Article(id=1241036331011338584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505233, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747065600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815718653, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815718653, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815718653, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815718653, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036327177744706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='17', pageStart='3073', pageEnd='3264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815717738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840080282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3116, endPage=3123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036331460129122, articleId=1241036331011338584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Incidence characteristics and prediction of non-melanoma skin cancer in China from 2005 to 2018, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in China from 2005 to 2018 and to predict future incidence trends, thereby providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of NMSC.

Methods

Incidence data for NMSC from 2005 to 2018 were obtained from the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Reports. Joinpoint regression was used to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and annual percentage change (APC) to reflect time trends. An age-period-cohort model based on the intrinsic estimator algorithm was employed to assess the effects of age, period, and birth cohort. A Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model using integrated nested Laplace approximation was applied to predict future trends.

Results

From 2005 to 2018, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of NMSC in China was 1.33 per 100 000, showing an upward trend, with an AAPC of 3.7% (95% CI: 2.5%-4.9%). The ASIR was higher in males (1.46/100 000) than in females (1.21/100 000), although the increase was faster in females (AAPC = 8.8%). The incidence rate in urban areas (1.44/100 000) was higher than in rural areas (1.15/100 000). The risk of NMSC incidence increased with age. The cohort effect showed a downward trend in ASIR. Predictions suggested that the ASIR of NMSC in China will continue to rise, reaching 2.52/100 000 by 2030 (95%CI: 0.22/100 000-4.83/100 000), though future trends remain uncertain.

Conclusion

From 2005 to 2018, the ASIR of NMSC in China showed a rising trend, with significant differences across age, sex, and regions. It is recommended to strengthen targeted prevention and health education efforts in different areas to enhance public awareness of NMSC.

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目的

分析中国2005—2018年非黑色素瘤皮肤癌(non-melanoma skin cancer,NMSC)的流行病学特征,并预测未来的发病趋势,为防治NMSC提供科学依据。

方法

收集《中国癌症登记年报》2005—2018年NMSC发病率数据,采用joinpoint回归模型估计年均变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC)和年度变化百分比(annual percentage change,APC)来反映时间趋势。通过内在估计器算法的年龄-时期-队列模型分析年龄、时期和队列效应。采用集成嵌套拉普拉斯近似的贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型进行预测。

结果

2005—2018年NMSC的年龄标准化发病率为1.33/10万,呈上升趋势,AAPC为3.7%(95% CI: 2.5%~4.9%)。NMSC的年龄标准化发病率(age-standardized incidence rate,ASIR)男性(1.46/10万)高于女性(1.21/10万),但女性上升速度较快(AAPC=8.8%)。城市地区NMSC发病率为1.44/10万,高于农村地区的1.15/10万。NMSC发病率的风险随年龄增长而增加。队列效应中ASIR呈现下降趋势。预测中国NMSC的ASIR在2019—2035年将持续升高到2030年的2.52/10万(95% CI:0.22/10万~4.83/10万),在未来的预测趋势不明确。

结论

2005—2018年中国NMSC的ASIR呈上升趋势,且存在年龄、性别和地区差异。建议加强不同地区的宣传预防工作,提高群众对NMSC的认识。

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杨磊,E-mail:
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欧阳凌洁(2003—),女,本科在读,研究方向:临床医学

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注:*指示统计结果的显著性, P值≤ 0.05;A为全国; B为男性; C为女性; D为城市; E为农村。

, figureFileSmall=gwswG2hI147SXpSDhRcHHg==, figureFileBig=QVX2huYw5oJSuRlbI864Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241139375258529936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331011338584, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Age-period-cohort model of NMSC incidence in China, 2005—2018, figureFileSmall=Nn+3LQzWD0Z7BTrfP1Xq8A==, figureFileBig=4SlrVgp+H3s+qXZXcn1OMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241139375371776163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331011338584, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2005—2018年中国NMSC发病率的年龄-时期-队列模型

注:A为国家;B为男性;C为女性;D为城市;E为农村。

, figureFileSmall=Nn+3LQzWD0Z7BTrfP1Xq8A==, figureFileBig=4SlrVgp+H3s+qXZXcn1OMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241139375489216688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331011338584, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Trends in the ASIR of NMSC in China, 2005—2035, figureFileSmall=D1RaoOcRNZ5uMJpcAIxZEA==, figureFileBig=vycvqxZc43zdmTAhz38G8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241139377007554747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331011338584, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2005—2035年中国NMSC发病率趋势

注:A为国家;B为男性;C为女性;D为城市;E为农村。

, figureFileSmall=D1RaoOcRNZ5uMJpcAIxZEA==, figureFileBig=vycvqxZc43zdmTAhz38G8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241139377120800968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331011338584, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Incidence rate of NMSC in China from 2005 to 2018 (per 100 000)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份(年)总数男性女性城市农村
发病数发病率ASIR发病数发病率ASIR发病数发病率ASIR发病数发病率ASIR发病数发病率ASIR
20051 0941.991.026032.171.184911.810.878842.171.082101.470.85
20061 2972.181.077102.371.235871.990.931 0512.261.082461.891.06
20071 3172.201.076862.271.186312.130.961 0842.431.142331.530.83
20081 6882.551.189102.731.357782.371.011 4502.781.282381.700.80
20091 7752.080.989192.131.068562.030.901 3352.321.064401.570.78
20102 5342.031.351 4032.221.571 1311.841.151 8012.251.447331.641.17
20113 2982.261.471 7422.371.641 5562.161.322 2382.561.585821.961.29
20124 5702.311.502 3122.301.592 2582.311.402 7762.761.681 7941.841.28
20134 9822.201.392 6362.291.542 3462.101.252 9112.611.552 0711.801.22
20146 7402.341.453 5072.401.583 2332.281.333 9222.721.612 8181.951.26
20157 8002.431.483 9992.461.583 8012.401.384 4282.871.683 3722.021.28
20169 5182.491.494 8222.491.584 6962.501.415 4462.831.634 0722.161.35
201711 2802.591.545 7122.581.635 5682.591.456 3092.961.704 9712.231.38
201814 6792.811.637 3382.761.767 3412.851.557 2093.051.707 4702.601.57
总计72 5722.441.3337 2992.481.4635 2732.411.2142 8442.741.4429 2502.071.15
), ArticleFig(id=1241139377242435799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331011338584, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2005 — 2018年中国NMSC的发病率(1/10万)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份(年)总数男性女性城市农村
发病数发病率ASIR发病数发病率ASIR发病数发病率ASIR发病数发病率ASIR发病数发病率ASIR
20051 0941.991.026032.171.184911.810.878842.171.082101.470.85
20061 2972.181.077102.371.235871.990.931 0512.261.082461.891.06
20071 3172.201.076862.271.186312.130.961 0842.431.142331.530.83
20081 6882.551.189102.731.357782.371.011 4502.781.282381.700.80
20091 7752.080.989192.131.068562.030.901 3352.321.064401.570.78
20102 5342.031.351 4032.221.571 1311.841.151 8012.251.447331.641.17
20113 2982.261.471 7422.371.641 5562.161.322 2382.561.585821.961.29
20124 5702.311.502 3122.301.592 2582.311.402 7762.761.681 7941.841.28
20134 9822.201.392 6362.291.542 3462.101.252 9112.611.552 0711.801.22
20146 7402.341.453 5072.401.583 2332.281.333 9222.721.612 8181.951.26
20157 8002.431.483 9992.461.583 8012.401.384 4282.871.683 3722.021.28
20169 5182.491.494 8222.491.584 6962.501.415 4462.831.634 0722.161.35
201711 2802.591.545 7122.581.635 5682.591.456 3092.961.704 9712.231.38
201814 6792.811.637 3382.761.767 3412.851.557 2093.051.707 4702.601.57
总计72 5722.441.3337 2992.481.4635 2732.411.2142 8442.741.4429 2502.071.15
), ArticleFig(id=1241139377368264933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331011338584, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Trends in NMSC incidence in China from 2005 to 2018 (%)

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索引全国男性女性城市农村
时期(年)2005—20182005—20182005—20092005—20182005—2018
APC(95%CI)3.7* (2.5~4.9)3.1* (1.7~4.4)1.5*(-4.6~7.6)4.0*(2.7~5.3)4.6* (2.8~6.5)
t6.64.80.786.75.5
P<0.001<0.0010.490<0.001<0.001
时期(年)2009–2012
APC(95%CI)9.8*(-19.1~38.8)
t4.3
P0.145
时期 (年)2012–2018
APC(95%CI)3.9*(2.9~4.8)
t11.17
P< 0.001
AAPC(95%CI)3.7* (2.5~4.9)3.1* (1.7~4.4)4.5*(3.4~5.6)4.0*(2.7~5.3)4.6* (2.8~6.5)
t6.64.88.86.75.5
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241139377494094064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036331011338584, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2005—2018年中国NMSC发病率趋势(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
索引全国男性女性城市农村
时期(年)2005—20182005—20182005—20092005—20182005—2018
APC(95%CI)3.7* (2.5~4.9)3.1* (1.7~4.4)1.5*(-4.6~7.6)4.0*(2.7~5.3)4.6* (2.8~6.5)
t6.64.80.786.75.5
P<0.001<0.0010.490<0.001<0.001
时期(年)2009–2012
APC(95%CI)9.8*(-19.1~38.8)
t4.3
P0.145
时期 (年)2012–2018
APC(95%CI)3.9*(2.9~4.8)
t11.17
P< 0.001
AAPC(95%CI)3.7* (2.5~4.9)3.1* (1.7~4.4)4.5*(3.4~5.6)4.0*(2.7~5.3)4.6* (2.8~6.5)
t6.64.88.86.75.5
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
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2005—2018年中国非黑色素瘤皮肤癌发病特征及预测研究
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欧阳凌洁 1 , 谢林延 2 , 杨磊 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(17): 3116-3123
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(17): 3116-3123
2005—2018年中国非黑色素瘤皮肤癌发病特征及预测研究
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欧阳凌洁1, 谢林延2, 杨磊1
作者信息
  • 1.河北医科大学,河北 石家庄 050057
  • 2.石河子大学医学院
  • 欧阳凌洁(2003—),女,本科在读,研究方向:临床医学

通讯作者:

杨磊,E-mail:
Incidence characteristics and prediction of non-melanoma skin cancer in China from 2005 to 2018
Ling-Jie OUYANG1, Lin-Yan XIE2, Lei YANG1
Affiliations
  • Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050057, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505233
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目的

分析中国2005—2018年非黑色素瘤皮肤癌(non-melanoma skin cancer,NMSC)的流行病学特征,并预测未来的发病趋势,为防治NMSC提供科学依据。

方法

收集《中国癌症登记年报》2005—2018年NMSC发病率数据,采用joinpoint回归模型估计年均变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC)和年度变化百分比(annual percentage change,APC)来反映时间趋势。通过内在估计器算法的年龄-时期-队列模型分析年龄、时期和队列效应。采用集成嵌套拉普拉斯近似的贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型进行预测。

结果

2005—2018年NMSC的年龄标准化发病率为1.33/10万,呈上升趋势,AAPC为3.7%(95% CI: 2.5%~4.9%)。NMSC的年龄标准化发病率(age-standardized incidence rate,ASIR)男性(1.46/10万)高于女性(1.21/10万),但女性上升速度较快(AAPC=8.8%)。城市地区NMSC发病率为1.44/10万,高于农村地区的1.15/10万。NMSC发病率的风险随年龄增长而增加。队列效应中ASIR呈现下降趋势。预测中国NMSC的ASIR在2019—2035年将持续升高到2030年的2.52/10万(95% CI:0.22/10万~4.83/10万),在未来的预测趋势不明确。

结论

2005—2018年中国NMSC的ASIR呈上升趋势,且存在年龄、性别和地区差异。建议加强不同地区的宣传预防工作,提高群众对NMSC的认识。

非黑色素瘤皮肤癌  /  发病率  /  Joinpoint回归模型  /  年龄-时期-队列模型  /  贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in China from 2005 to 2018 and to predict future incidence trends, thereby providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of NMSC.

Methods

Incidence data for NMSC from 2005 to 2018 were obtained from the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Reports. Joinpoint regression was used to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and annual percentage change (APC) to reflect time trends. An age-period-cohort model based on the intrinsic estimator algorithm was employed to assess the effects of age, period, and birth cohort. A Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model using integrated nested Laplace approximation was applied to predict future trends.

Results

From 2005 to 2018, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of NMSC in China was 1.33 per 100 000, showing an upward trend, with an AAPC of 3.7% (95% CI: 2.5%-4.9%). The ASIR was higher in males (1.46/100 000) than in females (1.21/100 000), although the increase was faster in females (AAPC = 8.8%). The incidence rate in urban areas (1.44/100 000) was higher than in rural areas (1.15/100 000). The risk of NMSC incidence increased with age. The cohort effect showed a downward trend in ASIR. Predictions suggested that the ASIR of NMSC in China will continue to rise, reaching 2.52/100 000 by 2030 (95%CI: 0.22/100 000-4.83/100 000), though future trends remain uncertain.

Conclusion

From 2005 to 2018, the ASIR of NMSC in China showed a rising trend, with significant differences across age, sex, and regions. It is recommended to strengthen targeted prevention and health education efforts in different areas to enhance public awareness of NMSC.

Non-melanoma skin cancer  /  Incidence  /  Joinpoint regression model  /  Age-period-cohort model  /  Bayesian age-period-cohort model
欧阳凌洁, 谢林延, 杨磊. 2005—2018年中国非黑色素瘤皮肤癌发病特征及预测研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3116 -3123 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505233
Ling-Jie OUYANG, Lin-Yan XIE, Lei YANG. Incidence characteristics and prediction of non-melanoma skin cancer in China from 2005 to 2018[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3116 -3123 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505233
癌症作为全球第二大致死性疾病,其疾病负担持续加重[1]。在众多恶性肿瘤中,非黑色素瘤皮肤癌(non-melanoma skin cancer,NMSC)因其高发病率(全球第五位)而备受关注[2]。该疾病不仅严重影响患者的生存质量,更可能导致组织破坏、功能丧失等严重并发症,已然成为全球公共卫生领域的重大挑战。尽管我国人种因较高的表皮黑色素含量具有相对较低的整体发病率,但NMSC的发病率曲线仍呈现上升趋势[3]。当前国际研究多聚焦于高加索人群的NMSC流行病学特征,中国相关研究仍存在显著空白。因此本研究通过构建多维度模型,系统解析中国NMSC发病的年龄-时期-队列效应,识别高危人群特征谱,并建立疾病发展趋势预测体系。研究成果将为我国制定精准化防控策略、优化医疗资源配置提供科学依据。
本研究使用的发病率数据源自2008—2021年中国肿瘤登记年报。根据国际疾病统计分类第10次修订版( ICD10, C44)[4]诊断为NMSC。本研究的城乡分类依据《中国肿瘤登记年报》的分类标准:城市地区归为地级以上城市,农村地区归为县及县级市。登记数据根据中国肿瘤登记指南的要求和国际癌症研究机构/国际肿瘤登记协会的标准进行数据质量控制(包括有效性、完整性和可比性评估),来自全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)和新疆生产建设兵团肿瘤登记处。登记总人口为5.23亿,占2018年中国总人口的37.22%。
中国国家统计局提供了中国总人口数,按面积(城市/农村)和性别分层。年龄特定人口是根据2000年第五次全国人口普查数据的人口结构估算的,该数据提供了分组总人口的数据,每五年为一个年龄分组[5]
采用美国国立癌症研究所开发的Joinpoint回归程序(版本4.9.1.0)进行joinpoint回归分析计算年均变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC)和年度变化百分比(annual percentage change,APC),当AAPC及其95%CI均>0、均<0、包含0时,分别代表相应疾病指标呈现上升趋势、下降趋势、保持平稳[6]。年龄-时期-队列模型是使用Rosenberg和Check等人[7]开发的在线网络分析工具和Stata 17.0软件(StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA)进行。使用R软件的BAPC和INLA包进行统计预测, “ggplot2”包绘制图形。检验水准α=0.05。根据2005 — 2018年的106个登记处的数据拟合贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型,以获得按城市和农村地区、性别和癌症部位划分的年龄特异性年度百分比变化,并估计预测2019—2035年的特异性发病率。
2005—2018年,中国NMSC新发病例总数为72 572例,其中男性37 299例(51.40%),女性35 273例(48.60%);城市42 844例(59.04%),农村29 250例(40.96%)。粗发病率为2.44/10万,其中男性2.48/10万,女性2.41/10万;城市2.74/10万,农村2.07/10万。年龄标准化发病率(age-standardized incidence rate,ASIR)为1.33/10万,其中男性1.46/10万,女性1.21/10万;城市1.44/10万,农村1.15/10万。见表1
中国NMSC的ASIR从2005年的1.02/10万增加到2018年的1.63/10万, AAPC为3.7% (95% CI: 2.5%,4.9%)。男性ASIR从2005年的1.18/10万增加到2018年的1.76/10万, AAPC=3.1% (95% CI: 1.7%, 4.4%)。女性的ASIR从2005年的0.87/10万增加到2018年的1.55/10万, AAPC=4.5% (95% CI: 3.4%, 5.6%)。其中女性2005—2009年的APC为1.5% (95% CI: -4.6%,7.6%), 2009—2012年为9.8%(95% CI: -1.9%, 3.8%),2012—2018年为3.9%(95% CI: 2.9%, 4.8%)。城市NMSC的ASIR由2005年的1.08/10万上升至2018年的1.70/10万, AAPC =4.0% (95% CI: 2.7%, 5.3%),农村ASIR由2005年的0.85/10万上升至2018年的1.57/10万, AAPC=4.6% (95% CI: 2.8%, 6.5%)。见表12图1
年龄对中国NMSC发病率的影响在全国、不同性别以及城乡地区人群中均一致。全国总体人群中,对于0~49岁年龄组,年龄效应系数从0~4岁年龄组的负值缓慢递增,年龄对NMSC的影响较小。对于50~89年龄组,NMSC的发病率风险随年龄增加而增加,至85~89岁达到高峰,提示老龄人群的NMSC发病风险显著升高。男性、女性以及城乡人群的年龄效应与全国总体趋势基本一致,进一步验证了年龄是影响NMSC发生的关键因素。
在时期效应中,全国、男性、女性及城乡人群患NMSC的风险随着时间的推移逐渐增加。在2005—2010年,全国范围内NMSC的发病风险显著升高。
出生队列效应分析显示,从早期出生队列(1915—1919年)到晚期出生队列(2015—2019年),NMSC发病风险系数呈现逐步下降趋势。队列效应系数从较高水平稳步下降,尤其在1970年及之后出生群体中下降幅度更为显著。1965—1969年以前出生的队列NMSC的发病率总体风险高于1969年以后出生的队列。男性、女性、以及城乡地区的NMSC的队列效应趋势与全国总体一致。提示年轻出生群体的NMSC风险水平相对较低。见图2
2019—2035年,中国NMSC的发病预测显示其ASIR在全国范围内逐渐升高,特别是男性人群和农村人群。从全国范围来看,ASIR预计将从2019年的2.04/10万(95% CI:1.83/10万~2.26/10万)逐渐增加到2030年的2.52/10万(95% CI:0.22/10万~4.83/10万)。男性人群预测显示,2035年ASIR预计升至2.43/10万(95% CI: 0.24/10万~4.63/10万),女性的ASIR预计将从2019年的1.99/10万(95% CI:1.43/10万~2.56/10万)上升至2022年的2.18/10万(95% CI:0.24/10万~4.12/10万);在城市地区,ASIR预计将从2019年的2.29/10万(95% CI:1.70/10万~2.88/10万)上升到2022年的2.46/10万(95% CI:0.50/10万~4.42/10万),农村人群ASIR预计将上升至2035年的2.87/10万(95% CI:0.13/10万~5.60/10万)。女性人群和城市人群在2023—2035年的预测ASIR无统计学意义。见图3
本研究旨在分析NMSC在中国的发病特点以及估计其年龄-时期-队列效应并加以预测。2005—2018年,中国NMSC的ASIR在全国范围内呈上升趋势。男性NMSC的ASIR高于女性,但女性的增长速度高于男性。城市ASIR和AAPC都高于农村。根据现有数据分析,我们预测至2035年NMSC的发病率将平稳上升或维持现状。这些发现都是防控NMSC的有效流行病学证据。
现有数据表明,过去三十年全球NMSC发病率仍在持续增长。NMSC,尤其是皮肤基底细胞癌和鳞状细胞癌,持续对疾病总体负担产生重大影响。尽管与其他欧洲地区相比,中国的患病率和发病率相对较低,但增长速度超过了全球平均水平。这可能与气候变化,经济水平的发展,人口结构改变等有关[8]
男性NMSC的发病率高于女性。这一性别差异可能与男性较多的职业性紫外线暴露以及防晒意识相对薄弱有关[9]。根据世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构的分类,太阳紫外线辐射(UVR)被明确认定为对人类具有致癌作用的因素,尤其与NMSC的发病密切相关[8]。而紫外线诱导的胸腺嘧啶二聚体形成所引发的DNA损伤,构成了皮肤癌变的重要分子基础[10]。在职业分工上,男性更常从事农业、建筑等高暴露风险的户外劳动。而现代中国城市化进程的推进及传统与新兴工业的发展亦导致其接触砷类、烷基化剂等致癌化学物质的风险增加[8,11-12]。相较之下,受传统审美观念影响,女性更倾向于追求白皙肤色,因此普遍具有较强的防晒意识和防护行为。然而,尽管男性的NMSC发病率总体较高,近年来数据显示女性的AAPC为男性的1.83倍,呈现显著上升趋势。这一现象可能与多种因素相关:一方面,室内日光浴的流行显著增加了女性在非自然场景下的UVR暴露;另一方面,女性职业角色的多元化导致其职业性暴露风险上升。此外,一些含有光敏成分的化妆品在日常使用中可能增强UVR对皮肤的损伤效应[13-14]。同时,女性参与跑步、瑜伽、徒步等户外活动的比例逐年上升,而现有防晒措施(如衣物遮挡不足、防晒霜使用频率和防护指数偏低等)尚未有效匹配其紫外线暴露水平,可能进一步加剧了累计暴露风险,从而促进了女性NMSC发病率的持续上升。
对于女性人群,不同时间段的joinpoint模型分析结果显示,NMSC的APC在2005—2009年为1.5%(95% CI: -4.6%, 7.6%),2009—2012年为9.8%(95%CI: -1.9%, 3.8%),2012—2018年为3.9%(95% CI:2.9%, 4.8%)。2006—2020年,中国五大城市群整体环境污染指数呈现先波动上升后下降趋势。以2013年为分界点,环境污染指数从2006年的0.748 3波动增长至2013年0.771 5,随后开始缓慢下降,在2020年环境污染指数下降至0.674 0[15]。可以看到环境污染指数与女性人群APC的变化趋势相同,可能提示了环境污染与NMSC的发病的关系。
城市与农村地区NMSC的发病率变化趋势与全国总体趋势基本一致,均呈上升态势。整体而言,城市地区的发病率高于农村地区,但近年来农村地区的发病率增长更为迅速。NMSC在城市地区较高的发病率可能与城市化进程中日益严重的环境污染密切相关。例如,臭氧层破坏以及有害化学物质(如烷化剂)的暴露水平增加,可能是导致城市地区风险上升的重要因素[16]。近年来随着基础设施建设的推进以及农村工业化政策的实施,农村地区工业化进程显著加快。根据中国国家发展和改革委员会的数据,建立在县级及以下行政单位的开发区已成为农村工业发展的重要力量。伴随工业扩张,大量温室气体和PM2.5排放可能进一步破坏臭氧层,间接提高了紫外线暴露水平[17]。与此同时,农村地区面临更高的职业性紫外线暴露风险,特别是长期从事户外农业劳动的人群。此外,农村居民普遍对NMSC的认知较低,农村人群的防晒意识不足和物理及化学防晒措施的使用率较低,进一步增加了发病风险[18]。这是因为个体对疾病的认知水平在疾病预防中发挥重要作用。有研究表明,教育水平较低者对皮肤癌的感知风险显著较低,对患病的担忧程度也较低,同时对防护措施的了解不足[19]。这种风险感知缺乏可能导致他们较少采取健康促进行为,增加了患病及死亡的可能性。因此,NMSC在农村地区发病率快速上升,可能是多种因素共同作用的结果,包括环境污染、职业暴露、健康认知缺乏以及教育水平低下等。针对不同人群(尤其是男性和农村居民)制定差异化的预防和干预措施,对于有效控制NMSC的上升趋势具有重要意义。
在全国范围内、不同性别以及城乡地区,年龄对NMSC发病率的影响表现在随着年龄的增长,NMSC的发病风险逐渐增加。这与先前的研究保持一致,皮肤癌可发生在所有年龄组,55~89岁范围内,年龄这一危险因素对NMSC发病率的不良影响显著升高,在85~89岁达到高峰。这说明老年人群中发病风险显著高于其他年龄人群,这可能是与累积的紫外线照射量增加以及化学暴露的累积有关[19]
在时期效应中,全国范围内NMSC的发病风险随时间推移逐渐增加。这可能与工业化进程加快导致的环境污染加剧及紫外线辐射增强等因素有关。2006—2020年,中国五大城市群整体环境污染指数呈现先波动上升后下降趋势[15]。污染指数的增加展示了其与NMSC发病率升高的关联。但随着污染指数的降低,NMSC的发病率并未因此下降,这也说明还有更多的因素会影响NMSC的发病。随着经济的发展和医疗水平的提高,早期筛查和诊断率的提高也可能导致NMSC报告病例数增加。2021年《中华皮肤科杂志》发布的皮肤鳞状细胞癌诊疗专家共识明确了,结合皮肤镜、反射式共聚焦显微镜、高频超声等影像学检查,对皮肤癌的早期诊断有一定提示作用[20]
队列效应中发病风险在1920—1924年达到顶峰,随后逐渐下降,之后在1995—2004年略有上升。这表明,不同出生队列的个体受外部环境因素和生活方式变化的影响显著。1920—1924年出生队列的高风险可能由于该出生队列的年龄大,而紫外线的积累对NMSC的发病密切相关[19]
通过贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型对2019—2035年NMSC发病率的预测结果表明,中国NMSC发病率在未来仍将平稳增长,男性与农村人群的持续上升趋势值得警惕。至2035年男性ASIR预计增长19.1%,可能与职业暴露模式密切相关。既往研究指出,建筑、农业等户外从业者中男性占比高[21],而长期紫外线暴露与NMSC发病呈剂量-反应关系。而农村地区5.60/10万的预测上限值提示,医疗资源可及性不足可能加剧疾病负担。农村人群发病率的增长,可能与防晒意识较低和户外劳作较多有关。农村地区居民的日光紫外线相关知识比较欠缺[22],只有不足20%的人在户外经常或总是采取防晒措施,这与其他国家类似的研究相比也是处于较低的水平[23-25],甚至要低于国内城市人群的相关研究结果[26],可见我国农村地区居民对日光防护还不够重视,需要继续宣传教育。建议在新型农村合作医疗中加强皮肤癌筛查项目,特别是在高紫外线辐射地区推广物理防晒教育。女性及城市人群预测值在2023年后无统计学意义,这可能反映了防晒行为普及及筛查技术优化的保护作用。贝叶斯APC模型通过分层收缩缓解了传统模型的过拟合问题,但长期预测的不确定性提示需提高样本量以及纳入更多统计数据。考虑到NMSC的不断增长的高发病率,女性及城市人群仍需积极防护。本研究基于贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列模型对中国2019—2035年NMSC发病趋势进行预测,结果显示不同人口学特征群体间存在显著差异。这一发现为制定差异化防控策略提供了重要依据。
本研究存在一定的局限性。NMSC数据来源于2008—2021年中国肿瘤登记年报,原始数据来源于全国肿瘤登记,而非随机抽样,因此代表性不足,整体人群外推结果不足。本研究在时效性方面也存在局限性,因为最新的肿瘤登记数据一般存在三年的时间延迟。由于可用数据不足,本研究未对NMSC进行分型研究。
综上所述,2005—2018年,NMSC在中国的ASIR整体呈上升趋势,且不同性别、地区及年龄组之间存在差异。男性的发病率虽高于女性,但女性的增长速度更快;城市地区发病率高于农村,但农村地区的增长趋势更为显著。这显示出未来潜在的高发风险群体正在逐步转变。
  • 河北省自然人群健康趋势队列研究(226Z7705G)
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2025年第52卷第17期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202505233
  • 接收时间:2025-05-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-13
基金
河北省自然人群健康趋势队列研究(226Z7705G)
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    1.河北医科大学,河北 石家庄 050057
    2.石河子大学医学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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