Article(id=1241036331808256364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815718843, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815718843, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815718843, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815718843, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036327177744706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='17', pageStart='3073', pageEnd='3264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815717738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840080282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3178, endPage=3183, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036332357710208, articleId=1241036331808256364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The relationship between subjective cognitive decline and frailty in community-dwelling older adults with comorbidities: the chain-mediated role of self-perceptions of aging and cognitive reserve, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the relationship between subjective cognitive decline and frailty in community-dwelling older adults with comorbidities, and analyze the mediating effects of self-perceptions of aging and cognitive reserve.

Methods

From June to October 2023, 505 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and above in Xinxiang City with comorbidities were selected to conduct a questionnaire survey. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and correlation analysis were performed on the data, and AMOS 27.0 was used to construct a chain mediation model.

Results

Subjective cognitive decline had a positive impact on frailty (β=0.100, 95% CI: 0.006-0.191, P=0.040). Self-perceptions of aging and cognitive reserve played a mediating role between subjective cognitive decline and frailty (β=0.079, 95% CI: 0.042-0.123, P<0.001; β=0.029, 95% CI: 0.011-0.056, P<0.001), accounting for 36.12% and 13.37% of the total effect value, respectively. Moreover, self-perceptions of aging and cognitive reserve jointly played a chain-mediating role between subjective cognitive decline and frailty (β=0.010, 95% CI: 0.004-0.021, P<0.001), accounting for 4.77% of the total effect value.

Conclusion

The findings that self-perceptions of aging and cognitive reserve play independent mediating roles and a chain-mediating role between subjective cognitive decline and frailty suggest that attention should be paid to the subjective feelings of community-dwelling older adults with comorbidities. It is essential to cultivate a positive view of aging among the elderly and enhance their cognitive reserve levels. By doing so, the onset of frailty can be delayed, thus promoting healthy aging.

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目的

探讨社区共病老年人主观认知下降与衰弱之间的关系,并分析自我感知老化和认知储备的中介作用。

方法

选取新乡市505名65岁及以上的社区共病老年人,于2023年6—10月进行问卷调查,对数据进行描述性统计、方差分析和相关性分析,采用AMOS 27.0构建链式中介模型。

结果

主观认知下降正向影响衰弱(β=0.100, 95%CI: 0.006~0.191, P=0.040);自我感知老化和认知储备在主观认知下降与衰弱间起独立中介作用(β=0.079, 95%CI: 0.042~0.123, P<0.001; β=0.029, 95%CI: 0.011~0.056, P<0.001),分别占总效应值的36.12%和13.37%;自我感知老化和认知储备在主观认知下降与衰弱间起链式中介作用(β=0.010, 95%CI: 0.004~0.021, P<0.001),占总效应值的4.77%。

结论

自我感知老化与认知储备在主观认知下降和衰弱间起独立中介作用及链式中介作用,提示应关注社区共病老年人对认知的主观感受,培养老年人的积极老化观,并提升其认知储备水平,从而延缓衰弱的发生,促进健康老龄化。

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罗艳艳,E-mail:
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王利燕(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:心理护理

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王利燕(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:心理护理

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王利燕(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:心理护理

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注:*表示P<0.05;***表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=Kia/SRWMrKQwLksAhNckZg==, figureFileBig=aZIB9tEkTIwb7W+dYltb2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241139378966287309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331808256364, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Testing for differences in variable scores across general demographic information [n=505, n(%), ()]

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变量
例数主观认知下降自我感知老化认知储备衰弱
性别
209(41.39)4.44±2.3842.77±10.570.42±1.421.35±0.98
296(58.61)5.05±2.0942.70±11.12-0.30±1.511.33±1.16
t-2.9780.0765.4110.155
P0.0030.940<0.0010.877
年龄(岁)
65~70218(43.17)4.58±2.3739.43±9.880.21±1.491.16±0.96
71~80228(45.15)4.90±2.1043.33±10.07-0.08±1.501.39±1.16
>8059(11.68)5.20±2.1952.58±11.27-0.45±1.551.80±1.14
F2.21639.7895.1868.666
P0.110<0.0010.006<0.001
婚姻状况
已婚411(81.39)4.64±2.2942.08±10.480.11±1.481.30±1.04
离异/丧偶94(18.61)5.49±1.8445.57±12.17-0.48±1.601.53±1.28
t-3.835-2.5773.451-1.664
P<0.0010.011<0.0010.099
居住方式
与配偶和(或)子女452(89.50)4.78±2.2842.80±11.00-0.00±1.521.36±1.09
独居52(10.30)4.98±1.8442.23±10.40-0.00±1.491.17±1.06
养老机构1(0.20)3.50±0.0034.00±0.001.01±0.001.00±0.00
F0.3530.3850.2220.738
P0.7030.6800.8010.479
有无跌倒经历
109(21.58)5.39±2.1144.74±10.22-0.07±1.401.55±1.08
396(78.42)4.64±2.2442.17±11.010.02±1.551.28±1.09
t3.1642.192-0.5102.278
P0.0020.0290.6100.023
吸烟
30(5.94)4.13±2.4541.53±9.390.49±1.371.37±0.93
475(94.06)4.84±2.2242.80±10.98-0.03±1.521.34±1.10
t-1.688-0.6191.8340.135
P0.0920.5360.0670.893
饮酒
421(83.37)4.90±2.2242.98±11.00-0.11±1.521.38±1.12
84(16.63)4.30±2.2441.48±10.290.57±1.341.14±0.91
t2.2661.153-4.1862.098
P0.0240.249<0.0010.038
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379092116437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331808256364, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各变量得分在一般人口资料的差异性检验[n=505, n(%),()]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量
例数主观认知下降自我感知老化认知储备衰弱
性别
209(41.39)4.44±2.3842.77±10.570.42±1.421.35±0.98
296(58.61)5.05±2.0942.70±11.12-0.30±1.511.33±1.16
t-2.9780.0765.4110.155
P0.0030.940<0.0010.877
年龄(岁)
65~70218(43.17)4.58±2.3739.43±9.880.21±1.491.16±0.96
71~80228(45.15)4.90±2.1043.33±10.07-0.08±1.501.39±1.16
>8059(11.68)5.20±2.1952.58±11.27-0.45±1.551.80±1.14
F2.21639.7895.1868.666
P0.110<0.0010.006<0.001
婚姻状况
已婚411(81.39)4.64±2.2942.08±10.480.11±1.481.30±1.04
离异/丧偶94(18.61)5.49±1.8445.57±12.17-0.48±1.601.53±1.28
t-3.835-2.5773.451-1.664
P<0.0010.011<0.0010.099
居住方式
与配偶和(或)子女452(89.50)4.78±2.2842.80±11.00-0.00±1.521.36±1.09
独居52(10.30)4.98±1.8442.23±10.40-0.00±1.491.17±1.06
养老机构1(0.20)3.50±0.0034.00±0.001.01±0.001.00±0.00
F0.3530.3850.2220.738
P0.7030.6800.8010.479
有无跌倒经历
109(21.58)5.39±2.1144.74±10.22-0.07±1.401.55±1.08
396(78.42)4.64±2.2442.17±11.010.02±1.551.28±1.09
t3.1642.192-0.5102.278
P0.0020.0290.6100.023
吸烟
30(5.94)4.13±2.4541.53±9.390.49±1.371.37±0.93
475(94.06)4.84±2.2242.80±10.98-0.03±1.521.34±1.10
t-1.688-0.6191.8340.135
P0.0920.5360.0670.893
饮酒
421(83.37)4.90±2.2242.98±11.00-0.11±1.521.38±1.12
84(16.63)4.30±2.2441.48±10.290.57±1.341.14±0.91
t2.2661.153-4.1862.098
P0.0240.249<0.0010.038
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379192779743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331808256364, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical description and correlation analysis among variables (n=505)

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项目得分(1234
1.主观认知下降4.80±2.231
2.自我感知老化42.73±10.890.385***1
3.认知储备0.00±1.52-0.269***-0.263***1
4.衰弱1.34±1.090.244***0.331***-0.258***1
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379301831658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331808256364, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各变量描述统计及相关分析结果(n=505)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目得分(1234
1.主观认知下降4.80±2.231
2.自我感知老化42.73±10.890.385***1
3.认知储备0.00±1.52-0.269***-0.263***1
4.衰弱1.34±1.090.244***0.331***-0.258***1
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379410883567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331808256364, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of the mediating effect of self-perceptions of aging and cognitive reserve between subjective cognitive decline and frailty

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路径β (95%CI)P效应占比(%)
总中介效应0.119 (0.077~0.167)<0.00154.26
Ind1:主观认知下降→自我感知老化→衰弱0.079 (0.042~0.123)<0.00136.12
Ind2:主观认知下降→认知储备→衰弱0.029 (0.011~0.056)<0.00113.37
Ind3:主观认知下降→自我感知老化→认知储备→衰弱0.010 (0.004~0.021)<0.0014.77
直接效应0.100 (0.006~0.191)0.04045.74
总效应0.219 (0.133~0.305)<0.001100
对比中介效应:Ind1-Ind20.050 (0.002~0.103)0.042
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379498963959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331808256364, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

自我感知老化和认知储备在主观认知下降与衰弱间的中介效应分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径β (95%CI)P效应占比(%)
总中介效应0.119 (0.077~0.167)<0.00154.26
Ind1:主观认知下降→自我感知老化→衰弱0.079 (0.042~0.123)<0.00136.12
Ind2:主观认知下降→认知储备→衰弱0.029 (0.011~0.056)<0.00113.37
Ind3:主观认知下降→自我感知老化→认知储备→衰弱0.010 (0.004~0.021)<0.0014.77
直接效应0.100 (0.006~0.191)0.04045.74
总效应0.219 (0.133~0.305)<0.001100
对比中介效应:Ind1-Ind20.050 (0.002~0.103)0.042
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社区共病老年人主观认知下降与衰弱的关系——自我感知老化和认知储备的链式中介作用
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王利燕 1 , 姚桂英 1 , 罗艳艳 1 , 孙俊俊 1 , 王华 2 , 许振丹 3 , 张海燕 1 , 张会敏 1 , 张雯娟 1
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025,52(17): 3178-3183
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025, 52(17): 3178-3183
社区共病老年人主观认知下降与衰弱的关系——自我感知老化和认知储备的链式中介作用
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王利燕1, 姚桂英1, 罗艳艳1 , 孙俊俊1, 王华2, 许振丹3, 张海燕1, 张会敏1, 张雯娟1
作者信息
  • 1.新乡医学院护理学院,河南 新乡 453000
  • 2.新乡市直机关医院社区卫生服务中心
  • 3.新乡市中心医院
  • 王利燕(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:心理护理

通讯作者:

罗艳艳,E-mail:
The relationship between subjective cognitive decline and frailty in community-dwelling older adults with comorbidities: the chain-mediated role of self-perceptions of aging and cognitive reserve
Li-yan WANG1, Gui-ying YAO1, Yan-yan LUO1 , Jun-jun SUN1, Hua WANG2, Zhen-dan XU3, Hai-yan ZHANG1, Hui-min ZHANG1, Wen-juan ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503152
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目的

探讨社区共病老年人主观认知下降与衰弱之间的关系,并分析自我感知老化和认知储备的中介作用。

方法

选取新乡市505名65岁及以上的社区共病老年人,于2023年6—10月进行问卷调查,对数据进行描述性统计、方差分析和相关性分析,采用AMOS 27.0构建链式中介模型。

结果

主观认知下降正向影响衰弱(β=0.100, 95%CI: 0.006~0.191, P=0.040);自我感知老化和认知储备在主观认知下降与衰弱间起独立中介作用(β=0.079, 95%CI: 0.042~0.123, P<0.001; β=0.029, 95%CI: 0.011~0.056, P<0.001),分别占总效应值的36.12%和13.37%;自我感知老化和认知储备在主观认知下降与衰弱间起链式中介作用(β=0.010, 95%CI: 0.004~0.021, P<0.001),占总效应值的4.77%。

结论

自我感知老化与认知储备在主观认知下降和衰弱间起独立中介作用及链式中介作用,提示应关注社区共病老年人对认知的主观感受,培养老年人的积极老化观,并提升其认知储备水平,从而延缓衰弱的发生,促进健康老龄化。

共病  /  主观认知下降  /  自我感知老化  /  认知储备  /  衰弱
Objective

To explore the relationship between subjective cognitive decline and frailty in community-dwelling older adults with comorbidities, and analyze the mediating effects of self-perceptions of aging and cognitive reserve.

Methods

From June to October 2023, 505 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and above in Xinxiang City with comorbidities were selected to conduct a questionnaire survey. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and correlation analysis were performed on the data, and AMOS 27.0 was used to construct a chain mediation model.

Results

Subjective cognitive decline had a positive impact on frailty (β=0.100, 95% CI: 0.006-0.191, P=0.040). Self-perceptions of aging and cognitive reserve played a mediating role between subjective cognitive decline and frailty (β=0.079, 95% CI: 0.042-0.123, P<0.001; β=0.029, 95% CI: 0.011-0.056, P<0.001), accounting for 36.12% and 13.37% of the total effect value, respectively. Moreover, self-perceptions of aging and cognitive reserve jointly played a chain-mediating role between subjective cognitive decline and frailty (β=0.010, 95% CI: 0.004-0.021, P<0.001), accounting for 4.77% of the total effect value.

Conclusion

The findings that self-perceptions of aging and cognitive reserve play independent mediating roles and a chain-mediating role between subjective cognitive decline and frailty suggest that attention should be paid to the subjective feelings of community-dwelling older adults with comorbidities. It is essential to cultivate a positive view of aging among the elderly and enhance their cognitive reserve levels. By doing so, the onset of frailty can be delayed, thus promoting healthy aging.

Comorbidities  /  Subjective cognitive decline  /  Self-perceptions of aging  /  Cognitive reserve  /  Frailty
王利燕, 姚桂英, 罗艳艳, 孙俊俊, 王华, 许振丹, 张海燕, 张会敏, 张雯娟. 社区共病老年人主观认知下降与衰弱的关系——自我感知老化和认知储备的链式中介作用. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3178 -3183 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503152
Li-yan WANG, Gui-ying YAO, Yan-yan LUO, Jun-jun SUN, Hua WANG, Zhen-dan XU, Hai-yan ZHANG, Hui-min ZHANG, Wen-juan ZHANG. The relationship between subjective cognitive decline and frailty in community-dwelling older adults with comorbidities: the chain-mediated role of self-perceptions of aging and cognitive reserve[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3178 -3183 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503152
在人口老龄化加剧的背景下,老年人的共病患病率随之上升。共病是指个体同时患二种或二种以上的慢性疾病[1]。共病的积累会影响患者自身稳态,造成生理储备下降及抗应激能力减退[2]。我国共病老年人衰弱患病率达39.7%[3]。衰弱会增加共病老年人残疾及死亡等不良结局风险,给家庭及社会带来沉重的照护负担[4]。随年龄增长,50%~80%的老年人会报告认知下降的主观感受,而神经心理测试无异常[5]。在健康老年人群中,报告更多主观认知抱怨的个体发生衰弱的可能性增加[6-7]。然而,在共病老年人群中,主观认知下降与衰弱的关系及作用机制仍需进一步探索。
压力认知交互理论强调个体受到应激源刺激,会进行认知评价,评估自身可能用到的应对资源,并采取应对策略,对身心健康产生一系列影响[8]。自我感知老化(self-perceptions of aging, SPA)指老年人遭受生理、心理及社会老化威胁时产生的主观感知和情感反应[9]。主观认知下降可能通过自我感知老化对衰弱产生影响。当个体察觉自身记忆下降时,可能会产生对自身衰老的担忧,改变与年龄相关变化的感知[10]。而消极的自我感知老化可预测衰弱的发生[11]。在压力应激过程中,认知储备可作为一种应对资源[12]。认知储备(cognitive reserve, CR)用于解释认知功能对大脑衰老、病理损害的易感性差异[13]。生命早期的教育、中年的职业活动及成年后的休闲活动均有利于认知储备的累积[14]。在主观认知下降进展为衰弱的过程中,认知储备可能起到缓冲作用。研究指出,高水平的认知储备可延缓主观认知下降患者的认知功能损害[15]。且认知储备的各代理指标对老年人衰弱的发生、进展及恶化均具有保护作用[16]
基于压力认知交互理论框架,自我感知老化和认知储备可能在主观认知下降与衰弱间起链式中介作用。一项纵向研究表明,积极的自我感知老化会促进具有跌倒经历老年人的社会参与[17]。而参与社交活动会刺激脑神经元分支发展,增强其应对认知任务的能力[18]。本研究旨在探究共病老年人主观认知下降与衰弱的关系及作用机制,为社区医务人员制定精准干预策略以延缓共病老年人衰弱的发生提供科学依据。
选取2023年6—10月在河南省新乡市兴隆社区、滨湖社区等自愿体检的多病共存老年人为研究对象。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥65岁;(2)同时患有高血压、糖尿病等二种及以上慢性病;(3)签署知情同意书且自愿参与本研究。排除标准:(1)被诊断为痴呆者;(2)由于严重精神障碍、语言及听力障碍等可能无法完成资料收集者。该研究已通过新乡医学院伦理委员会审查(XYLL-20230003)。
基于既往文献,主观认知下降与自我感知老化、认知储备及衰弱的相关性系数分别为(r1=0.223, r2=0.213, r3=0.249)[1119]。利用复杂中介效应样本量计算方法(https://schoemanna.shinyapps.io/mc_power_med/),当样本量为200时,统计功效可达到0.80,考虑到20%的无效问卷,至少需纳入240例。本研究共发放515份,回收有效问卷505份(98.06%)。
(1)一般人口资料:包括年龄、性别、婚姻状况、居住方式、有无跌倒经历、是否吸烟、是否饮酒。
(2)主观认知下降量表(subjective cognitive decline questionnaire-9, SCD-Q-9):由郝立晓等[20]汉化,共9个条目。回答“是”或“否”分别为1和0分,回答“经常、偶尔、从未”分别为1、0.5和0分,得分越高表明主观认知下降程度越重。该量表Cronbach α系数为0.811。
(3)简版自我感知老化量表(brief ageing perceptions questionnaire, B-APQ):由扈娜等[21]汉化,共17个条目,5个维度,积极结果和积极控制条目反向计分。总分越高表明老化态度越消极。该量表Cronbach α系数为0.875。
(4)认知储备:选取教育水平、职业活动及休闲活动三个代理指标[22]。根据国家教育体系,教育等级被划分为“1=文盲,2=小学,3=初中,4=高中/专科,5=大专,6=本科及以上”;将职业种类分为5类“1=低技能体力劳动职业,2=技能性体力劳动职业,3=技能性非体力劳动职业,4=专业技能职业,5=高责任需求或高智力需求职业”[23];休闲活动被评估为参与“家务、个人户外活动、种花养鸟、读书/上网、饲养家禽、打牌/麻将、看电视/听广播、社会活动、旅游、锻炼”这10项活动的数量,得分范围为0~10分。构建认知储备潜变量模型并进行验证性因子分析,权重与各代理指标的标准化得分乘积之和即综合认知储备得分[22]。得分越高表明认知储备水平越高。教育的标准化因子载荷为0.904,职业活动为0.616,休闲活动为0.377。模型ω系数为0.70,内部一致性被认为可接受。
(5)Fried衰弱量表(Fried frailty phenotype scale):由Fried等[24]基于衰弱循环理论模型提出,包括体重减轻、步速减慢、握力下降、体力活动量下降、疲惫5个条目,总分范围0~5分,0分为非衰弱,1~2分为衰弱前期,3~5分为衰弱。
运用SPSS 27.0进行多重共线性检验[25]及共同方法偏差检验[26]。计量资料以(均数±标准差)表示,计数资料用频数、百分比表示。t检验或方差分析用于各变量得分的差异性检验;采用Pearson相关性分析探讨变量间的相关性;运用AMOS 27.0构建链式中介模型并进行bootstrap中介效应检验,检验水准α=0.5。
各自变量(主观认知下降、自我感知老化、认知储备)容忍度(Tol)均>0.1,且方差膨胀因子(VIF)均<10,表明不存在多重共线性[27]。采用Harman单因子法检验共同方法偏差。共得到9个特征值大于1的因子,第一个因子解释21.98%的总方差变异,小于40%,提示不存在严重的共同方法偏差[28]
本研究对象平均年龄为(72.87±5.70)岁,其中男性209名(41.39%),女性296名(58.61%)。各变量得分的一般人口特征差异性检验结果见表1。其中,衰弱得分在年龄、有无跌倒经历及是否饮酒上具有显著差异;不同性别、婚姻状况、有无跌倒经历及是否饮酒老年人的主观认知下降得分差异显著;不同年龄、婚姻状况及有无跌倒经历老年人自我感知老化得分具有统计学差异;认知储备得分在性别、年龄、婚姻状况及是否饮酒上的差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。
Pearson相关性分析结果显示,主观认知下降与自我感知老化、衰弱呈正相关,与认知储备呈负相关;认知储备与自我感知老化、衰弱呈负相关;自我感知老化与衰弱呈正相关(均P<0.001)。见表2
以主观认知下降为自变量,衰弱为因变量,自我感知老化和认知储备为中介变量构建结构方程模型,并将年龄、有无跌倒经历、是否饮酒作为协变量进行控制。见图1。模型各拟合指标(χ2/v= 2.012, GFI=0.989, AGFI=0.967, CFI=0.970, NFI=0.944, IFI=0.971, TLI=0.930, RMSEA=0.045)均在理想范围内。模型各路径系数均显著(P<0.05)。Bootstrap法检验结果显示95%CI均不包含0,表明中介效应显著。第一条间接效应(Ind1):主观认知下降→自我感知老化→衰弱,中介效应值为0.079(95%CI: 0.042~0.123),占总效应的36.12%;第二条间接效应(Ind2):主观认知下降→认知储备→衰弱,中介效应值为0.029(95%CI: 0.011~0.056),占总效应的13.22%;第三条间接效应(Ind3):主观认知下降→自我感知老化→认知储备→衰弱,中介效应值为0.010(95%CI:0.004~0.021),占总效应的4.77%;对比中介效应(Ind1-Ind2):效应值为0.050(95%CI: 0.002~0.103)。总中介效应占比为54.26%,直接效应占比为45.74%。见表3
研究结果显示,主观认知下降正向影响衰弱,主观认知下降得分越高,衰弱程度就越严重。二者存在共同的发病机制。主观认知下降患者脑白质束微观结构会发生明显变化[29]。而内囊前缘等白质束的微观结构改变与衰弱密切相关[30]。认知能力下降与衰弱往往同时发生并相互作用,导致不良健康结局[31]。一项纵向研究发现,基线时具有轻度认知障碍的个体更有可能发生衰弱,并影响衰弱的发展轨迹[32]。因此,应将具有主观认知下降的共病老年人群作为重点干预对象,以实现延缓认知功能损害和身体功能衰退的双重价值。
研究发现,主观认知下降通过自我感知老化间接影响衰弱。记忆下降的共病老年人更易产生消极的自我感知老化,认为衰老不可避免,加强对老年人的认同感[33],休闲活动参与的积极性可能降低[34]。而长期身体活动减少可能导致肌肉力量及质量减退,增加衰弱风险[35]。相反,积极的老化态度可帮助老年人控制慢性病的发展,保持良好的身体状况[36]
认知储备在主观认知下降进展为痴呆的过程中起缓冲作用[15]。具有丰富认知储备的个体,凭借其高效的神经网络及灵活的认知策略,能够维持较好的认知功能[37]。此类慢性病患者自我管理能力及治疗依从性可能升高,衰弱风险可能降低[38]。此外,中年从事高认知参与度、解决问题能力需求职业的人可能有更高的认知储备,可延缓晚年认知功能下降和衰弱的发生。[39]
研究结果表明,自我感知老化与认知储备呈显著负相关。老年人的主观认知下降得分越高,老化信念更强,认为衰老是一个不可避免的过程,并对老年人有更强的认同感[33]。在多病共存老年群体中,消极的自我感知老化可能导致共病老年人减少社交活动,限制认知刺激的获取[40]。长期缺乏认知刺激,抑制脑源性神经营养因子的表达和信号传导增加,神经可塑性难以得到充分激发,不利于认知储备的提升[41]。认知功能得不到保留,不利于从事维持健康的预防性活动,从而易受衰弱的影响[39]
综上,社区医务人员应给予共病老年人更多的关注,评估其主观认知抱怨,并合理利用社区资源推动老年友好型环境建设,培养共病老年人的积极老化观,使其积极主动参与休闲活动,促进认知储备水平的提升,从而维持较好的认知表现,降低衰弱的发生风险。此外,本研究具有一定局限性:一方面,横断面研究不能推断变量间的因果关系,未来应考虑纵向研究设计,以更好地理解变量之间的动态关系;另一方面,认知储备的测量方法并未统一,不利于研究间结果的比较,未来应实现认知储备测量的标准化。
  • 2024年河南省哲学社会科学规划年度项目(2024BSH033)
  • 河南省教育厅人文社会科学研究项目(2025-ZZJH-279)
  • 新乡医学院研究生科研创新支持计划(YJSCX202313Z)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202503152
  • 接收时间:2025-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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2024年河南省哲学社会科学规划年度项目(2024BSH033)
河南省教育厅人文社会科学研究项目(2025-ZZJH-279)
新乡医学院研究生科研创新支持计划(YJSCX202313Z)
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    1.新乡医学院护理学院,河南 新乡 453000
    2.新乡市直机关医院社区卫生服务中心
    3.新乡市中心医院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
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Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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