Article(id=1241036331451732814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505380, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748102400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815718758, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815718758, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815718758, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815718758, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036327177744706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='17', pageStart='3073', pageEnd='3264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815717738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840080282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3247, endPage=3251, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036332038935383, articleId=1241036331451732814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Risk factors for renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease complicated by hypertension, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the risk factors for renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicated by hypertension.

Methods

A total of 230 CKD patients with hypertension admitted to Chaohu Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University from April 2023 to April 2024 were enrolled. According to the occurrence of renal failure, the patients were divided into the renal failure group (n=47) and the non-renal failure group (n=183). Baseline characteristics were compared between the two groups. Lasso regression and multivariate logistic regression were used to screen for risk factors of renal failure.

Results

Among the 230 patients, 47 (20.43%) developed renal failure. Logistic regression analysis revealed that hyperuricemia (OR=3.104, 95% CI: 1.661-5.800), anemia (OR=3.413, 95% CI: 1.706-6.828), hyponatremia (OR=2.852, 95% CI: 1.383-5.882),proteinuria (OR=2.858, 95% CI: 1.318-6.198), advanced age (OR=2.579, 95% CI: 1.396-4.765), and uncontrolled blood pressure (OR=2.211, 95% CI: 1.193-4.096) were independent risk factors for renal failure in CKD patients with hypertension.

Conclusion

CKD patients with hypertension have a high risk of renal failure. Advanced age, uncontrolled blood pressure, hyperuricemia, anemia, hyponatremia, and proteinuria are significant risk factors for renal failure in this population.

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目的

分析慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的危险因素。

方法

选择2023年4月—2024年4月安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院收治的230例CKD合并高血压患者为研究对象,根据患者肾功能衰竭发生情况将患者分为肾功能衰竭组(47例)和非肾功能衰竭组(183例),比较两组基线资料。采用LASSO回归筛选、logistic回归分析筛选肾功能衰竭的危险因素。

结果

230例患者中有47例患者发生了肾功能衰竭,发生率为20.43%。Logistic回归分析显示,高尿酸血症(OR=3.104,95%CI:1.661~5.80)、贫血(OR=3.413,95%CI:1.706~6.828)、低钠血症(OR=2.852,95%CI:1.383~5.882)、蛋白尿(OR=2.858,95%CI:1.318~6.198)、高年龄(OR=2.579,95%CI:1.396~4.765)、血压控制未达标(OR=2.211,95%CI:1.193~4.096)是CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的独立危险因素。

结论

CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭风险较高,高年龄、血压控制未达标、高尿酸血症、贫血、低钠血症、蛋白尿是CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭危险因素。

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尹彩梅,E-mail:
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董智敏(1978—),女,本科,主管护师,研究方向:慢性病患者管理

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Military Medical Journal of South China, 2022, 36(5): 329-334.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of influencing factors of worsening renal function in patients with acute heart failure and it′s relationship with vulnerable period of heart failure, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241139382565007844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331451732814, awardId=82405141, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(82405141), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241139377196298449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331451732814, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241139377208881362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331451732814, companyId=1241139377196298449, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Outpatient, Chaohu Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 238000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241139377217269971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331451732814, companyId=1241139377196298449, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院门诊部,安徽 合肥 238000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241139377343099104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331451732814, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241139377351487714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331451732814, companyId=1241139377343099104, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院药学部,安徽 合肥 238000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241139379805155731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331451732814, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Results of LASSO regression analysis, figureFileSmall=Fl3DvpbKuWgzngCR9BK7tQ==, figureFileBig=6RRu7kfjDFzR/twfkA4kHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241139379930984856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331451732814, language=CN, label=图1, caption=LASSO回归分析结果

注:A为回归系数路线图;B为回归交叉验证曲线。

, figureFileSmall=Fl3DvpbKuWgzngCR9BK7tQ==, figureFileBig=6RRu7kfjDFzR/twfkA4kHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241139380061008290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331451732814, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of clinical characteristics between renal failure and non-renal failure groups [n(%),()]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目肾功能衰竭组(n=47)非肾功能衰竭组(n=183)χ2/tP
性别1.9520.162
男性31(65.96)100(54.64)
女性16(34.04)83(45.36)
年龄(岁)10.1460.001
≥6032(68.09)77(42.08)
<6015(31.91)106(57.92)
居住地0.2010.654
农村22(46.81)79(43.17)
城镇25(53.19)104(56.83)
体重指数(kg/m220.36±1.2520.41±1.310.2360.814
受教育程度0.0270.870
初中及以下24(51.06)91(49.73)
初中以上23(48.94)92(50.27)
宗教信仰0.5690.451
16(34.04)52(28.42)
31(65.96)131(71.58)
吸烟1.0160.313
14(29.79)69(37.70)
33(70.21)114(62.30)
饮酒0.0400.842
18(38.30)73(39.89)
29(61.70)110(60.11)
基础疾病0.0190.891
19(40.43)76(41.53)
28(59.57)107(58.47)
心血管疾病0.9440.331
12(25.53)35(19.13)
35(74.47)148(80.87)
家庭人均月收入(元)0.0120.911
<3 00022(46.81)84(45.90)
≥3 00025(53.19)99(54.10)
婚姻状态0.0840.772
有配偶39(82.98)155(84.70)
无配偶8(17.02)28(15.30)
慢性肾脏病病因0.8600.835
肾小球肾炎10(21.28)36(19.67)
糖尿病肾病13(27.66)49(26.78)
肾病综合征16(34.04)74(40.44)
其他8(17.02)24(13.11)
血压控制达标10.9830.001
26(55.32)54(29.51)
21(44.68)129(70.49)
高尿酸血症11.2240.001
23(48.94)44(24.04)
24(51.06)139(75.96)
贫血9.6540.002
17(36.17)29(15.85)
30(63.83)154(84.15)
低钠血症10.9630.001
15(31.91)22(12.02)
32(68.09)161(87.98)
蛋白尿10.1870.001
阳性13(27.66)18(9.84)
阴性34(72.34)165(90.16)
血肌酐(μmol/L)115.63±27.68110.61±25.211.1930.234
胆固醇(mmol/L)4.81±1.254.75±1.190.3050.761
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肾功能衰竭组和非肾功能衰竭组患者临床资料对比[n(%),()]

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项目肾功能衰竭组(n=47)非肾功能衰竭组(n=183)χ2/tP
性别1.9520.162
男性31(65.96)100(54.64)
女性16(34.04)83(45.36)
年龄(岁)10.1460.001
≥6032(68.09)77(42.08)
<6015(31.91)106(57.92)
居住地0.2010.654
农村22(46.81)79(43.17)
城镇25(53.19)104(56.83)
体重指数(kg/m220.36±1.2520.41±1.310.2360.814
受教育程度0.0270.870
初中及以下24(51.06)91(49.73)
初中以上23(48.94)92(50.27)
宗教信仰0.5690.451
16(34.04)52(28.42)
31(65.96)131(71.58)
吸烟1.0160.313
14(29.79)69(37.70)
33(70.21)114(62.30)
饮酒0.0400.842
18(38.30)73(39.89)
29(61.70)110(60.11)
基础疾病0.0190.891
19(40.43)76(41.53)
28(59.57)107(58.47)
心血管疾病0.9440.331
12(25.53)35(19.13)
35(74.47)148(80.87)
家庭人均月收入(元)0.0120.911
<3 00022(46.81)84(45.90)
≥3 00025(53.19)99(54.10)
婚姻状态0.0840.772
有配偶39(82.98)155(84.70)
无配偶8(17.02)28(15.30)
慢性肾脏病病因0.8600.835
肾小球肾炎10(21.28)36(19.67)
糖尿病肾病13(27.66)49(26.78)
肾病综合征16(34.04)74(40.44)
其他8(17.02)24(13.11)
血压控制达标10.9830.001
26(55.32)54(29.51)
21(44.68)129(70.49)
高尿酸血症11.2240.001
23(48.94)44(24.04)
24(51.06)139(75.96)
贫血9.6540.002
17(36.17)29(15.85)
30(63.83)154(84.15)
低钠血症10.9630.001
15(31.91)22(12.02)
32(68.09)161(87.98)
蛋白尿10.1870.001
阳性13(27.66)18(9.84)
阴性34(72.34)165(90.16)
血肌酐(μmol/L)115.63±27.68110.61±25.211.1930.234
胆固醇(mmol/L)4.81±1.254.75±1.190.3050.761
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Assignment of dependent and independent variables

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变量赋值方式
是否出现肾功能衰竭否=0,是=1
年龄(岁)<60=0,≥60=1
家庭人均月收入(元)≥3 000=0,<3 000=1
血压控制达标是=0,否=1
高尿酸血症无=0,有=1
贫血无=0,有=1
低钠血症无=0,有=1
蛋白尿阴性=0,阳性=1
心血管疾病无=0,有=1
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因变量与自变量赋值表

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变量赋值方式
是否出现肾功能衰竭否=0,是=1
年龄(岁)<60=0,≥60=1
家庭人均月收入(元)≥3 000=0,<3 000=1
血压控制达标是=0,否=1
高尿酸血症无=0,有=1
贫血无=0,有=1
低钠血症无=0,有=1
蛋白尿阴性=0,阳性=1
心血管疾病无=0,有=1
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Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for renal failure in CKD patients complicated by hypertension

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素βWaldPOR(95%CI
年龄0.9470.3139.1530.0022.579(1.396~4.765)
血压控制达标0.7930.3156.3580.0122.211(1.193~4.096)
高尿酸血症1.1330.31912.605<0.0013.104(1.661~5.800)
贫血1.2280.35412.0430.0013.413(1.706~6.828)
低钠血症1.0480.3698.0570.0052.852(1.383~5.882)
蛋白尿1.0500.3957.0660.0082.858(1.318~6.198)
常量-2.6030.39044.466<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241139382221074894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331451732814, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的多因素logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素βWaldPOR(95%CI
年龄0.9470.3139.1530.0022.579(1.396~4.765)
血压控制达标0.7930.3156.3580.0122.211(1.193~4.096)
高尿酸血症1.1330.31912.605<0.0013.104(1.661~5.800)
贫血1.2280.35412.0430.0013.413(1.706~6.828)
低钠血症1.0480.3698.0570.0052.852(1.383~5.882)
蛋白尿1.0500.3957.0660.0082.858(1.318~6.198)
常量-2.6030.39044.466<0.001
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慢性肾脏病合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的危险因素研究
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董智敏 1 , 庄星星 2 , 司周洁 1 , 尹彩梅 1
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025,52(17): 3247-3251
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现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025, 52(17): 3247-3251
慢性肾脏病合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的危险因素研究
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董智敏1, 庄星星2, 司周洁1, 尹彩梅1
作者信息
  • 1.安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院门诊部,安徽 合肥 238000
  • 2.安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院药学部,安徽 合肥 238000
  • 董智敏(1978—),女,本科,主管护师,研究方向:慢性病患者管理

通讯作者:

尹彩梅,E-mail:
Risk factors for renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease complicated by hypertension
Zhi-min DONG1, Xing-xing ZHUANG2, Zhou-jie SI1, Cai-mei YIN1
Affiliations
  • Department of Outpatient, Chaohu Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 238000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505380
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目的

分析慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的危险因素。

方法

选择2023年4月—2024年4月安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院收治的230例CKD合并高血压患者为研究对象,根据患者肾功能衰竭发生情况将患者分为肾功能衰竭组(47例)和非肾功能衰竭组(183例),比较两组基线资料。采用LASSO回归筛选、logistic回归分析筛选肾功能衰竭的危险因素。

结果

230例患者中有47例患者发生了肾功能衰竭,发生率为20.43%。Logistic回归分析显示,高尿酸血症(OR=3.104,95%CI:1.661~5.80)、贫血(OR=3.413,95%CI:1.706~6.828)、低钠血症(OR=2.852,95%CI:1.383~5.882)、蛋白尿(OR=2.858,95%CI:1.318~6.198)、高年龄(OR=2.579,95%CI:1.396~4.765)、血压控制未达标(OR=2.211,95%CI:1.193~4.096)是CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的独立危险因素。

结论

CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭风险较高,高年龄、血压控制未达标、高尿酸血症、贫血、低钠血症、蛋白尿是CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭危险因素。

慢性肾脏病合并高血压  /  肾功能衰竭  /  危险因素
Objective

To analyze the risk factors for renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicated by hypertension.

Methods

A total of 230 CKD patients with hypertension admitted to Chaohu Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University from April 2023 to April 2024 were enrolled. According to the occurrence of renal failure, the patients were divided into the renal failure group (n=47) and the non-renal failure group (n=183). Baseline characteristics were compared between the two groups. Lasso regression and multivariate logistic regression were used to screen for risk factors of renal failure.

Results

Among the 230 patients, 47 (20.43%) developed renal failure. Logistic regression analysis revealed that hyperuricemia (OR=3.104, 95% CI: 1.661-5.800), anemia (OR=3.413, 95% CI: 1.706-6.828), hyponatremia (OR=2.852, 95% CI: 1.383-5.882),proteinuria (OR=2.858, 95% CI: 1.318-6.198), advanced age (OR=2.579, 95% CI: 1.396-4.765), and uncontrolled blood pressure (OR=2.211, 95% CI: 1.193-4.096) were independent risk factors for renal failure in CKD patients with hypertension.

Conclusion

CKD patients with hypertension have a high risk of renal failure. Advanced age, uncontrolled blood pressure, hyperuricemia, anemia, hyponatremia, and proteinuria are significant risk factors for renal failure in this population.

Chronic kidney disease complicated by hypertension  /  Renal failure  /  Risk factors
董智敏, 庄星星, 司周洁, 尹彩梅. 慢性肾脏病合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的危险因素研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3247 -3251 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505380
Zhi-min DONG, Xing-xing ZHUANG, Zhou-jie SI, Cai-mei YIN. Risk factors for renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease complicated by hypertension[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3247 -3251 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505380
慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)是指由各种原因引起的肾脏结构或肾脏功能异常,且病程持续时间超过3个月[1-2]。据统计显示,在全球范围内CKD患病率约为13.4%,我国患病率为10.8%,现已成为全球公认的公共卫生问题[3]。高血压是CKD患者的常见合并症,我国CKD患者的高血压发生率约为58.0%~86.2%,在未接受肾脏替代治疗患者中,合并高血压的患者比例为67.3%[4]。与普通人群相比,CKD患者的高血压患病率显著升高。高血压不仅能够通过损伤肾脏血管促进CKD进展,同时二者可相互影响、相互促进[5-6]。根据指南推荐,当CKD患者合并高血压时,可选择α受体阻滞剂、β受体阻滞剂、钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)以及利尿剂作为初始降压治疗药物,其中推荐优先选用ACEI或ARB单独应用或联合其他降压药物治疗[7-8]。尽管现有治疗措施已证明有效,但部分CKD合并高血压的患者仍可能进展为肾功能衰竭,因此,发现CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭危险因素,有针对性采取预防措施,对优化临床疗效和改善预后方面具有重要意义[9]。本研究现通过筛选CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的相关因素,以期为CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的临床防治提供依据。
选择2023年4月—2024年4月安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院收治的230例CKD合并高血压患者为研究对象。纳入标准:(1)符合《慢性肾脏病早期筛查、诊断及防治指南(2022年版)[10]》和《中国慢性肾脏病患者高血压管理指南(2023年版)[11]》相关标准,确诊为CKD合并高血压疾病者;(2)年龄≥18周岁,临床资料完整者;(3)认知与理解能力良好,可正常沟通交流者。排除标准:(1)病情危重或伴有恶性肿瘤疾病者;(2)急性肾功能不全、肾移植或先天性肾脏疾病者;(3)哺乳期或妊娠期女性;(4)单一CKD或高血压患者。样本量选择参考既往相关文献中的样本量估算方法[12],即样本量需为自变量总数的5~10倍,本研究共有20个自变量,另增加20%的脱落率,样本量最少为125例,本研究纳入230例。本研究已通过我院伦理会批准同意(伦理号:KYXM-202304-013)。
GFR持续<15 ml/(min·1.73 m2),且伴随以下至少一项:尿毒症症状(如恶心、瘙痒、心包炎)、电解质紊乱(如高钾血症、代谢性酸中毒)、影像学提示肾脏萎缩(如超声示双肾缩小、皮质变薄)。
包括性别、年龄、居住地、体重指数、受教育程度、宗教信仰、吸烟、饮酒、基础疾病、心血管疾病、家庭人均月收入、婚姻状态、慢性肾脏病病因、血压控制达标(<130/80 mm Hg为达标)、高尿酸血症、贫血、低钠血症、蛋白尿、血肌酐、胆固醇、估算肾小球滤过率。
采用SPSS 26.0和R 4.2.0软件分析数据,数值变量先行正态性检验,符合正态分布的数值变量采用()描述,组间比较采用t检验,分类变量采用频数(%)描述,组间比较用χ2检验。通过LASSO回归(glmnet包)筛选变量,设置10折交叉验证,验证误差为最小误差+1倍标准误作为模型的最优值。后对筛选变量进行多因素logistic回归分析确定独立危险因素。检验水准α=0.05。
230例患者中有47例患者发生了肾功能衰竭,发生率为20.43%;肾功能衰竭组和非肾功能衰竭组患者在年龄、血压控制达标、高尿酸血症、贫血、低钠血症、蛋白尿方面对比,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1
采用LASSO回归筛选肾功能衰竭的相关变量,以是否肾功能衰竭为因变量,将基线临床作为自变量,最终筛选出年龄、家庭人均月收入、血压控制达标、高尿酸血症、贫血、低钠血症、蛋白尿、心血管疾病。见图1
以是否出现肾功能衰竭作为因变量,将10折交叉验证筛选出8个影响因素(年龄、家庭人均月收入、血压控制达标、高尿酸血症、贫血、低钠血症、蛋白尿、心血管疾病)作为自变量,进行CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的多因素logistic回归分析,赋值见表2。结果显示,高尿酸血症、贫血、低钠血症、蛋白尿、高年龄、血压控制未达标是CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的独立危险因素,见表3
肾功能衰竭是CKD合并高血压患者的常见并发症,也是影响患者预后的关键因素[14]。在正常生理状态下,肾脏具备的代偿调节功能可维持内环境稳态,而肾功能衰竭的发生通常取决于肾脏基础病变程度和血压控制情况[15]。CKD患者因肾实质损害,肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活,加之水钠潴留等因素,极易出现高血压;而高血压又会致使肾脏小动脉硬化、玻璃样变,增加肾血管阻力与肾灌注压[16]。机体长期处于高血压状态下,肾脏微小血管受损,血液供应异常,可造成肾小球内高压、高灌注、高滤过,加速肾小球硬化与肾小管萎缩,促使肾功能不断下降[17]。故而明确CKD合并高血压患者肾功能衰竭的危险因素,对降低肾功能衰竭发生率及改善预后方面的临床意义不言而喻。本研究230例患者中有47例患者发生了肾功能衰竭,发生率为20.43%,提示CKD合并高血压患者的肾功能衰竭发生率较高,急需得到临床工作者的高度关注与重视。
本研究结果发现,高年龄是CKD合并高血压患者肾功能衰竭发生的危险因素,与年龄<60岁者相比,年龄≥60岁者发生肾功能衰竭的OR值增加2.579倍,与相关研究报道[18]相似。随着年龄增长,患者的肾脏功能逐渐衰退,肾小管和肾小球的滤过能力下降,肾脏代偿机制逐渐减弱,故而更易发生肾功能衰竭。对此,老年患者应定期进行肾脏功能检查,及时监测肾小管和肾小球的滤过能力,结合适当的药物干预,如使用ACEI或ARB类药物以减缓肾脏损伤的进展。本研究结果发现,血压控制未达标是CKD合并高血压患者肾功能衰竭发生的危险因素,血压控制达标能够有效防止高血压引发的发生性肾损伤和心血管事件,从而显著降低肾功能衰竭的发生率,反之血压异常时可能会影响肾脏血流灌注,损伤肾小管和肾小球,进而增加肾功能衰竭发生风险[19]。对于CKD合并高血压的患者,应严格控制血压水平,尤其是在早期阶段,可通过调整生活方式干预和药物治疗干预控制血压至目标值。本研究结果发现,高尿酸血症是CKD合并高血压患者肾功能衰竭发生的危险因素。考虑为高尿酸血症不仅可导致肾脏小管内尿酸结晶的沉积,进而引发肾小管间质损伤,增加肾脏的炎症反应和纤维化进程,加速肾功能衰退,同时还可通过诱导氧化应激和炎症反应损伤血管内皮,导致血管收缩和血流灌注不足,影响肾脏滤过功能,促使慢性肾脏病进展。对此,应积极控制血尿酸水平,同时叮嘱患者在饮食方面也应避免高嘌呤食物,适量增加水分摄入,必要时使用降尿酸药物用以控制尿酸水平。本研究结果发现,贫血是CKD合并高血压患者肾功能衰竭发生的危险因素,与无贫血者相比,有贫血者更易出现肾功能衰竭,与柴扬帆等[20]报道相符。贫血可导致肾脏缺氧,促使肾脏释放更多促红细胞生成素,进而加重肾脏负担。此外,贫血还会引起全身血液循环障碍,减少肾脏的血液灌注,进一步损害肾功能,从而加速肾功能衰竭进程。对贫血患者,应定期监测血红蛋白水平,适时使用促红细胞生成素治疗,避免贫血加重肾脏负担,同时确保患者维持足够的营养状态以改善贫血。本研究结果发现,蛋白尿是CKD合并高血压患者肾功能衰竭发生的危险因素,与尿蛋白阴性者相比,蛋白尿阳性者发生肾功能衰竭的OR值增加2.858倍,与Zhang W等[19]报道一致。蛋白尿是肾脏损伤的标志之一,可反映肾小球的滤过屏障功能受损情况,蛋白尿阳性则提示肾小球滤过屏障受损,继而导致蛋白质漏入肾小管并损伤肾小管上皮细胞,同时蛋白尿还可引发肾脏局部的炎症反应和氧化应激,加速肾间质的纤维化进程,促使患者更易出现肾功能衰竭。对蛋白尿患者,应使用ACEI或ARB类药物进行早期干预,以减轻蛋白尿,并延缓肾功能衰竭进程。本研究结果发现,低钠血症是CKD合并高血压患者肾功能衰竭发生的危险因素,与胡华娟等[21]在急性心力衰竭患者中所得出的研究结论相似。低钠血症反映肾脏对水盐代谢调节失衡,可导致细胞外液渗透压改变,引发肾脏血流动力学异常,减少肾脏灌注,同时低钠血症可使机体处于应激状态,加重肾脏血管收缩和肾小管损伤,继而导致肾功能衰竭风险增加。对低钠血症患者,应通过监测电解质水平,调整药物使用,避免过度利尿,保持水盐平衡。同时,通过增加钠的摄入量,调整膳食结构,以改善低钠血症的状况。
综上所述,高尿酸血症、贫血、低钠血症、蛋白尿、高年龄、血压控制未达标是CKD合并高血压患者发生肾功能衰竭的独立危险因素。但本研究为单中心回顾性研究,结果可能受到未测量混杂因素(如肾脏保护药物使用、饮食依从性、炎症指标等)和检测方法局限性(如单次尿蛋白定性而非定量ACR)影响。此外,住院患者的严格管理可能会高估血压控制达标率,从而低估其保护作用。未来需要多中心前瞻性研究,采用更精确的检测方法和更全面的变量控制,以验证这些发现。
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505380
  • 接收时间:2025-05-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-25
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国家自然科学基金项目(82405141)
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    1.安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院门诊部,安徽 合肥 238000
    2.安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院药学部,安徽 合肥 238000

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尹彩梅,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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