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Article(id=1241036336950465472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504179, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815720068, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815720068, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815720068, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815720068, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036327177744706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='17', pageStart='3073', pageEnd='3264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815717738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840080282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3136, endPage=3141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036338976314322, articleId=1241036336950465472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Exposure levels and influencing factors of pentachlorophenol among 284 residents in traditional agricultural production areas of Guangzhou, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To assess the internal exposure level of pentachlorophenol (PCP) among residents of traditional agricultural production areas in Guangzhou and analyze its possible influencing factors.

Methods

From June to August 2023, a two-stage random sampling method was used to select village/neighborhood committees and households in a town in a traditional agricultural production area of Guangzhou. All eligible permanent residents older than 6 years from the selected households were selected as the research subjects. Questionnaire survey, physical examination and urine sample collection were carried out on a household basis. The concentration of PCP in urine was detected by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and the health risk of residents exposed to PCP was evaluated. Multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the possible influencing factors of urinary PCP exposure.

Results

The actual effective sample size of this study was 284, aged 7-85 years. The detection rate of PCP in urine was 92.3% (262/284), and the detection value ranged from <LOD to 18.010 μg/L. The median urinary concentrations of pentachlorophenol for non-creatinine-adjusted and creatinine-adjusted were 0.625 μg/L and 0.611 μg/g creatinine, respectively. The median exposure of residents to PCP based on creatinine-corrected urinary PCP concentrations was 0.013 μg/(kg·BW·d) and the maximum exposure was 0.735 μg/(kg·BW·d), lower than the reference dose of 5 μg/(kg·BW·d) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Multiple regression analysis found higher urinary PCP exposure in residents with low education (GM ratio=0.549, 95% CI: 0.339-0.890), long outdoor activities (GM ratio=1.393, 95% CI: 1.005-1.931) and pets at home (GMratio=0.674, 95% CI: 0.457-0.995), and lower urinary PCP levels were in residents with low BMI (GM ratio=0.758, 95% CI: 0.602-0.953).

Conclusion

The 284 residents in traditional agricultural production areas of Guangzhou were generally exposed to PCP, but the level of internal exposure posed an acceptable risk to their health.Educational level, BMI, outdoor activity time, and keeping pets at home were factors that affected the level of urinary PCP exposure.

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目的

评估广州市传统农业生产地区居民五氯酚内暴露水平，并分析其可能的影响因素。

方法

2023年6—8月，在广州市传统农业生产地区某镇采用二阶段随机抽样方法抽取村/居委和居民户，将抽中家庭所有6岁以上符合要求的常住居民作为研究对象，开展问卷调查、体格检查和尿样收集，采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法检测尿中五氯酚浓度，评价居民暴露五氯酚的健康风险，并采用多元线性回归模型分析尿五氯酚暴露水平的可能影响因素。

结果

本研究实际有效样本量为284人，年龄在7～85岁之间，该人群尿中五氯酚的检出率为92.3%（262/284），检测值范围为未检出～18.010 μg/L，未经肌酐校正和经肌酐校正的尿五氯酚浓度的中位数分别为0.625 μg/L和0.611 μg/g肌酐。居民五氯酚每日估计摄入量中位数为0.013 μg/（kg·BW·d），最大量为0.735 μg/（kg·BW·d），低于美国环境保护署制定的参考剂量5 μg/（kg·BW·d）。文化程度低（GM比值=0.549，95%CI：0.339～0.890）、户外活动时间长（GM比值= 1.393，95%CI：1.005～1.931）和家中饲养宠物（GM比值=0.674，95%CI：0.457～0.995）的居民尿五氯酚水平较高，偏瘦（GM比值=0.758，95%CI：0.602～0.953）的居民尿五氯酚水平较低。

结论

广州市传统农业生产地区284名居民普遍暴露于五氯酚，但内暴露水平对居民健康造成的风险较低，文化程度、BMI、户外活动时间和家中饲养宠物是尿五氯酚暴露水平的影响因素。

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张维蔚，E-mail:；
甘平胜，E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=/BcBnC+wfj7rWOkozoByVw==, magXml=D7tuDqkBODOx+Q2JFklRCw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=WRME4gk41oNVO1kpW/KClA==, pdfFileSize=695878, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jjedW/YIZIsRT8p6cPbYCA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张维蔚与甘平胜为共同通信作者

张玉华（1988—），女，硕士，副主任医师，研究方向：营养与食品安全

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Biomonitoring of chlorophenols in human urine from several Asian countries, Greece and the United States[J].Environmental Pollution, 2017, 232: 487-493., articleTitle=Biomonitoring of chlorophenols in human urine from several Asian countries, Greece and the United States, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139386507653745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=184, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Deering K, Spiegel E, Quaisser C, journalName=Environmental Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deering K, Spiegel E, Quaisser C, et al. Exposure assessment of toxic metals and organochlorine pesticides among employees of a Natural History Museum[J]. Environmental Research, 2020, 184:109271., articleTitle=Exposure assessment of toxic metals and organochlorine pesticides among employees of a Natural History Museum, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139386625094263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=196, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Schmied-Tobies MIH, Murawski A, Schmidt L, journalName=Environmental Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Schmied-Tobies MIH, Murawski A, Schmidt L, et al.Pentachlorophenol and nine other chlorophenols in urine of children and adolescents in Germany-Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey 2014-2017 (GerES V)[J].Environmental Research, 2021, 196: 110958., articleTitle=Pentachlorophenol and nine other chlorophenols in urine of children and adolescents in Germany-Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey 2014-2017 (GerES V), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139386721563260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry(ATSDR), journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry(ATSDR). Toxicological profile for pentachlorophenol[EB/OL]. [2025-06-28]. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp51-p.pdf., articleTitle=Toxicological profile for pentachlorophenol, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139386822226561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=2, pageStart=217, pageEnd=223, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=26, authorNames=张明烨, 曹衍, 李想, journalName=色谱, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张明烨，曹衍，李想，等.人血清中97种典型化学污染物暴露特征及健康风险评估[J].色谱，2024，42（2）：217-223., articleTitle=人血清中97种典型化学污染物暴露特征及健康风险评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139386906112644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=2, pageStart=217, pageEnd=223, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Zhang MY, Cao Y, Li X, journalName=Chinese Journal of Chromatography, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang MY, Cao Y, Li X, et al. Exposure characteristics and health risk assessment of 97 typical chemical pollutants in human serum[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2024, 42(2): 217-223.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Exposure characteristics and health risk assessment of 97 typical chemical pollutants in human serum, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139387002581641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=773, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Rodzaj W, Wileńska M, Klimowska A, journalName=Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rodzaj W, Wileńska M, Klimowska A, et al. Concentrations of urinary biomarkers and predictors of exposure to pyrethroid insecticides in young, Polish, urban-dwelling men[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 773: 145666., articleTitle=Concentrations of urinary biomarkers and predictors of exposure to pyrethroid insecticides in young, Polish, urban-dwelling men, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241139382070079939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, awardId=2023A03J0935, language=CN, fundingSource=广州市科技计划项目(2023A03J0935), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241139382195909068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, awardId=2025-2027-12, language=CN, fundingSource=广州市医学重点学科建设项目(2025-2027-12), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241139373782134799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241139373790523408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, companyId=1241139373782134799, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision institute), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241139373798912018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, companyId=1241139373782134799, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广州市疾病预防控制中心（广州市卫生监督所）食品安全与营养部，广东 广州 510440)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241139373928935449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241139373949906975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, companyId=1241139373928935449, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.广州市疾病预防控制中心（广州市卫生监督所）理化检验部，广东 广州 510440)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241139379352170877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Urinary PCP concentration and estimated daily intake of 284 residents in traditional agricultural production areas of Guangzhou

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标/单位GM（95%CI）范围P25P50P75P95
尿五氯酚浓度（未经肌酐校正，μg/L）0.558（0.479～0.65）<LOD～18.0100.2140.6251.3834.660
尿五氯酚浓度（经肌酐校正，μg/g肌酐）0.586（0.502～0.683）<LOD～24.2690.2610.6031.0914.700
EDI［μg/（kg·BW·d）］0.013（0.011～0.015）0.000 4～0.7350.0060.0130.0300.098
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379498971522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

广州市284名传统农业生产地区居民尿五氯酚浓度及估计摄入量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标/单位GM（95%CI）范围P25P50P75P95
尿五氯酚浓度（未经肌酐校正，μg/L）0.558（0.479～0.65）<LOD～18.0100.2140.6251.3834.660
尿五氯酚浓度（经肌酐校正，μg/g肌酐）0.586（0.502～0.683）<LOD～24.2690.2610.6031.0914.700
EDI［μg/（kg·BW·d）］0.013（0.011～0.015）0.000 4～0.7350.0060.0130.0300.098
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379628994953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Urinary concentrations of PCP in subpopulations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类别人数（%）GM（95%CI）W/H1P值
性别男134（47.2）0.540（0.431～0.678）9 305.5000.325
女150（52.8）0.630（0.511～0.777）
年龄（岁）7～1722（7.7）0.533（0.299～0.950）9.0440.011
18～64117（41.2）0.423（0.328～0.544）
65～85145（51.1）0.774（0.637～0.941）
是否务农否124（43.7）0.430（0.336～0.551）7 959.0000.005
是160（56.3）0.745（0.618～0.898）
文化程度高中以下242（85.2）0.661（0.564～0.775）11.7240.001
高中及以上42（14.8）0.285（0.18～0.451）
家庭人均年收入（元）<12 000242（85.2）0.633（0.543～0.74）5 756.0000.156
≥12 00042（14.8）0.374（0.222～0.629）
BMI偏瘦31（10.9）0.461（0.263～0.808）9.9240.009
正常138（48.6）0.752（0.615～0.918）
超重肥胖115（40.5）0.462（0.362～0.591）
户外活动时间（h）<3141（49.6）0.469（0.378～0.583）7 909.5000.002
≥3143（50.4）0.728（0.588～0.901）
接触农药是87（30.6）0.784（0.608～1.013）9 970.0000.023
否197（67.4）0.514（0.426～0.621）
家中饲养宠物是59（20.8）0.840（0.630～1.119）7 926.5000.012
否225（79.2）0.534（0.447～0.637）
砧板材质木质272（95.8）0.601（0.514～0.703）2 046.0000.131
其他12（4.2）0.327（0.152～0.7）
每天在家用餐次数≤115（5.3）0.227（0.101～0.508）1 339.0000.031
>1268（94.7）0.623（0.535～0.727）
经常食用新鲜蔬菜（每周大于三次）是281（99.3）0.590（0.506～0.689）309.0000.801
否2（0.7）0.688（0.423～1.119）
经常食用水果（每周大于三次）是204（72.1）0.547（0.454～0.658）7 155.0000.160
否79（27.9）0.721（0.55～0.945）
鸡肉食用频次（次/月）≤3162（57.2）0.594（0.497～0.711）9 709.0000.987
>3121（42.8）0.586（0.448～0.767）
牛羊肉食用频次（次/月）≤3262（92.6）0.594（0.508～0.695）2 649.0000.799
>321（7.4）0.549（0.269～1.120）
鱼类食用频次（次/月）≤398（34.6）0.583（0.448～0.759）8 849.0000.798
>3185（65.4）0.595（0.492～0.719）
畜禽内脏食用频次（次/月）≤3271（95.8）0.613（0.526～0.714）2 032.0000.136
>312（4.2）0.262（0.094～0.729）
软体类食用频次（次/月）≤3280（98.9）0.586（0.502～0.683）302.0000.407
>33（1.1）1.310（0.180～9.531）
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379771601295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

尿五氯酚浓度在不同人群间的浓度分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类别人数（%）GM（95%CI）W/H1P值
性别男134（47.2）0.540（0.431～0.678）9 305.5000.325
女150（52.8）0.630（0.511～0.777）
年龄（岁）7～1722（7.7）0.533（0.299～0.950）9.0440.011
18～64117（41.2）0.423（0.328～0.544）
65～85145（51.1）0.774（0.637～0.941）
是否务农否124（43.7）0.430（0.336～0.551）7 959.0000.005
是160（56.3）0.745（0.618～0.898）
文化程度高中以下242（85.2）0.661（0.564～0.775）11.7240.001
高中及以上42（14.8）0.285（0.18～0.451）
家庭人均年收入（元）<12 000242（85.2）0.633（0.543～0.74）5 756.0000.156
≥12 00042（14.8）0.374（0.222～0.629）
BMI偏瘦31（10.9）0.461（0.263～0.808）9.9240.009
正常138（48.6）0.752（0.615～0.918）
超重肥胖115（40.5）0.462（0.362～0.591）
户外活动时间（h）<3141（49.6）0.469（0.378～0.583）7 909.5000.002
≥3143（50.4）0.728（0.588～0.901）
接触农药是87（30.6）0.784（0.608～1.013）9 970.0000.023
否197（67.4）0.514（0.426～0.621）
家中饲养宠物是59（20.8）0.840（0.630～1.119）7 926.5000.012
否225（79.2）0.534（0.447～0.637）
砧板材质木质272（95.8）0.601（0.514～0.703）2 046.0000.131
其他12（4.2）0.327（0.152～0.7）
每天在家用餐次数≤115（5.3）0.227（0.101～0.508）1 339.0000.031
>1268（94.7）0.623（0.535～0.727）
经常食用新鲜蔬菜（每周大于三次）是281（99.3）0.590（0.506～0.689）309.0000.801
否2（0.7）0.688（0.423～1.119）
经常食用水果（每周大于三次）是204（72.1）0.547（0.454～0.658）7 155.0000.160
否79（27.9）0.721（0.55～0.945）
鸡肉食用频次（次/月）≤3162（57.2）0.594（0.497～0.711）9 709.0000.987
>3121（42.8）0.586（0.448～0.767）
牛羊肉食用频次（次/月）≤3262（92.6）0.594（0.508～0.695）2 649.0000.799
>321（7.4）0.549（0.269～1.120）
鱼类食用频次（次/月）≤398（34.6）0.583（0.448～0.759）8 849.0000.798
>3185（65.4）0.595（0.492～0.719）
畜禽内脏食用频次（次/月）≤3271（95.8）0.613（0.526～0.714）2 032.0000.136
>312（4.2）0.262（0.094～0.729）
软体类食用频次（次/月）≤3280（98.9）0.586（0.502～0.683）302.0000.407
>33（1.1）1.310（0.180～9.531）
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379935179160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Independent variable assignment table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量赋值方式
年龄（岁）1=18～64，2=7～17，3=65～85
是否务农0=否，1=是
文化程度0=高中以下，1=高中及以上
家庭人均年收入（元）0=<12 000，1=≥12 000
BMI1=正常，2=偏瘦，3=超重肥胖
户外活动时间（h）0=<3，1=≥3
接触农药0=是，1=否
家中饲养宠物0=是，1=否
砧板材质0=木质，1=其他
每天在家用餐次数0=≤1，1=>1
经常食用新鲜水果（每周大于三次）0=否，1=是
畜禽内脏食用频次（次/月）0=≤3，1=>3
), ArticleFig(id=1241139380052619680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

自变量赋值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量赋值方式
年龄（岁）1=18～64，2=7～17，3=65～85
是否务农0=否，1=是
文化程度0=高中以下，1=高中及以上
家庭人均年收入（元）0=<12 000，1=≥12 000
BMI1=正常，2=偏瘦，3=超重肥胖
户外活动时间（h）0=<3，1=≥3
接触农药0=是，1=否
家中饲养宠物0=是，1=否
砧板材质0=木质，1=其他
每天在家用餐次数0=≤1，1=>1
经常食用新鲜水果（每周大于三次）0=否，1=是
畜禽内脏食用频次（次/月）0=≤3，1=>3
), ArticleFig(id=1241139381625483690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Influencing factors of urinary PCP concentration in 284 residents of traditional agricultural production areas in Guangzhou

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类GM比值(95%CI)t值P值
截距(Intercept)0.853(0.21～3.469)-0.2230.823
年龄（岁，ref：18～64）7～171.340(0.901～1.992)1.4520.148
65～851.432(0.610～3.360)0.8280.408
是否务农（ref：否）是1.056(0.645～1.726)0.2160.829
文化程度（ref：高中以下）高中及以上0.549(0.339～0.890)-2.4490.015
家庭人均年收入（元，ref：<12 000）≥12 0000.969(0.591～1.589)-0.1260.900
BMI（ref：正常）偏瘦0.758(0.602～0.953)-2.3770.018
超重肥胖1.131(0.710～1.802)0.5210.603
户外活动时间（h，ref：<3）≥31.393(1.005～1.931)1.9980.047
接触农药（ref：是）否0.749(0.498～1.129)-1.3870.167
家中饲养宠物（ref：是）否0.674(0.457～0.995)-1.9950.047
砧板材质（ref：木质）其他0.599(0.279～1.287)-1.3190.188
每天在家用餐次数（ref：≤1）>11.466(0.687～3.13)0.9930.322
经常食用新鲜水果（每周大于三次，ref：否）是1.131(0.799～1.602)0.6950.488
畜禽内脏食用频次（次/月，ref：≤3）>30.460(0.207～1.021)-1.9180.056
), ArticleFig(id=1241139381755507120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036336950465472, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

广州市传统农业生产地区284名居民尿五氯酚浓度的影响因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类GM比值(95%CI)t值P值
截距(Intercept)0.853(0.21～3.469)-0.2230.823
年龄（岁，ref：18～64）7～171.340(0.901～1.992)1.4520.148
65～851.432(0.610～3.360)0.8280.408
是否务农（ref：否）是1.056(0.645～1.726)0.2160.829
文化程度（ref：高中以下）高中及以上0.549(0.339～0.890)-2.4490.015
家庭人均年收入（元，ref：<12 000）≥12 0000.969(0.591～1.589)-0.1260.900
BMI（ref：正常）偏瘦0.758(0.602～0.953)-2.3770.018
超重肥胖1.131(0.710～1.802)0.5210.603
户外活动时间（h，ref：<3）≥31.393(1.005～1.931)1.9980.047
接触农药（ref：是）否0.749(0.498～1.129)-1.3870.167
家中饲养宠物（ref：是）否0.674(0.457～0.995)-1.9950.047
砧板材质（ref：木质）其他0.599(0.279～1.287)-1.3190.188
每天在家用餐次数（ref：≤1）>11.466(0.687～3.13)0.9930.322
经常食用新鲜水果（每周大于三次，ref：否）是1.131(0.799～1.602)0.6950.488
畜禽内脏食用频次（次/月，ref：≤3）>30.460(0.207～1.021)-1.9180.056
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广州市传统农业生产地区284名居民五氯酚内暴露水平及影响因素
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张玉华 1 , 王燕燕 1 , 曾锦衡 1 , 刘览 1 , 李燕 1 , 甘平胜 2 , 张维蔚 1
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025,52(17): 3136-3141
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025, 52(17): 3136-3141
广州市传统农业生产地区284名居民五氯酚内暴露水平及影响因素
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张玉华1, 王燕燕1, 曾锦衡1, 刘览1, 李燕1, 甘平胜2 , 张维蔚1
作者信息
  • 1.广州市疾病预防控制中心（广州市卫生监督所）食品安全与营养部，广东 广州 510440
  • 2.广州市疾病预防控制中心（广州市卫生监督所）理化检验部，广东 广州 510440

    • 张玉华（1988—），女，硕士，副主任医师，研究方向：营养与食品安全

通讯作者:

张维蔚，E-mail:；
甘平胜，E-mail:。
Exposure levels and influencing factors of pentachlorophenol among 284 residents in traditional agricultural production areas of Guangzhou
Yu-hua ZHANG1, Yan-yan WANG1, Jin-heng ZENG1, Lan LIU1, Yan LI1, Ping-sheng GAN2 , Wei-wei ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision institute), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504179
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摘要
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目的

评估广州市传统农业生产地区居民五氯酚内暴露水平，并分析其可能的影响因素。

方法

2023年6—8月，在广州市传统农业生产地区某镇采用二阶段随机抽样方法抽取村/居委和居民户，将抽中家庭所有6岁以上符合要求的常住居民作为研究对象，开展问卷调查、体格检查和尿样收集，采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法检测尿中五氯酚浓度，评价居民暴露五氯酚的健康风险，并采用多元线性回归模型分析尿五氯酚暴露水平的可能影响因素。

结果

本研究实际有效样本量为284人，年龄在7～85岁之间，该人群尿中五氯酚的检出率为92.3%（262/284），检测值范围为未检出～18.010 μg/L，未经肌酐校正和经肌酐校正的尿五氯酚浓度的中位数分别为0.625 μg/L和0.611 μg/g肌酐。居民五氯酚每日估计摄入量中位数为0.013 μg/（kg·BW·d），最大量为0.735 μg/（kg·BW·d），低于美国环境保护署制定的参考剂量5 μg/（kg·BW·d）。文化程度低（GM比值=0.549，95%CI：0.339～0.890）、户外活动时间长（GM比值= 1.393，95%CI：1.005～1.931）和家中饲养宠物（GM比值=0.674，95%CI：0.457～0.995）的居民尿五氯酚水平较高，偏瘦（GM比值=0.758，95%CI：0.602～0.953）的居民尿五氯酚水平较低。

结论

广州市传统农业生产地区284名居民普遍暴露于五氯酚，但内暴露水平对居民健康造成的风险较低，文化程度、BMI、户外活动时间和家中饲养宠物是尿五氯酚暴露水平的影响因素。

五氯酚  /  内暴露  /  尿液  /  影响因素  /  暴露评估
Objective

To assess the internal exposure level of pentachlorophenol (PCP) among residents of traditional agricultural production areas in Guangzhou and analyze its possible influencing factors.

Methods

From June to August 2023, a two-stage random sampling method was used to select village/neighborhood committees and households in a town in a traditional agricultural production area of Guangzhou. All eligible permanent residents older than 6 years from the selected households were selected as the research subjects. Questionnaire survey, physical examination and urine sample collection were carried out on a household basis. The concentration of PCP in urine was detected by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and the health risk of residents exposed to PCP was evaluated. Multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the possible influencing factors of urinary PCP exposure.

Results

The actual effective sample size of this study was 284, aged 7-85 years. The detection rate of PCP in urine was 92.3% (262/284), and the detection value ranged from <LOD to 18.010 μg/L. The median urinary concentrations of pentachlorophenol for non-creatinine-adjusted and creatinine-adjusted were 0.625 μg/L and 0.611 μg/g creatinine, respectively. The median exposure of residents to PCP based on creatinine-corrected urinary PCP concentrations was 0.013 μg/(kg·BW·d) and the maximum exposure was 0.735 μg/(kg·BW·d), lower than the reference dose of 5 μg/(kg·BW·d) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Multiple regression analysis found higher urinary PCP exposure in residents with low education (GM ratio=0.549, 95% CI: 0.339-0.890), long outdoor activities (GM ratio=1.393, 95% CI: 1.005-1.931) and pets at home (GMratio=0.674, 95% CI: 0.457-0.995), and lower urinary PCP levels were in residents with low BMI (GM ratio=0.758, 95% CI: 0.602-0.953).

Conclusion

The 284 residents in traditional agricultural production areas of Guangzhou were generally exposed to PCP, but the level of internal exposure posed an acceptable risk to their health.Educational level, BMI, outdoor activity time, and keeping pets at home were factors that affected the level of urinary PCP exposure.

Pentachlorophenol  /  Internal exposure  /  Urine  /  Influencing factors  /  Exposure assessment
张玉华, 王燕燕, 曾锦衡, 刘览, 李燕, 甘平胜, 张维蔚. 广州市传统农业生产地区284名居民五氯酚内暴露水平及影响因素. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3136 -3141 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504179
Yu-hua ZHANG, Yan-yan WANG, Jin-heng ZENG, Lan LIU, Yan LI, Ping-sheng GAN, Wei-wei ZHANG. Exposure levels and influencing factors of pentachlorophenol among 284 residents in traditional agricultural production areas of Guangzhou[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3136 -3141 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504179
正文
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五氯酚(pentachlorophenol)及其钠盐曾在全球范围被广泛用作杀虫剂、木材防腐剂、杀菌剂[1]，在我国主要用于杀灭血吸虫的中间宿主钉螺。五氯酚及其钠盐化学性质稳定，使用后不易降解，是重要的环境污染物，可通过食物链进入动物体内，残留于食品中，最终进入人体。五氯酚可引起急性和慢性中毒，干扰内分泌和生长发育，具有遗传毒性、生殖发育毒性、致畸性和致癌性[2-3]，国际癌症机构将其列为1类致癌物[1]。20世纪80年代起，各国陆续出台措施限制五氯酚的生产和使用。我国农业农村部、卫生健康委等先后发布公告，明确将五氯酚列为食用动物中的禁用药物。
虽然许多国家已禁止使用五氯酚，但是由于其残留效应的存在，在全球环境和人体生物样本中仍普遍存在[4-8]，其潜在而持久的慢性毒作用对后代的发展会产生深远的影响。传统农业生产地区由于使用五氯酚清塘、灭螺等，环境本底值可能较高。因此，本研究选取广州市传统农业生产地区某镇，以当地常住居民为研究对象，测定尿五氯酚含量，评估居民五氯酚的暴露风险，并探讨居民五氯酚内暴露水平的影响因素，为预防五氯酚暴露、保护居民健康提供科学依据。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　研究对象
2023年6—8月，以广州市传统农业生产地区某镇为调查点，采用二阶段随机抽样方法抽取村/居委和居民户，将抽中家庭所有符合要求的人群作为研究对象。研究对象的纳入标准：（1）在当地连续居住1年及以上的6岁以上居民；（2）无严重的肝、肾等重要脏器疾病或近期未服用影响肝肾代谢药物，无恶性肿瘤等严重消耗性疾病，调查期间不在急性传染病发病期；（3）非五氯酚相关行业或职业暴露人群；（4）能配合独立完成或在家人的配合下完成问卷调查和样本采集的人群。以户为单位开展问卷调查、体格检查和尿样收集。本研究通过广州市疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会审核（审批件编号：GZCDC-ECHR-2022P0049），所有被调查者在正式参与本调查之前，均需阅读并签署书面知情同意书。
1.2　问卷调查
采用标准化问卷对调查对象进行现场面对面问卷调查，对于<12岁的儿童和≥75岁的老人，由其成年家庭成员代为回答或协助回答。参考国内外其他相关研究提供的线索[7,9]，结合本课题组先前的五氯酚膳食暴露评估结果[10]，调查问卷主要包括个人基本情况、生活行为方式和膳食摄入情况等，其中，膳食摄入情况重点关注五氯酚检出较高的食品类别，包括畜肉、禽肉、鱼类、软体动物、动物内脏等；同时现场测量调查对象的身高、体重。
为保障调查质量，调查前组织相关专家讨论确定问卷内容，并进行预调查；所有调查员经过集中培训，并考核合格后方能开展调查；问卷录入时采取双人录入，确保数据的准确。
1.3　尿样收集和检测
采集调查对象随机尿10 ml，混匀分装后用冰袋避光运送，当天送往实验室，放置于-80℃冰箱储存。
采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱质谱法（SPME-GC-MS/MS）测定尿中五氯酚：将尿液解冻，取2 ml尿液置入15 ml顶空瓶中，加入10 mol/L硫酸100 μl，盖好瓶盖，摇匀，SPME于60℃萃取30 min，GC-MS/MS测定。仪器：7890B-7000C气相色谱-三重串联四级杆质谱联用仪（美国Agilent公司）。气相色谱条件：色谱柱HP-5MS(15 m×0.25 mm×250 μm)，载气：氦气；柱流速1.0 ml/min；分流比5:1；进样口温度250℃；程序升温：100℃保持2 min、以20 ℃/min的升温速率升至260℃，保持6 min。质谱条件：溶剂延迟5 min；接口温度280℃；离子源温度300℃；EI源；扫描模式为多反应监测（MRM）。每批样品检测过程中，取两个样品分别加标5.0 μg/L、10.0 μg/L，回收率为86.7% ～103%，定量限1 μg/L。
采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）测定尿中肌酐的浓度，采用平行双样、加标回收及精密度评估确保实验结果的准确性和可靠性。
1.4　五氯酚暴露水平评估
尿中五氯酚浓度受饮水、尿量、体力活动等因素的影响，因此，根据肌酐校正的五氯酚内暴露水平采用简单的毒代动力学模型对居民五氯酚每日暴露量（estimated daily intake,EDI）进行估计[9,11]：
式中，Cuc为肌酐校正后的尿五氯酚浓度（μg/g肌酐），计算方法为尿液中五氯酚的测定浓度（μg/L）/肌酐浓度（mg/L）×1 000；Fcre为每日肌酐排出量（g/day），f为五氯酚的尿中代谢系数0.86，BW为调查对象的体重（kg）。
每日肌酐排出量的计算公式[12]：
式中，男性sex为0，女性为1；age是调查对象的年龄，BMI是体质指数（kg/m2），BW是体重（kg）；1.13e-4是每微摩尔肌酐的质量（g/μmol）。
1.5　数据处理和统计分析
尿液样品中的五氯酚浓度用肌酐值进行校正，校正后的浓度表示为μg/g肌酐，小于检出限（limit of detection，LOD）的数值用LOD/2替代。使用R软件进行统计学分析。居民尿五氯酚浓度分布采用几何均值（GM）及其95%置信区间（95%CI）和百分位数描述；两组间差异分析采用MannWhitney U检验，多组间差异分析采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验；五氯酚浓度呈非正态分布，采用自然对数转换后作为因变量纳入模型进行分析，计算出的β值及其95%CI进行指数转换，代表自变量每变化一个单位后五氯酚水平几何均数比值的变化。将单因素分析P<0.2的因素纳入多元线性回归模型，分析五氯酚暴露的可能影响因素，检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　一般情况
本研究共调查常住居民311人，其中27人的相关记录缺失或错误，实际有效样本量为284人，有效率为91.31%。284名调查对象中，男性134人（47.2%），女性150人（52.8%）；7～17岁22人（7.7%），18～64岁117人（41.2%），65～85岁145人（51.1%）；160人（56.3%）务农，124人（43.7%）不务农；242人（85.2%）学历为高中以下，42人（14.8%）学历为高中及以上；242人（85.2%）家庭人均年收入在12 000元以下，42人（14.8%）家庭人均年收入在12 000元以上；31人（10.9%）偏瘦，138人（48.6%）体重正常，115人（40.5%）超重肥胖（BMI判定标准参考《中国居民膳食指南（2022）》[13]）。
2.2　尿中五氯酚浓度及暴露量评估
284个调查对象尿中五氯酚的检出率为92.3%（262/284），检测值范围为未检出～18.010 μg/L，尿中五氯酚浓度GM（95%CI）为0.558（0.479～0.650）μg/L，中位数为0.625 μg/L。经肌酐校正后尿五氯酚浓度GM（95%CI）为0.586（0.502～0.683）μg/g肌酐，中位数为0.611 μg/g肌酐。根据肌酐校正尿五氯酚浓度估算的居民五氯酚暴露量GM（95%CI）为0.012（0.011～0.015）μg/（kg·BW·d），中位数为0.013 μg/（kg·BW·d），最大值为0.735 μg/（kg·BW·d）。见表1。
2.3　尿五氯酚浓度分布
用MannWhitney U检验或Kruskal-Wallis H检验对五氯酚浓度进行组间差异比较，结果显示，年龄、是否务农、文化程度、家庭人均年收入、BMI、户外活动时间、接触农药、家中饲养宠物、砧板材质、每天在家用餐次数、经常食用水果（每周大于三次）、畜禽内脏食用频次为潜在影响因素（P<0.20）。见表2。
2.4　尿五氯酚浓度的影响因素
将P<0.20的因素纳入多元线性回归模型，因变量取自然对数，最后对回归分析获得的β和置信区间取指数，获得几何均数的比值。自变量赋值情况见表3。多元线性回归模型符合正态性（使用Shapiro-Wilk normality test进行检验，W=0.994，P=0.342）和方差齐性（使用Studentized Breusch-Pagan test进行检验，BP=21.460，P=0.257），各变量的广义方差膨胀系数均小于10，表明不存在多重共线性，模型拟合良好。
结果显示，文化程度、BMI、户外活动时间和家中饲养宠物可能对居民尿中五氯酚暴露水平有影响。高中及以上文化程度居民的尿五氯酚含量低于高中以下文化水平的居民，BMI提示偏瘦的居民尿五氯酚含量低于BMI正常的居民，户外活动时间≥3 h的居民尿五氯酚浓度大于户外活动时间<3 h的居民，家中不饲养宠物的居民尿五氯酚含量低于家中饲养宠物的居民。见表4。
3　讨论
收起
五氯酚是一种较难降解的持久性有机污染物，虽然已在多国限制使用或禁用，但由于其在环境中广泛存在，对人群健康构成了威胁。本研究选取的广州市传统农业生产地区某镇，因其曾使用过五氯酚钠灭螺或清洁鱼塘等，导致五氯酚环境本底值可能较高。当地呈现典型的传统农业地区人口特征户籍中青年人口外流，老龄人口留守照看幼儿及儿童，因而本研究调查人群年龄跨度大且各年龄比例不均衡，但该比例符合调查地区的人群特征，也能一定程度上反映同类地区的情况。调查显示当地7～85岁常住居民尿五氯酚检出率为92.3%，和上海[7]、武汉[14]、合肥[15]等国内其他城市的检出率相当，提示人群五氯酚暴露普遍存在。调查人群尿五氯酚浓度中位数为0.625 μg/L，经肌酐校正后尿五氯酚浓度中位数为0.611 μg/g肌酐，高于以上地区普通人群的检出值，亦高于美国、德国、日本等其他国外人群[16-18]，提示该人群五氯酚暴露水平较高。
根据尿五氯酚浓度（经肌酐校正）估算的广州市传统农业生产地区284名居民人体五氯酚摄入量（EDI）中位数为0.013 μg/（kg·BW·d），最大值为0.735 μg/（kg·BW·d），均低于美国环保署（Environmental Protection Agency，EPA）制定的参考剂量5 μg/（kg·BW·d）[19]，说明该人群五氯酚暴露的健康风险较低。
尿液中的五氯酚可来源于多种途径，包括饮用水、土壤和空气中的残留，通过食物链进入动物性食品中的五氯酚残留，及职业暴露等。尽管膳食暴露是非职业人群五氯酚暴露的主要来源，但本研究多元回归分析结果并未发现膳食暴露于五氯酚含量较高的动物性食品是尿五氯酚浓度的影响因素，在既往的国内外研究中，郭剑秋等[9]对儿童尿五氯酚的影响因素进行分析，未发现膳食特征和尿五氯酚暴露水平的关系；张明烨等[20]的研究发现，蔬菜摄入频率高的人群血清五氯酚水平高。本研究多元线性回归结果提示，文化程度、BMI、户外活动时间和家中饲养宠物是尿五氯酚暴露水平的影响因素。人口学因素如文化程度对五氯酚的暴露水平有显著影响，这可能与社会经济学因素有关，其他研究也有类似的发现[7]。户外活动时间长和家中饲养宠物均会增加居民暴露于五氯酚的风险，这与国内外类似研究结论相符[9,21]，可能由于调查所在的传统农业生产地区居民住所周边即是农田或水塘，且养狗的住户较多，户外活动和宠物从室外带入环境污染物会增加居民接触五氯酚的机会，从而增加居民的暴露水平。BMI偏低的人群尿五氯酚含量较低，初步分析可能的原因有：BMI低的人群可能基础代谢率较高，肝脏代谢速度更快，导致尿中五氯酚原形减少；BMI低的人群可能摄入高脂食物的量较少，五氯酚暴露量较低。
本研究存在一定的局限性。一是，单次随机尿样的暴露评估无法准确量化24 h内人群五氯酚的暴露水平；二是，本研究仅在广州市某一传统农业生产地区开展调查，且样本量较小，调查人群年龄跨度大，因此研究结论仅适用于背景相似的地区，外推程度有限；此外，本次研究为居民内暴露状况的现况调查，缺乏历史暴露数据，难以纵向比较五氯酚的长期健康效应。
基金
收起
  • 广州市科技计划项目(2023A03J0935)
  • 广州市医学重点学科建设项目(2025-2027-12)
文献
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2025年第52卷第17期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504179
  • 接收时间：2025-04-14
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-04-14
基金
广州市科技计划项目(2023A03J0935)
广州市医学重点学科建设项目(2025-2027-12)
作者信息
    1.广州市疾病预防控制中心（广州市卫生监督所）食品安全与营养部，广东 广州 510440
    2.广州市疾病预防控制中心（广州市卫生监督所）理化检验部，广东 广州 510440

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species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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