司研发生产的2vHPV,是因其是2024年唯一中标江苏省群体性预防接种疫苗采购(双价人乳头瘤病毒疫苗)的2vHPV。研究显示2vHPV和9vHPV在苏州市都具有高成本效果,疫苗价格对ICER的影响较大,当9vHPV单价低于90.50元时,其ICER低于单价为63.00元的2vHPV时的ICER,可以通过政府谈判、集中采购、推动国产疫苗上市等方法降低HPV疫苗价格。
  • 苏州市姑苏卫生人才计划(GSWS2021055)
  • 苏州市“科教兴卫”青年科技项目(KJXW2023058)
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2025年第52卷第17期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412223
  • 接收时间:2024-12-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-14
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苏州市姑苏卫生人才计划(GSWS2021055)
苏州市“科教兴卫”青年科技项目(KJXW2023058)
作者信息
    1.江苏省苏州市疾病预防控制中心,江苏 苏州 215000
    2.苏州市第五人民医院,江苏 苏州 215000
    3.江苏省苏州市卫生计生统计信息中心
    4.江苏省苏州市妇幼保健计划生育服务中心
    5.南京医科大学公共卫生学院,江苏 南京 210000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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