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Article(id=1241036330533180230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502150, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739289600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815718539, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815718539, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815718539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815718539, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036327177744706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='17', pageStart='3073', pageEnd='3264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815717738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840080282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138511152206263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036327177744706, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3258, endPage=3264, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036330872918855, articleId=1241036330533180230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Epidemic characteristics of seasonal human coronaviruses in acute respiratory infection cases before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the prevalence of seasonal human coronaviruses (sHCoV) in acute respiratory infection cases in selected medical institutions in Shanghai before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on respiratory samples from 11 794 acute respiratory infection cases collected between January 2016 and December 2023 at nine medical institutions. Multiplex PCR was used to detect sHCoV, and the χ2 tests were performed to compare detection rates across three periods (pre-pandemic, during the pandemic, and post-pandemic) and to assess changes in epidemic characteristics.

Results

Among the 11 794 respiratory samples, the overall detection rate of eight common respiratory viruses declined significantly during and after the pandemic. The overall detection rate of sHCoV was 3.47% (409/11 794), decreasing to 1.58% (55/2 259) during the pandemic and further to 1.42% (32/3 482) post-pandemic (P<0.001). Before the pandemic, sHCoV circulated year-round, with peak activity from March to September. During the pandemic, the peak shifted to July-December, whereas post-pandemic, detections were observed throughout the year without a clear seasonal peak. Before the pandemic, the four sHCoV subtypes circulated alternately, with HCoV-NL63 being the most prevalent and remaining stable during the pandemic. However, post-pandemic, HCoV-229E became dominant, and subtype-specific trends shifted. Notably, HCoV-229E transitioned from a biphasic to a monophasic pattern, and re-emerging with a biphasic trend post-pandemic. The peak circulation periods of HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 were delayed by 5-8 months, whereas HCoV-NL63 was not detected in the post-pandemic period.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the transmission patterns of sHCoV. After the pandemic, there was a decrease in the detection rate of sHCoV, a delayed seasonal peak, and changes in the viral subtype composition. Continued monitoring of these trends is essential to provide scientific support for respiratory infection prevention and control strategies.

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目的

了解新型冠状病毒感染疫情前后上海市部分医疗机构急性呼吸道感染病例中季节性人冠状病毒（seasonal human coronavirus，sHCoV）感染情况

方法

回顾性分析2016年1月—2023年12月上海市浦东新区9家医疗机构采集的11 794例急性呼吸道感染病例的呼吸道样本，采用多重PCR法检测sHCoV并通过χ2检验比较疫情前、疫情期间以及疫情后三个时期的检出率差异，分析其流行特征变化。

结果

11 794例呼吸道样本中，8种常见呼吸道病毒的总检出率在疫情期间以及疫情后均显著下降，sHCoV总检出率为3.47%（409/11 794），疫情期间下降至1.58%（55/2 259），疫情后下降至1.42%（32/3 482）（P<0.001）。疫情前sHCoV呈现全年散发且流行集中在3—9月，疫情期间流行高峰推迟至7—12月，疫情后全年均有检出且未发现明显季节性流行高峰。疫情前四种sHCoV呈交替流行，以HCoV-NL63检出率最高并在疫情期间保持稳定，疫情后则以HCoV-229E为主，不同sHCoV流行特征均发生变化，其中HCoV-229E由双峰分布转为单峰，疫情后再次出现双峰；HCoV-HKU1和HCoV-OC43的流行高峰均向后推移了5～8个月，而HCoV-NL63在疫情后未被检出。

结论

新型冠状病毒感染可能影响了sHCoV的传播规律，疫情后sHCoV发生检出率下降、季节性高峰推迟及亚型构成等变化，持续监测其长期动态，可为呼吸道感染疾病的防控策略提供科学依据。

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赵冰，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=dK/9oIjlYyP4TBnQ6MVvwQ==, magXml=P2QQyxOFadnEKgFIAnpv6Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=1yUN0p9f/rY3ZMlEJdx+2A==, pdfFileSize=958436, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=NEVebfwbSOg8oQh18p7+KA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=xCE6kKsQoD5jbizcuY4uFg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

周雨晴（1999—），女，硕士在读，技师，研究方向：病毒病原研究

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周雨晴（1999—），女，硕士在读，技师，研究方向：病毒病原研究

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Pediatr Infect Vaccine, 2021, 28(2): 101-109., articleTitle=Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of common human coronaviruses in children: a single center study,2015–2019, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241139386079826126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036330533180230, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=13, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Zhang SF, Tuo JL, Huang XB, journalName=PLOS One, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang SF, Tuo JL, Huang XB, et al. Epidemiology characteristics of human coronaviruses in patients with respiratory infection symptoms and phylogenetic analysis of HCoV-OC43 during 2010-2015 in Guangzhou[J]. 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注：阴影部分为95%置信区间。

, figureFileSmall=CJsd/8Pd/Mvuy+t6KZR69Q==, figureFileBig=uZJRuan5dsiXbrenopoI0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241139378664297387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036330533180230, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Demographic characteristics of acute respiratory infection cases ［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口学特征合计（n=11 794）疫情前（n=6 053）疫情期间（n=3 482）疫情后（n=2 259）
性别
男6 434(54.55)3 212(53.06)2 029(58.27)1 193(52.81)
女5 360(45.45)2 841(46.94)1 453(41.73)1 066(47.19)
年龄（岁）
<53 091(26.21)1 468(24.25)760(21.83)863(38.20)
5～171 912(16.21)967(15.98)520(14.93)425(18.81)
18～594 175(35.40)2 146(35.45)1 468(42.16)561(24.83)
≥602 616(22.18)1 472(24.32)734(21.08)410(18.15)
病例类型
住院3 910(33.15)2 028(33.50)960(27.57)922(40.81)
门诊7 884(66.85)4 025(66.50)2 522(72.43)1 337(59.19)
样本类型
鼻/咽拭子8 275(70.16)3 748(61.92)2 714(77.94)1 813(80.26)
痰液3 395(28.79)2 303(38.05)765(21.97)327(14.48)
其它124(1.05)2(0.03)3(0.09)119(5.27)
), ArticleFig(id=1241139378785932212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036330533180230, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ARI病例基本人口学特征［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口学特征合计（n=11 794）疫情前（n=6 053）疫情期间（n=3 482）疫情后（n=2 259）
性别
男6 434(54.55)3 212(53.06)2 029(58.27)1 193(52.81)
女5 360(45.45)2 841(46.94)1 453(41.73)1 066(47.19)
年龄（岁）
<53 091(26.21)1 468(24.25)760(21.83)863(38.20)
5～171 912(16.21)967(15.98)520(14.93)425(18.81)
18～594 175(35.40)2 146(35.45)1 468(42.16)561(24.83)
≥602 616(22.18)1 472(24.32)734(21.08)410(18.15)
病例类型
住院3 910(33.15)2 028(33.50)960(27.57)922(40.81)
门诊7 884(66.85)4 025(66.50)2 522(72.43)1 337(59.19)
样本类型
鼻/咽拭子8 275(70.16)3 748(61.92)2 714(77.94)1 813(80.26)
痰液3 395(28.79)2 303(38.05)765(21.97)327(14.48)
其它124(1.05)2(0.03)3(0.09)119(5.27)
), ArticleFig(id=1241139378924344263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036330533180230, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection of common respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases before, during and after COVID-19 pandemic［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病毒疫情前（n=6 053）疫情期间（n=3 482）疫情后（n=2 259）合计（n=11 794）χ2值P值
流感990(16.36)142(4.08)385(17.04)1 517(12.86)340.847<0.001
HAdV207(3.42)37(1.06)26(1.15)270(2.29)71.093<0.001
HBoV81(1.34)7(0.20)6(0.27)94(0.80)46.131<0.001
sHCoV322(5.32)55(1.58)32(1.42)409(3.47)127.489<0.001
HMPV151(2.49)12(0.34)36(1.59)199(1.69)61.744<0.001
HPIV326(5.39)46(1.32)48(2.12)420(3.56)123.123<0.001
HRV354(5.85)56(1.61)73(3.23)483(4.10)106.489<0.001
RSV232(3.83)71(2.04)56(2.48)359(3.04)27.121<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379033396177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036330533180230, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

新型冠状病毒感染疫情前、中、后ARI病例中常见呼吸道病毒检出情况［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病毒疫情前（n=6 053）疫情期间（n=3 482）疫情后（n=2 259）合计（n=11 794）χ2值P值
流感990(16.36)142(4.08)385(17.04)1 517(12.86)340.847<0.001
HAdV207(3.42)37(1.06)26(1.15)270(2.29)71.093<0.001
HBoV81(1.34)7(0.20)6(0.27)94(0.80)46.131<0.001
sHCoV322(5.32)55(1.58)32(1.42)409(3.47)127.489<0.001
HMPV151(2.49)12(0.34)36(1.59)199(1.69)61.744<0.001
HPIV326(5.39)46(1.32)48(2.12)420(3.56)123.123<0.001
HRV354(5.85)56(1.61)73(3.23)483(4.10)106.489<0.001
RSV232(3.83)71(2.04)56(2.48)359(3.04)27.121<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379146642396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036330533180230, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Detection of sHCoV in acute respiratory infection cases before, during and after COVID-19 pandemic ［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疫情前（n=6 053）疫情期间（n=3 482）疫情后（n=2 259）χ2值P值
HCoV-229E87(1.44)11(0.32)18(0.80)91.259<0.001
HCoV-HKU125(0.41)12(0.34)3(0.13)18.350<0.001
HCoV-NL63128(2.11)23(0.66)0(0.00)185.020<0.001
HCoV-OC4382(1.35)9(0.26)11(0.49)101.706<0.001
合计322(5.32)55(1.58)32(1.42)108.952<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241139379259888614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036330533180230, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

新型冠状病毒感染疫情前中后ARI病例中sHCoV检出情况［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疫情前（n=6 053）疫情期间（n=3 482）疫情后（n=2 259）χ2值P值
HCoV-229E87(1.44)11(0.32)18(0.80)91.259<0.001
HCoV-HKU125(0.41)12(0.34)3(0.13)18.350<0.001
HCoV-NL63128(2.11)23(0.66)0(0.00)185.020<0.001
HCoV-OC4382(1.35)9(0.26)11(0.49)101.706<0.001
合计322(5.32)55(1.58)32(1.42)108.952<0.001
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新型冠状病毒感染疫情前后急性呼吸道感染病例中季节性人冠状病毒流行特征分析
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周雨晴 , 张露 , 霍雨佳 , 张雪纯 , 王筱 , 赵冰
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025,52(17): 3258-3264
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现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025, 52(17): 3258-3264
新型冠状病毒感染疫情前后急性呼吸道感染病例中季节性人冠状病毒流行特征分析
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周雨晴, 张露, 霍雨佳, 张雪纯, 王筱, 赵冰
作者信息
  • 上海市浦东新区疾病预防控制中心（上海市浦东新区卫生健康监督所）微生物检测实验室，上海 200136

    • 周雨晴（1999—），女，硕士在读，技师，研究方向：病毒病原研究

通讯作者:

赵冰，E-mail:
Epidemic characteristics of seasonal human coronaviruses in acute respiratory infection cases before and after the COVID-19 pandemic
Yu-qing ZHOU, Lu ZHANG, Yu-jia HUO, Xue-chun ZHANG, Xiao WANG, Bing ZHAO
Affiliations
  • Microbiology Testing Laboratory, Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shanghai Pudong New Area Health Supervision Institute), Shanghai 200136, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502150
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摘要
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目的

了解新型冠状病毒感染疫情前后上海市部分医疗机构急性呼吸道感染病例中季节性人冠状病毒（seasonal human coronavirus，sHCoV）感染情况

方法

回顾性分析2016年1月—2023年12月上海市浦东新区9家医疗机构采集的11 794例急性呼吸道感染病例的呼吸道样本，采用多重PCR法检测sHCoV并通过χ2检验比较疫情前、疫情期间以及疫情后三个时期的检出率差异，分析其流行特征变化。

结果

11 794例呼吸道样本中，8种常见呼吸道病毒的总检出率在疫情期间以及疫情后均显著下降，sHCoV总检出率为3.47%（409/11 794），疫情期间下降至1.58%（55/2 259），疫情后下降至1.42%（32/3 482）（P<0.001）。疫情前sHCoV呈现全年散发且流行集中在3—9月，疫情期间流行高峰推迟至7—12月，疫情后全年均有检出且未发现明显季节性流行高峰。疫情前四种sHCoV呈交替流行，以HCoV-NL63检出率最高并在疫情期间保持稳定，疫情后则以HCoV-229E为主，不同sHCoV流行特征均发生变化，其中HCoV-229E由双峰分布转为单峰，疫情后再次出现双峰；HCoV-HKU1和HCoV-OC43的流行高峰均向后推移了5～8个月，而HCoV-NL63在疫情后未被检出。

结论

新型冠状病毒感染可能影响了sHCoV的传播规律，疫情后sHCoV发生检出率下降、季节性高峰推迟及亚型构成等变化，持续监测其长期动态，可为呼吸道感染疾病的防控策略提供科学依据。

流行病学  /  检出率  /  人冠状病毒
Objective

To investigate the prevalence of seasonal human coronaviruses (sHCoV) in acute respiratory infection cases in selected medical institutions in Shanghai before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on respiratory samples from 11 794 acute respiratory infection cases collected between January 2016 and December 2023 at nine medical institutions. Multiplex PCR was used to detect sHCoV, and the χ2 tests were performed to compare detection rates across three periods (pre-pandemic, during the pandemic, and post-pandemic) and to assess changes in epidemic characteristics.

Results

Among the 11 794 respiratory samples, the overall detection rate of eight common respiratory viruses declined significantly during and after the pandemic. The overall detection rate of sHCoV was 3.47% (409/11 794), decreasing to 1.58% (55/2 259) during the pandemic and further to 1.42% (32/3 482) post-pandemic (P<0.001). Before the pandemic, sHCoV circulated year-round, with peak activity from March to September. During the pandemic, the peak shifted to July-December, whereas post-pandemic, detections were observed throughout the year without a clear seasonal peak. Before the pandemic, the four sHCoV subtypes circulated alternately, with HCoV-NL63 being the most prevalent and remaining stable during the pandemic. However, post-pandemic, HCoV-229E became dominant, and subtype-specific trends shifted. Notably, HCoV-229E transitioned from a biphasic to a monophasic pattern, and re-emerging with a biphasic trend post-pandemic. The peak circulation periods of HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 were delayed by 5-8 months, whereas HCoV-NL63 was not detected in the post-pandemic period.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the transmission patterns of sHCoV. After the pandemic, there was a decrease in the detection rate of sHCoV, a delayed seasonal peak, and changes in the viral subtype composition. Continued monitoring of these trends is essential to provide scientific support for respiratory infection prevention and control strategies.

Epidemiology  /  Detection rate  /  Human coronavirus
周雨晴, 张露, 霍雨佳, 张雪纯, 王筱, 赵冰. 新型冠状病毒感染疫情前后急性呼吸道感染病例中季节性人冠状病毒流行特征分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3258 -3264 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502150
Yu-qing ZHOU, Lu ZHANG, Yu-jia HUO, Xue-chun ZHANG, Xiao WANG, Bing ZHAO. Epidemic characteristics of seasonal human coronaviruses in acute respiratory infection cases before and after the COVID-19 pandemic[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (17) : 3258 -3264 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502150
正文
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急性呼吸道感染（acute respiratory infection，ARI）是导致人类重症和致死性疾病的主要病因之一[1]，约70%～80%的ARI由病毒引起[2]。其中，人冠状病毒（human coronavirus，HCoV）是引起人类ARI的主要病原体[3]。HCoV最早于20世纪60年代被发现，包括四种季节性冠状病毒（seasonal human coronavirus，sHCoV），即HCoV-OC43、HCoV-NL63、HCoV-229E、HCoV-HKU1，以及三种高致病性冠状病毒，即严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus，SARS-CoV）、MERS-CoV和引发2019年新型冠状病毒感染疫情（Coronavirus Disease 2019, COVID-19）的新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）[4]，严重威胁人类健康，对全球公共卫生与社会经济发展造成巨大影响。
尽管目前SARS-CoV-2已进入地方性流行阶段，其症状普遍较为轻微，但其季节性流行模式仍然对公共卫生带来挑战[5]。而作为与SARS-CoV-2同属冠状病毒科的sHCoV，其流行特征和变化模式的研究相对较少，尤其是在当前COVID-19广泛影响其它常见呼吸道病毒病毒季节性特征的背景下[6-7]。已有研究表明，COVID-19显著改变了呼吸道病毒的流行模式。例如国外监测数据显示，原本预期1—3月的流感高峰推迟至5—7月[8]，而在我国也同样发现流感的流行高峰较往年延迟了2～4个月[9]。然而，SARS-CoV-2暴发后sHCoV传播和流行模式的变化尚不明确。因此，本研究基于上海市浦东新区急性呼吸道感染的实验室监测数据，回顾性分析sHCoV在疫情前（2016—2019年）、疫情期间（2020—2022年）与疫情后（2023年）的流行模式变化，通过对疫情前后sHCoV检出率和季节性流行特征的比较，尝试揭示COVID-19对sHCoV流行特征的具体影响，为探索HCoV的传播规律提供参考，为传染病监测和防控策略的制定提供科学数据支持。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　样本来源
依托《浦东新区急性呼吸道传染病综合监测方案》，根据浦东地区各家医疗机构的地理位置、覆盖人群、就诊量等信息，采用异质表面均值估计方法，结合实施时的配合能力、不同年龄人群的就诊特征选取9家医疗机构（包括三级医疗机构4家、二级医疗机构4家和社区卫生服务机构的发热门诊1家）作为监测哨点，采用系统抽样方法将各监测点医院每周前1～5名就诊/入院的病例纳入监测。病例定义为：发病10 d内，具有发热（体温≥38℃）伴有咳嗽、咳痰或需住院的急性呼吸道感染病例。对于符合病例定义的患者，在知情同意的基础上，由监测哨点医院采集患者呼吸道样本（包括鼻咽拭子、痰液、肺泡灌洗液等）并负责收集填写个案登记表（包括基本人口统计学信息、临床症状、体征等）。样本采集后4℃保存运送至实验室及时检测或于-80℃保存，避免反复冻融。
1.2　主要试剂与仪器
试剂：商品化核酸提取试剂盒（Roche，MagNA Pure 96 DNA and Viral NA Small Volume Kit），RespiFinder SMART 22 FAST试剂盒（RespiFinder，荷兰），TaqMan低密度微流体芯片技术（Applied Biosystems，美国）。仪器：MagNA Pure 96全自动核酸纯化系统（Roche，瑞士），Light Cycler 480II实时荧光PCR仪器（Roche，瑞士），测序仪（Illumina，美国）。
1.3　核酸提取与检测
核酸提取采用全自动核酸纯化系统和相应商品化核酸提取试剂盒进行。操作按制造商使用说明进行，样本使用体积为200 μl，提取后总核酸体积为60 μl。核酸检测采用RespiFinder SMART 22 FAST试剂盒和TaqMan低密度微流体芯片技术[10]。检测项目包括八种常见呼吸道病原体：流感、人鼻病毒（human rhinovirus, HRV）、人副流感病毒（human parainfluenza virus, HPIV）、人腺病毒（human adenovirus, HAdV）、人呼吸道合胞病毒（human respiratory syncytial virus, RSV）、人偏肺病毒（human metapneumovirus, HMPV）、人博卡病毒（human bocavirus, HBoV）以及sHCoV（HCoV-229E、HCoV-OC43、HCoV-NL63和HCoV-HKU1）。
1.4　统计分析
数据分析及绘图采用R 3.2.3软件和GraphPad 9.3软件完成，疫情前、疫情期间以及疫情后三个时期检出率差异比较采用χ2检验进行评估，检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　基本情况
2016—2023年共收集ARI病例样本11 794份，其中，2016年1月—2019年12月共收集6 053例纳入COVID-19疫情前，男女比为1.13，年龄在6～59岁；2020年1月—2022年12月共收集3 482例纳入COVID-19疫情期间，男女比为1.40，年龄在7～54岁；2023年共收集2 259例纳入COVID-19疫情后，男女比为1.12，年龄在1～39岁。见表1。
2.2　ARI病例中常见呼吸道病毒检出情况
11 794例呼吸道样本中八种常见呼吸道病毒总检出率为31.80%（3 751/11 794），疫情期间及疫情后总检出率分别为29.31%（662/2 259）和12.23%（426/3 482），均显著低于疫情前的43.99%（2 663/6 053），差异具有统计学意义（χ2=735.814，P<0.001）。八种常见呼吸道病毒中，sHCoV检出率在疫情后下降幅度最大，为3.90%，新冠相关三个时期检出率差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.001）。见表2。
2.3　ARI病例中sHCoV检出情况
11 794例呼吸道样本中sHCoV总检出率为3.47%（409/11 794）。疫情前，2016年sHCoV检出率最高为7.44%（99/1 330），随后逐年下降，2017—2019年检出率分别为6.35%（82/1 292）、5.91%（101/1 709）、2.32%（40/1 722）。疫情期间，2020—2022年检出率分别为1.71%（18/1 054）、0.55%（9/1 632）、3.52%（28/796）。疫情后，2023年检出率为1.42%（32/2 259），见图1。四种sHCoV中，疫情前以HCoV-NL63检出率最高并在疫情期间保持稳定，疫情后以HCoV-229E为主，三个时期的检出率差异均具有统计学意义（均P<0.001），见表3。
2.4　ARI病例中不同sHCoV构成
疫情前四种sHCoV交替流行，2016年HCoV-229E占比最高，达44.44%；其次为HCoV-NL63，占31.31%；2017年HCoV-229E与HCoV-OC43检出占比相同，为40.24%；2018年HCoV-NL63占比显著上升，高达82.18%，其次为HCoV-OC43（14.85%）；在2019年HCoV-OC43检出占比最高，为50.00%。疫情期间sHCoV构成发生变化，自2021年起全年仅检测到三种sHCoV，2022年HCoV-NL63检出占比最高，为75.00%，疫情后则未检出HCoV-NL63，以HCoV-229E为主，占56.25%。见图2。
2.5　2016—2023年sHCoV时间分布特征
疫情前sHCoV感染呈全年散发，共出现4个明显高峰，分别为：2016年6月（20.00%，16/80），以HCoV-229E为主，占12.50%（10/80）；2017年4月，占20.56%（22/107），主要为HCoV-OC43，占10.28%（11/107）；2017年10月，占14.29%（11/77），主要为HCoV-229E，占10.39%（8/77）；2018年8月，占25.79%（49/190），以HCoV-NL63为主，占25.26%，（48/190）。疫情期间出现1个高峰在2022年9月（14.86%，11/74）且均为HCoV-NL63感染；疫情后仅有1个小高峰，在2023年11月且均为HCoV-229E感染。见图3。
2.6　2016—2023年sHCoV季节性流行特征
疫情前sHCoV流行集中在3—9月且以春夏季最为流行，疫情期间sHCoV流行高峰推迟，检出率至6月开始上升，在疫情后sHCoV全年均有检出，未发现明显季节性流行高峰。不同sHCoV流行模式均发生变化，其中HCoV-229E在疫情前为双峰分布，在疫情期间转为单峰，疫情后双峰分布模式再次出现；HCoV-HKU1流行由疫情前的1—5月推迟至9—12月；HCoV-OC43流行高峰由1—8月延后至6—12月，流行时间整体向后推移；HCoV-NL63在疫情前及疫情期间均集中在6—12月且以8月为检出高峰，疫情后2023年则全年未检出。见图4。
3　讨论
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sHCoV长期以来是全球范围内引起呼吸道疾病的重要病原体之一，感染后通常引起轻微的呼吸道感染，但对于儿童、老年人及免疫低下群体易引起重症[11]。COVID-19的全球暴发与流行改变了常见呼吸道病毒的传播模式[12]。尽管目前已有众多研究对疫情前或疫情期间呼吸道病毒进行了描述性分析[13]，但COVID-19对sHCoV的长期流行趋势的影响仍然不明。因此，本研究基于8年的监测数据，从年份、季节性及病毒亚型构成等多角度系统分析新型冠状病毒感染疫情背景下sHCoV流行特征的变化。
本研究发现，疫情期间常见呼吸道病毒的检出率显著下降，这可能与广泛实施的非药物干预措施（如佩戴口罩、减少社交接触等）密切相关[14]，这些措施不仅有效地抑制了SARS-CoV-2的传播，还可能对其它具有相似传播途径的呼吸道病毒的流行产生影响。然而，正如多项研究发现的一样，随着新冠疫情防控策略的逐步调整以及人类社会活动的逐步恢复，Flu、RSV等常见呼吸道病毒出现延迟激增现象[15-16]，而sHCoV检出率仍然处于下降趋势，提示其流行模式可能受到其他因素的影响，首先，SARS-CoV-2感染可能诱导一定程度的交叉免疫[17]，并且sHCoV的既往感染可能影响SARS-CoV-2感染后的疾病严重程度[18]，从而抑制sHCoV感染与传播；其次，人群可能因既往感染或疫苗接种产生一定的免疫屏障，使得易感人群减少，导致检出率下降。然而，随着后疫情时代天然免疫和人工免疫的下降以及人类活动模式的改变，易感人群的增加可能会重新影响sHCoV的传播风险。目前对于SARS-CoV-2感染或疫苗诱导的免疫反应是否会对sHCoV产生长期影响仍缺乏有效证据，HCoV感染对人群免疫状态的影响有待进一步探讨。
此外，本研究还发现，研究区域内疫情前sHCoV的全年检出率相对稳定，与部分文献中描述的“双峰分布”模式有所不同[19]。韩国一项研究指出在疫情早期发现了sHCoV的小高峰[20]，而在本研究中，这波高峰则在疫情发生前（2018年）出现。进一步分析发现，sHCoV的季节性流行高峰有所推迟，这与Shah等人[21-22]研究发现一致，可能是由于地理位置差异、相应社会和物理环境的变化或病毒监测策略调整有关。
本研究的四种sHCoV中以HCoV-NL63的流行特征尤为引人关注。自2004年首次分离HCoV-NL63以来[23]，多国相继报道了该病毒的流行，但是引起的暴发疫情相对较少[24]，然而美国路易斯安那州在2017年底报告了一起与HCoV-NL63相关的严重呼吸道疾病[25]，2018年在中国广东省广州市报道了一起由HCoV-NL63引起的严重下呼吸道疾病暴发[26]。本研究发现HCoV-NL63的检出率在疫情前期显著上升，疫情期间急剧下降，疫情后则未有检出，这与Choi等人[27-28]的研究不同。由于HCoV-NL63能够通过与SARS-CoV-2相同的受体ACE2入侵宿主细胞[29]，这可能对其流行模式和与SARS-CoV-2的相互影响具有重要意义，因此，未来的研究应进一步探讨其受体利用机制及流行变化。
本研究还存在一定局限性。一方面，2020年2—4月及2022年4—6月，因新冠疫情形势严峻、防控措施严格，居民就诊行为和样本采集频率发生变化，可能影响监测数据的完整性及分析结果的代表性；另一方面，浦东新区作为上海的重要行政区域，人口规模庞大且构成多样，在社会经济水平、医疗资源配置及居民公共卫生意识等方面具有一定代表性，这为本研究提供了坚实的数据基础，然而不同地区在地理环境、社会背景、医疗资源可及性及人群行为模式等方面存在差异，研究结果仍需在更大范围内加以验证。因此，未来应结合多地区、长期、系统的监测数据，以进一步评估sHCoV在不同人群和区域的流行特征，增强研究结果的适用性和科学性。
综上所述，本研究基于八年监测数据发现疫情后sHCoV的检出率显著下降，且其季节性流行高峰向后推移，四种sHCoV呈现出不同的流行趋势和构成变化，研究结果为sHCoV及其他呼吸道病毒的监测提供数据支持，为公共卫生政策的制定提供参考依据。
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  • 上海市加强公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划（2023-2025年）重点学科(GWVI-11.1-02-传染病学)
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第52卷第17期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502150
  • 接收时间：2025-02-12
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-12
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上海市加强公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划（2023-2025年）重点学科(GWVI-11.1-02-传染病学)
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    上海市浦东新区疾病预防控制中心（上海市浦东新区卫生健康监督所）微生物检测实验室，上海 200136

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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