Article(id=1241036254423339169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504221, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744300800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815700393, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815700393, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815700393, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815700393, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036242561855785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='16', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3072', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815697565, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840190562, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138973712634304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138973712634305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3040, endPage=3046, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036255274782930, articleId=1241036254423339169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of risk factors for intravenous phlebitis caused by scalp venous indwelling needle infusion in infants aged 0-24 Months, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the risk factors for phlebitis caused by scalp vein indwelling needle infusion in children, providing a basis for reducing the clinical incidence of phlebitis.

Methods

We analyzed the medical records of 3 618 patients aged 0-24 months who received scalp vein indwelling needle infusion therapy at our hospital from January 2019 to June 2024. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors for phlebitis and its severity associated with scalp vein indwelling needle infusion.

Results

During scalp vein indwelling needle infusion therapy, 311 patients developed phlebitis, with an incidence rate of 8.60%. Among them, there were 175 cases in Grade 1, 89 cases in Grade 2, 39 cases in Grade 3, and 8 cases in Grade 4. Multivariate regression analysis showed that age≤12 months(OR=3.579, 95%CI: 1.055-12.135), indwelling needle retention time≥48 hours (OR=7.142, 95%CI: 2.426-21.030), unsuccessful venipuncture (OR=5.658, 95%CI: 1.278-25.044), junior nursing staff performing venipuncture (OR=3.747, 95%CI: 1.107-12.681), use of irritating drugs (OR=3.877, 95%CI: 1.719-8.744), daily infusion volume≥1L (OR=2.413, 95%CI: 1.066-5.465), infusion drug temperature<35℃ (OR=3.391, 95%CI: 1.044-11.012), infusion drug speed≥60 drops/min (OR=3.684, 95%CI: 1.675-8.100), and drug pH not between 5 and 9 (OR=6.527, 95%CI: 2.212-19.258) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of phlebitis due to scalp vein indwelling needle infusion (P<0.05). Multivariate ordinal logistic regression results for phlebitis grading showed that factors such as age, indwelling needle retention time, smoothness of the puncture process, seniority of medical staff, use of irritating drugs, daily infusion volume, and infusion drug temperature were positively correlated with the severity of phlebitis. The presence of these factors significantly increased the risk of children developing higher grades of phlebitis.

Conclusion

For younger patients undergoing scalp vein infusion therapy, it is recommended to promptly adjust drug pH and temperature, and appropriately assign experienced nursing staff to perform procedures to reduce the clinical risk of phlebitis.

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目的

分析小儿头皮静脉留置针输液导致静脉炎的危险因素,为降低临床发生静脉炎的风险提供依据。

方法

对本院2019年1月—2024年6月的3 618例0~24个月进行头皮静脉留置针输液治疗的患者的病历资料进行分析,采用多因素logistic回归模型分析头皮静脉留置针输液致静脉炎及静脉炎严重程度的危险因素。

结果

在患者头皮静脉留置针输液治疗过程中,发生静脉炎患者311例,发生率为8.60%。其中1级组175例(%),2级组89例(%),3级组39例(%),4级组8例(%)。多因素回归分析显示,年龄≤12个月(OR=3.579,95%CI:1.055~12.135)、留置针使用时间≥48h(OR=7.142,95%CI:2.426~21.030)、穿刺过程不顺利(OR=5.658,95%CI:1.278~25.044)、穿刺医护人员低年资(OR=3.747,95%CI:1.107~12.681)、使用刺激性药物(OR=3.877,95%CI:1.719~8.744)、每日输液量≥1L(OR=2.413,95%CI:1.066~5.465)、输液时药物温度<35℃(OR=3.391,95%CI:1.044~11.012)、输液药物的速度≥60滴/min(OR=3.684,95%CI:1.675~8.100)、药物的pH不在5~9之间(OR=6.527,95%CI:2.212~19.258)是头皮静脉留置针输液致静脉炎发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。静脉炎分级的多因素有序logistic回归结果显示,年龄、留置针使用时间、穿刺过程的顺利性、穿刺医护人员的年资、是否使用刺激性药物、每日输液量、输液药物的温度等因素与静脉炎的严重程度呈正相关,这些因素的存在显著增加了患儿发生更高级别静脉炎的风险。

结论

在头皮针输液治疗过程中 ,针对年龄较小的患者而言,建议及时对药物的pH、温度等进行调整,合理调配年资较高的护理工作人员对患者开展操作,降低临床发生静脉炎的风险。

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陆雪琴,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=11CNjv3cc5uSJqTVnBHUJg==, magXml=Mr69thoSnMSKOVlT5DyTPg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=jOFtCwhjDprKIw56Ueli7w==, pdfFileSize=741855, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=loErxu+2AuZPw+RXkF6FOA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王天英(1986-),女,本科,主管护师,研究方向:儿科护理、静疗护理

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Effect analysis of different infusion methods of glycerol fructose in patients with severe stroke, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057514108801388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=19, issue=14, pageStart=228, pageEnd=229, 232, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=46, authorNames=曹爱红, journalName=中国医药指南, refType=null, unstructuredReference=曹爱红.综合护理干预对降低新生儿静脉留置针导致静脉炎的效果[J].中国医药指南2021,19(14):228-229, 232., articleTitle=综合护理干预对降低新生儿静脉留置针导致静脉炎的效果, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057514243019120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=19, issue=14, pageStart=228, pageEnd=229, 232, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Cao AH, journalName=Guide of China Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao AH. Effect ofcomprehensive nursing intervention in reducing phlebitis caused by neonatal venous catheters[J]. Guide of China Medicine, 2021, 19(14): 228-229, 232. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Effect ofcomprehensive nursing intervention in reducing phlebitis caused by neonatal venous catheters, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241057508199026751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, awardId=F202022, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省妇幼健康科研项目(F202022), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057502738043518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057502746432129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, companyId=1241057502738043518, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215151, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057502754820737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, companyId=1241057502738043518, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏州大学附属第二医院儿科,江苏 苏州 215151)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057502838706822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057502855484039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, companyId=1241057502838706822, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.苏州大学附属第二医院神经内科)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057502922592910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057502935175823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, companyId=1241057502922592910, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.苏州大学附属第二医院护理部)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057506907182044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Univariate analysis of patients in the phlebitis group[/n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量组别静脉炎组
n=311)
非静脉炎组
n=3 307)
χ2/tP
年龄(月)11.40±1.9212.48±3.008.946<0.001
性别175(56.27)2 046(61.87)3.7590.053
136(43.73)1 261(38.13)
疾病类型呼吸道102(32.80)1 198(36.23)2.8970.235
肠道100(32.15)1 099(33.23)
其他109(35.05)1 010(30.54)
留置针使用时间(h)<4885(27.33)1 678(50.74)62.353<0.001
≥48226(72.67)1 629(49.26)
穿刺过程的顺利性77(24.76)2 909(87.96)787.724<0.001
234(75.24)398(12.04)
穿刺医护人员的年资低年资187(60.13)999(30.21)115.488<0.001
高年资124(39.87)2 308(69.79)
刺激性药物265(85.21)1 023(30.93)365.246<0.001
46(14.79)2 284(69.07)
每日输液量(L)<196(30.87)2 098(63.44)126.367<0.001
≥1215(69.13)1 209(36.56)
药物温度(℃)<35212(68.17)787(23.80)279.979<0.001
≥3599(31.83)2 520(76.20)
输液速度(滴/min)<6084(27.01)2 876(86.97)686.801<0.001
≥60227(72.99)431(13.03)
药物pH<5102(32.80)156(4.72)851.108<0.001
5~989(28.62)2 987(90.32)
>9120(38.59)164(4.96)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057507024622562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

静脉炎发生相关因素的单因素分析[/n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量组别静脉炎组
n=311)
非静脉炎组
n=3 307)
χ2/tP
年龄(月)11.40±1.9212.48±3.008.946<0.001
性别175(56.27)2 046(61.87)3.7590.053
136(43.73)1 261(38.13)
疾病类型呼吸道102(32.80)1 198(36.23)2.8970.235
肠道100(32.15)1 099(33.23)
其他109(35.05)1 010(30.54)
留置针使用时间(h)<4885(27.33)1 678(50.74)62.353<0.001
≥48226(72.67)1 629(49.26)
穿刺过程的顺利性77(24.76)2 909(87.96)787.724<0.001
234(75.24)398(12.04)
穿刺医护人员的年资低年资187(60.13)999(30.21)115.488<0.001
高年资124(39.87)2 308(69.79)
刺激性药物265(85.21)1 023(30.93)365.246<0.001
46(14.79)2 284(69.07)
每日输液量(L)<196(30.87)2 098(63.44)126.367<0.001
≥1215(69.13)1 209(36.56)
药物温度(℃)<35212(68.17)787(23.80)279.979<0.001
≥3599(31.83)2 520(76.20)
输液速度(滴/min)<6084(27.01)2 876(86.97)686.801<0.001
≥60227(72.99)431(13.03)
药物pH<5102(32.80)156(4.72)851.108<0.001
5~989(28.62)2 987(90.32)
>9120(38.59)164(4.96)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057507154645997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors in patients with venous thrombophlebitis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标参照组BSEWaldPOR(95%CI
年龄≤12个月>12个月1.2750.6234.1880.0413.579(1.055~12.135)
留置针使用时间≥48 h<48 h1.9660.55112.731<0.0017.142(2.426~21.030)
穿刺过程不顺利顺利1.7330.7595.2130.0225.658(1.278~25.044)
穿刺医护人员低年资高年资1.3210.6224.5110.0343.747(1.107~12.681)
使用刺激性药物未使用1.3550.41510.6610.0013.877(1.719~8.744)
每日输液量≥1 L<1 L0.8810.4174.4640.0352.413(1.066~5.465)
输液时药物温度<35℃≥35℃1.2210.6014.1270.0423.391(1.044~11.012)
输液药物的速度≥60滴/min<60滴/min1.3040.40210.5250.0013.684(1.675~8.100)
药物的pH不在5~9之间5~91.8760.55211.5500.0016.527(2.212~19.258)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057507251114997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

静脉炎发生相关危险因素的多因素logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标参照组BSEWaldPOR(95%CI
年龄≤12个月>12个月1.2750.6234.1880.0413.579(1.055~12.135)
留置针使用时间≥48 h<48 h1.9660.55112.731<0.0017.142(2.426~21.030)
穿刺过程不顺利顺利1.7330.7595.2130.0225.658(1.278~25.044)
穿刺医护人员低年资高年资1.3210.6224.5110.0343.747(1.107~12.681)
使用刺激性药物未使用1.3550.41510.6610.0013.877(1.719~8.744)
每日输液量≥1 L<1 L0.8810.4174.4640.0352.413(1.066~5.465)
输液时药物温度<35℃≥35℃1.2210.6014.1270.0423.391(1.044~11.012)
输液药物的速度≥60滴/min<60滴/min1.3040.40210.5250.0013.684(1.675~8.100)
药物的pH不在5~9之间5~91.8760.55211.5500.0016.527(2.212~19.258)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057507406304257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Univariate analysis of patients with different grades of phlebitis[/n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量组别1级组
n=175)
2级组
n=89)
3级组
n=39)
4级组
n=8)
χ2/FP
年龄(月)10.20±1.6812.24±1.4413.68±1.2017.16±0.96109.048<0.001
性别92(52.57)56(62.92)25(64.10)2(25.00)1.8220.611
83(47.43)33(37.08)14(35.90)6(75.00)
疾病类型呼吸道54(30.86)30(33.71)15(38.46)3(37.50)4.4090.621
肠道54(30.86)32(35.96)11(28.21)3(37.50)
其他67(38.29)27(30.34)13(33.33)2(25.00)
留置针使用时间(h)<4834(19.43)22(24.72)24(61.54)5(62.50)35.595<0.001
≥48141(80.57)67(75.28)15(38.46)3(37.50)
穿刺过程的顺利性35(20.00)25(28.09)11(28.21)6(75.00)11.551<0.001
140(80.00)64(71.91)28(71.79)2(25.00)
穿刺医护人员的年资低年资89(50.86)60(67.42)30(76.92)8(100.00)21.979<0.001
高年资86(49.14)29(32.58)9(23.08)0(0.00)
刺激性药物134(76.57)85(95.51)38(97.44)8(100.00)10.0090.019
41(23.43)4(4.49)1(2.56)0(0.00)
每日输液量(L)<130(17.14)40(44.94)20(51.28)6(75.00)34.911<0.001
≥1145(82.86)49(55.06)19(48.72)2(25.00)
药物温度(℃)<3598(56.00)70(78.65)36(92.31)8(100.00)26.807<0.001
≥3577(44.00)19(21.35)3(7.69)0(0.00)
输液速度(滴/min)<6025(14.29)32(35.96)21(53.85)6(75.00)43.327<0.001
≥60150(85.71)57(64.04)18(46.15)2(25.00)
药物pH<555(31.43)32(35.96)13(33.33)2(25.00)52.044<0.001
5~932(18.29)31(34.83)23(58.97)3(37.507)
>988(50.29)26(29.21)3(7.69)3(37.50)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057507565686800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

静脉炎分级与相关因素的单因素分析[/n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量组别1级组
n=175)
2级组
n=89)
3级组
n=39)
4级组
n=8)
χ2/FP
年龄(月)10.20±1.6812.24±1.4413.68±1.2017.16±0.96109.048<0.001
性别92(52.57)56(62.92)25(64.10)2(25.00)1.8220.611
83(47.43)33(37.08)14(35.90)6(75.00)
疾病类型呼吸道54(30.86)30(33.71)15(38.46)3(37.50)4.4090.621
肠道54(30.86)32(35.96)11(28.21)3(37.50)
其他67(38.29)27(30.34)13(33.33)2(25.00)
留置针使用时间(h)<4834(19.43)22(24.72)24(61.54)5(62.50)35.595<0.001
≥48141(80.57)67(75.28)15(38.46)3(37.50)
穿刺过程的顺利性35(20.00)25(28.09)11(28.21)6(75.00)11.551<0.001
140(80.00)64(71.91)28(71.79)2(25.00)
穿刺医护人员的年资低年资89(50.86)60(67.42)30(76.92)8(100.00)21.979<0.001
高年资86(49.14)29(32.58)9(23.08)0(0.00)
刺激性药物134(76.57)85(95.51)38(97.44)8(100.00)10.0090.019
41(23.43)4(4.49)1(2.56)0(0.00)
每日输液量(L)<130(17.14)40(44.94)20(51.28)6(75.00)34.911<0.001
≥1145(82.86)49(55.06)19(48.72)2(25.00)
药物温度(℃)<3598(56.00)70(78.65)36(92.31)8(100.00)26.807<0.001
≥3577(44.00)19(21.35)3(7.69)0(0.00)
输液速度(滴/min)<6025(14.29)32(35.96)21(53.85)6(75.00)43.327<0.001
≥60150(85.71)57(64.04)18(46.15)2(25.00)
药物pH<555(31.43)32(35.96)13(33.33)2(25.00)52.044<0.001
5~932(18.29)31(34.83)23(58.97)3(37.507)
>988(50.29)26(29.21)3(7.69)3(37.50)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057507783790621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis of phlebitis grading and related factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量参考类别OR(1级)
(95%CI
OR(2级)
(95%CI
OR(3级)
(95%CI
OR(4级)
(95%CI
P
年龄≤12个月>12个月3.2(1.5~6.8)4.62(1.18~11.22)6.48(1.14~11.81)6.62(1.37~11.80)0.002
留置针使用时间≥48 h<48 h6.5(3.1~13.6)8.17(1.26~11.44)9.24(1.34~11.48)11.78(1.16~11.3)<0.001
穿刺过程不顺利顺利5.0(2.3~10.9)6.49(1.24~11.31)8.2(1.41~11.35)8.39(1.18~11.58)<0.001
穿刺医护人员低年资高年资3.4(1.6~7.2)5.25(1.39~11.18)5.9(1.19~11.17)8.98(1.41~11.56)0.001
使用刺激性药物未使用3.6(1.8~7.1)5.4(1.31~11.32)6.38(1.26~11.42)8.58(1.14~11.21)<0.001
每日输液量 ≥1 L<1 L2.2(1.1~4.5)4.07(1.21~11.17)5.54(1.42~11.5)5.68(1.24~11.3)0.03
输液药物温度 <35℃≥35℃3.0(1.4~6.5)4.39(1.26~11.14)5.54(1.28~11.8)8.64(1.14~11.32)0.005
输液药物速度 ≥60滴/min<60滴/min3.3(1.6~6.9)4.65(1.12~11.5)6.62(1.2~11.74)7.56(1.19~11.62)<0.001
药物pH <5或>95~95.8(2.7~12.4)6.91(1.43~11.13)9.26(1.27~11.87)10.09(1.29~11.81)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241057507901231143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036254423339169, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

静脉炎分级与相关因素的多因素有序logistic回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量参考类别OR(1级)
(95%CI
OR(2级)
(95%CI
OR(3级)
(95%CI
OR(4级)
(95%CI
P
年龄≤12个月>12个月3.2(1.5~6.8)4.62(1.18~11.22)6.48(1.14~11.81)6.62(1.37~11.80)0.002
留置针使用时间≥48 h<48 h6.5(3.1~13.6)8.17(1.26~11.44)9.24(1.34~11.48)11.78(1.16~11.3)<0.001
穿刺过程不顺利顺利5.0(2.3~10.9)6.49(1.24~11.31)8.2(1.41~11.35)8.39(1.18~11.58)<0.001
穿刺医护人员低年资高年资3.4(1.6~7.2)5.25(1.39~11.18)5.9(1.19~11.17)8.98(1.41~11.56)0.001
使用刺激性药物未使用3.6(1.8~7.1)5.4(1.31~11.32)6.38(1.26~11.42)8.58(1.14~11.21)<0.001
每日输液量 ≥1 L<1 L2.2(1.1~4.5)4.07(1.21~11.17)5.54(1.42~11.5)5.68(1.24~11.3)0.03
输液药物温度 <35℃≥35℃3.0(1.4~6.5)4.39(1.26~11.14)5.54(1.28~11.8)8.64(1.14~11.32)0.005
输液药物速度 ≥60滴/min<60滴/min3.3(1.6~6.9)4.65(1.12~11.5)6.62(1.2~11.74)7.56(1.19~11.62)<0.001
药物pH <5或>95~95.8(2.7~12.4)6.91(1.43~11.13)9.26(1.27~11.87)10.09(1.29~11.81)<0.001
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0~24个月患儿头皮静脉留置针输液引发静脉炎的危险因素分析
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王天英 1 , 吴英 2 , 陆雪琴 3 , 严丽琴 1 , 李婷婷 1 , 钟雅萍 1 , 潘多 1 , 赵晓云 1
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025,52(16): 3040-3046
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现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025, 52(16): 3040-3046
0~24个月患儿头皮静脉留置针输液引发静脉炎的危险因素分析
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王天英1, 吴英2, 陆雪琴3 , 严丽琴1, 李婷婷1, 钟雅萍1, 潘多1, 赵晓云1
作者信息
  • 1.苏州大学附属第二医院儿科,江苏 苏州 215151
  • 2.苏州大学附属第二医院神经内科
  • 3.苏州大学附属第二医院护理部
  • 王天英(1986-),女,本科,主管护师,研究方向:儿科护理、静疗护理

通讯作者:

陆雪琴,E-mail:
Analysis of risk factors for intravenous phlebitis caused by scalp venous indwelling needle infusion in infants aged 0-24 Months
Tian-ying WANG1, Ying WU2, Xue-qin LU3 , Li-qin YAN1, Ting-ting LI1, Ya-ping ZHONG1, Duo PAN1, Xiao-yun ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215151, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504221
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目的

分析小儿头皮静脉留置针输液导致静脉炎的危险因素,为降低临床发生静脉炎的风险提供依据。

方法

对本院2019年1月—2024年6月的3 618例0~24个月进行头皮静脉留置针输液治疗的患者的病历资料进行分析,采用多因素logistic回归模型分析头皮静脉留置针输液致静脉炎及静脉炎严重程度的危险因素。

结果

在患者头皮静脉留置针输液治疗过程中,发生静脉炎患者311例,发生率为8.60%。其中1级组175例(%),2级组89例(%),3级组39例(%),4级组8例(%)。多因素回归分析显示,年龄≤12个月(OR=3.579,95%CI:1.055~12.135)、留置针使用时间≥48h(OR=7.142,95%CI:2.426~21.030)、穿刺过程不顺利(OR=5.658,95%CI:1.278~25.044)、穿刺医护人员低年资(OR=3.747,95%CI:1.107~12.681)、使用刺激性药物(OR=3.877,95%CI:1.719~8.744)、每日输液量≥1L(OR=2.413,95%CI:1.066~5.465)、输液时药物温度<35℃(OR=3.391,95%CI:1.044~11.012)、输液药物的速度≥60滴/min(OR=3.684,95%CI:1.675~8.100)、药物的pH不在5~9之间(OR=6.527,95%CI:2.212~19.258)是头皮静脉留置针输液致静脉炎发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。静脉炎分级的多因素有序logistic回归结果显示,年龄、留置针使用时间、穿刺过程的顺利性、穿刺医护人员的年资、是否使用刺激性药物、每日输液量、输液药物的温度等因素与静脉炎的严重程度呈正相关,这些因素的存在显著增加了患儿发生更高级别静脉炎的风险。

结论

在头皮针输液治疗过程中 ,针对年龄较小的患者而言,建议及时对药物的pH、温度等进行调整,合理调配年资较高的护理工作人员对患者开展操作,降低临床发生静脉炎的风险。

头皮针输液  /  并发症  /  静脉炎  /  输液速度  /  输液温度
Objective

To analyze the risk factors for phlebitis caused by scalp vein indwelling needle infusion in children, providing a basis for reducing the clinical incidence of phlebitis.

Methods

We analyzed the medical records of 3 618 patients aged 0-24 months who received scalp vein indwelling needle infusion therapy at our hospital from January 2019 to June 2024. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors for phlebitis and its severity associated with scalp vein indwelling needle infusion.

Results

During scalp vein indwelling needle infusion therapy, 311 patients developed phlebitis, with an incidence rate of 8.60%. Among them, there were 175 cases in Grade 1, 89 cases in Grade 2, 39 cases in Grade 3, and 8 cases in Grade 4. Multivariate regression analysis showed that age≤12 months(OR=3.579, 95%CI: 1.055-12.135), indwelling needle retention time≥48 hours (OR=7.142, 95%CI: 2.426-21.030), unsuccessful venipuncture (OR=5.658, 95%CI: 1.278-25.044), junior nursing staff performing venipuncture (OR=3.747, 95%CI: 1.107-12.681), use of irritating drugs (OR=3.877, 95%CI: 1.719-8.744), daily infusion volume≥1L (OR=2.413, 95%CI: 1.066-5.465), infusion drug temperature<35℃ (OR=3.391, 95%CI: 1.044-11.012), infusion drug speed≥60 drops/min (OR=3.684, 95%CI: 1.675-8.100), and drug pH not between 5 and 9 (OR=6.527, 95%CI: 2.212-19.258) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of phlebitis due to scalp vein indwelling needle infusion (P<0.05). Multivariate ordinal logistic regression results for phlebitis grading showed that factors such as age, indwelling needle retention time, smoothness of the puncture process, seniority of medical staff, use of irritating drugs, daily infusion volume, and infusion drug temperature were positively correlated with the severity of phlebitis. The presence of these factors significantly increased the risk of children developing higher grades of phlebitis.

Conclusion

For younger patients undergoing scalp vein infusion therapy, it is recommended to promptly adjust drug pH and temperature, and appropriately assign experienced nursing staff to perform procedures to reduce the clinical risk of phlebitis.

Scalp needle infusion  /  complication  /  Phlebitis  /  Infusion speed  /  Infusion temperature
王天英, 吴英, 陆雪琴, 严丽琴, 李婷婷, 钟雅萍, 潘多, 赵晓云. 0~24个月患儿头皮静脉留置针输液引发静脉炎的危险因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (16) : 3040 -3046 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504221
Tian-ying WANG, Ying WU, Xue-qin LU, Li-qin YAN, Ting-ting LI, Ya-ping ZHONG, Duo PAN, Xiao-yun ZHAO. Analysis of risk factors for intravenous phlebitis caused by scalp venous indwelling needle infusion in infants aged 0-24 Months[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (16) : 3040 -3046 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504221
小儿头皮静脉留置针输液是一种常见的治疗方法,尤其适用于需要长时间输液的小儿患者[1]。然而,这种方法方便了药物的输送,但也不可避免地带来了一些并发症,其中静脉炎是最为常见和关注的问题之一[2]。静脉炎不仅增加了患儿的痛苦,而且延长住院时间和增加治疗成本[3]。留置时间越长,静脉内壁细胞刺激和感染风险就越大。本研究通过分析头皮静脉留置针输液致静脉炎发生的危险因素,以期及时识别危险因素,规范临床治疗流程以及对患者开展健康教育。
2019年1月1日到2024年6月30日在本院进行头皮静脉留置针输液治疗的患者3 618例患者作为研究对象,其中男性患者2 234例,女性患者1 384例,年龄在0~24个月,平均年龄为(12.36±3.36)个月。本研究已获取苏州大学附属第二医院伦理委员会许可(编号:JD-HG-2025-079)。
患者入选标准:①所有患者均符合头皮静脉留置针输液治疗标准[7];②所有患者年龄为0~24个月。排除标准:①患者的病情加重,危及生命安全;②患者的局部组织发生水肿无法进行穿刺;③患者的免疫功能较低;④合并较为严重的血液系统疾病;⑤合并恶性肿瘤患者;⑥机体的重要脏器发生较为严重的衰竭;⑦合并凝血功能障碍;⑧合并精神障碍患者。
收集患者的年龄、性别、治疗穿刺位置、疾病类型、留置针使用时间、穿刺过程的顺利性、穿刺医护人员的年资、是否使用刺激性药物、每日输液量、输液药物的温度、输液药物的速度、药物的pH等资料。
静脉炎分级标准[8]:本研究中的患者静脉炎的评价主要依据美国静脉输液护理学会静脉炎诊断以及分级标准,如果患者的输液部位发生红肿,伴发偶发性疼痛则为1级,如果患者的输液部位发生红肿,伴持续性疼痛以及水肿则为2级,如果患者的输液部位发生红肿,可触及局部条索性静脉,但小于或者等于2.5 cm则为3级,如果患者的输液部位发生红肿,可触及局部条索性静脉大于2.5 cm则为4级。
本研究中穿刺过程的顺利性:一次穿刺成功则为顺利,其他则为不顺利,穿刺医护人员的年资在5年以上则为高年资,其他则为低年资。
采用SPSS 26.0软件包进行统计学分析,定性资料用[n(%)]表示,实施χ2检验(所有分组理论频数≥5,使用Pearson卡方检验;否则使用连续性校正的卡方检验);定量资料用()表示,数据符合正态分布采用独立样本t检验或F检验,不符合正态分布采用秩和检验进行组间差异分;静脉炎发生危险因素分析采用logistic 回归模型。检验水准α=0.05。
3 618例在头皮静脉留置针输液治疗过程中,发生静脉炎患者311例,发生率为8.60%。其中1级组175例,2级组89例,3级组39例,4级组8例。
静脉炎组以及非静脉炎组患者的年龄、留置针使用时间、穿刺过程的顺利性、穿刺医护人员的年资、是否使用刺激性药物、每日输液量、输液药物的温度、输液药物的速度、药物的pH之间的差异存在统计学意义(均P<0.001),详见表1
本研究中以头皮留置针输液患儿治疗内1个月内出现静脉炎作为因变量(否=0,是=1),将单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量作为自变量进行logistic回归分析。结果显示,年龄≤12个月、留置针使用时间≥48 h、穿刺过程不顺利、穿刺医护人员低年资、使用刺激性药物、每日输液量≥1 L、输液时药物温度<35 ℃、输液药物的速度≥60滴/min、药物的pH不在5~9之间是头皮静脉留置针输液致静脉炎发生的独立危险因素(均P<0.05),详见表2
不同静脉炎分级患者的年龄、留置针使用时间、穿刺过程的顺利性、穿刺医护人员的年资、是否使用刺激性药物、每日输液量、输液药物的温度、输液药物的速度、药物的pH之间的差异存在统计学意义(均P<0.05),详见表3
采用多因素有序logistic回归模型静脉炎严重程度的相关因素。因变量分级(1级”=1,“2级”=2,“3级”=3,“4级”=4),将单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量(P<0.05)作为自变量进行多因素有序logistic 回归分析,纳入标准0.05,排除标准0.1。结果表明,年龄、留置针使用时间、穿刺过程的顺利性、穿刺医护人员的年资、是否使用刺激性药物、每日输液量、输液药物的温度等因素与静脉炎的严重程度呈正相关,即这些因素的存在显著增加了患儿发生更高级别静脉炎的风险。随着静脉炎严重程度的增加,这些因素对提升静脉炎等级的预测能力(OR值)呈现出上升趋势,详见表4
小儿头皮静脉留置针是一种常用的输液方式,尤其适用于需要频繁输液的小儿患者[9]。然而,头皮静脉留置针也存在一定的并发症风险,其中之一就是静脉炎的发生[10]。静脉炎是由多种因素引起的静脉内炎症反应,严重时可威胁患儿的健康。由于小儿的静脉系统尚未充分发育,静脉血管相对较小且壁薄,使得留置针在长时间内停留在静脉内时,容易引起机械性损伤和局部血流动力学改变,这是静脉炎形成的重要诱因之一[11-12]
本研究结果显示,年龄、留置针使用时间、穿刺过程的顺利性、穿刺医护人员的年资、是否使用刺激性药物、每日输液量、输液药物的温度、输液药物的速度、药物的pH等均是造成患者小儿头皮针输液治疗发生静脉炎的危险因素。较小的年龄是导致小儿头皮针输液治疗发生静脉炎的重要危险因素之一[15]。年龄较小的患者,由于其静脉血管较细小、生理结构未充分发育、免疫系统尚未完全成熟,对外界刺激和感染的抵抗力较弱,容易在输液过程中发生静脉炎的情况。此外,由于他们的活动性较高,局部固定不良,也增加了静脉炎的发生率。在头皮针输液过程中,如果操作不当或者局部消毒不足,容易引入细菌,导致静脉周围组织感染,进而发展为静脉炎[16]。另一方面,由于头皮血管较小,输液压力过高或者输液速度过快,容易损伤血管内皮细胞,促使血栓形成,从而造成静脉炎的发生。
留置针,又称为外周静脉导管或外周静脉留置针。在小儿头皮针输液治疗中,留置针可以有效减少多次穿刺的痛苦和创伤,提高输液的安全性和稳定性,因此受到临床医生的青睐 [17]。留置针在体内时间过长会增加静脉内壁受损和细菌感染的风险,特别是在小儿患者中,因为他们的免疫系统尚未完全发育,对感染的抵抗能力较弱。留置针在安装、使用和维护过程中如果操作不当,例如未能保持管路的清洁或不及时更换导管等,会增加静脉炎发生的可能性[18]
穿刺的一次成功率的下降增加了血管及周围组织的损伤风险。儿童的血管相对成人来说较为脆弱,频繁的穿刺尝试可能会导致局部血管壁损伤及炎症反应,从而增加了静脉炎的发生几率[19]。此外,穿刺不顺利往往伴随有血管痉挛或者穿刺针头未能准确进入静脉腔的情况,这不仅增加了操作者的技术难度,也可能使药物在局部组织内泄漏,导致局部药物浓度过高,进一步加剧了静脉炎的发生。其次,穿刺过程的不顺利性可能导致穿刺点周围血肿的形成[20]。儿童的皮下组织相对较薄,且局部血管通常较为丰富,一旦穿刺不当或不顺利,容易造成局部血肿的形成[21]。血肿不仅增加了静脉炎的发生风险,还可能通过压迫周围的静脉,使静脉血液回流受到阻碍,从而加剧了血栓形成的可能性。此外,穿刺过程中可能伴随有局部感染的风险。尽管操作者在进行穿刺前通常会进行局部皮肤消毒,但如果穿刺过程中因不顺利而导致多次进出针头,这可能会使局部皮肤和软组织的屏障功能受损,使细菌易于侵入,从而引发局部感染[22]。局部感染不仅增加了静脉炎的发生几率,还可能需要使用抗生素进行治疗,增加了治疗的复杂性和费用[23]。另外,穿刺过程的不顺利性还可能导致患儿的不适和情绪波动。儿童对疼痛的忍受能力较低,频繁的穿刺尝试可能会引起患儿的焦虑和抗拒情绪,从而使治疗过程变得更加困难。这种情绪反应不仅增加了操作者的工作难度,还可能影响到治疗的效果和安全性[24]。年资较低的医护人员可能在面对穿刺失败中的应急反应能力不足,也是造成反复穿刺造成静脉炎升高的危险因素。
高渗性或pH值不适当而导致的血管内膜刺激,进而激活血栓形成或炎症反应的级联反应。一些刺激性药物可能具有直接损伤静脉内皮细胞的作用,这种损伤不仅可能在药物注射后立即产生效应,还可能导致血管壁的长期损害,增加静脉炎的长期风险。每日输液量较多是静脉炎发生的主要诱因之一。儿童由于生长发育需要或疾病治疗需求,常需长时间静脉输液支持。如果输液频率过高或每次输液量过大,会增加静脉壁受损的风险,从而促使静脉炎的发生。输液药物的温度较低也是静脉炎发生的潜在危险因素。有些药物在输液过程中,如果温度过低可能会引起局部组织的冷冻损伤,导致静脉壁受损,从而诱发静脉炎的发生。输液药物的速度较快也可能导致静脉炎的风险增加。快速输注药物会增加静脉内的局部压力,使静脉内膜受损的可能性增加,从而促使静脉炎的发生。
本研究结果突出强调了留置针使用时间≥48小时(OR=6.5)和药物pH<5或>9(OR=5.8)是影响静脉炎严重程度的最为显著的两大因素(P<0.001)。在临床实践中,医护人员应高度重视留置针的使用时长管理,严格遵守留置针常规,尽可能缩短留置时间,尤其应避免超过96小时的长时间留置。对于必须长时间静脉输液的患儿,应加强巡视,密切观察留置部位情况,及时更换留置针,降低因留置时间过长而导致的静脉炎风险及严重程度。此外,对于临床常用的酸性或碱性药物,在静脉输注时更应谨慎。 这可能需要更严格的给药前评估,例如稀释药物、控制输液速度,并在输注过程中密切观察患儿的静脉反应。 针对pH值极端药物的输注,甚至可以考虑选择更适宜的给药途径,从而降低静脉炎的发生及严重程度。
综上所述,在头皮针输液治疗过程中 ,针对年龄较小的患者而言,建议及时对药物的PH、温度等进行调整,合理调配年资较高的护理工作人员对患者开展操作,降低临床发生静脉炎的风险。
  • 江苏省妇幼健康科研项目(F202022)
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2025年第52卷第16期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504221
  • 接收时间:2025-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-11
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江苏省妇幼健康科研项目(F202022)
作者信息
    1.苏州大学附属第二医院儿科,江苏 苏州 215151
    2.苏州大学附属第二医院神经内科
    3.苏州大学附属第二医院护理部

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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