Article(id=1241036252716257404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506097, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749139200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815699986, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815699986, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815699986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815699986, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036242561855785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='16', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3072', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815697565, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840190562, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138973712634304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138973712634305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3061, endPage=3066, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036254150709390, articleId=1241036252716257404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The current cognitive status of hospice care models for medical staff from the perspective of modern preventive medicine: A study based on Neijiang palliative care demonstration zone, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices of healthcare workers in the palliative care pilot area of Neijiang, Sichuan, regarding the concepts, functions, and goals of palliative care, and to provide evidence for developing a primary palliative care service model.

Methods

Seventy-two healthcare workers from six medical institutions in Neijiang’s pilot area were surveyed using a self-designed questionnaire validated by experts. The survey covered demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 with descriptive statistics.

Results

Participants were predominantly female (79.17%), with college degrees (54.17%) and junior titles (54.17%). Knowledge: 81.94% confused palliative care with hospice care, and only 4.17% recognized its focus on symptom control and social care; over 60% misunderstood service functions, with low awareness of morphine use (23.61% correct) and pain assessment (31.94% correct). Attitudes: 70% acknowledged the value of palliative care, with 44% citing stress from end-of-life care. Practices: Pain management (40.79%), patient/family communication (41.67%), institutional referrals (40.28% occasional), and death education (38.89% occasional) were inadequately performed.

Conclusion

Healthcare workers in Neijiang’s pilot area lack clear understanding and professional skills in palliative care, showing deficiencies in knowledge, implementation, and service delivery. Misconceptions and skill gaps hinder service development, necessitating enhanced training and model optimization.

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目的

内江市成为第二批省级安宁疗护试点城市之一,了解内江市医护人员对安宁疗护概念、职能及目标的认知与临床实践现状,为基层安宁疗护服务模式的完善与推广提供依据。

方法

采取整群随机抽样方法,选取内江安宁疗护示范区6家医疗机构72名从事安宁疗护的医护人员,采用专家论证的自编问卷开展自填式问卷调查。

结果

调查对象以女性(79.17%)、已婚(61.11%)、无宗教信仰(70.83%)、护士岗位(36.11%)、大专学历(54.17%)、初级职称(54.17%)为主。认知方面:81.94%混淆安宁疗护与姑息医学,仅4.17%认识到以症状控制和社会关怀为核心;超60%误解服务职能,对吗啡应用(23.61%)和疼痛评估(31.94%)的正确认知不足。态度方面:70%认同安宁疗护价值,44%因生命末期关怀感压力。实践方面:疼痛管理(40.79%)、患者家属沟通(41.67%)、机构推荐(23.61%)、死亡教育(22.22%)均执行不足。

结论

内江试点区医护人员对安宁疗护概念认识尚不够清楚,执业能力不足,呈现“认知-实施-服务”三重缺陷,认知误区与专业技能缺将协同制约服务发展,需加强培训与模式优化。

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江莉,E-mail:
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张成洁(1987—),女,本科,主管护师,研究方向:临床护理

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A WHO guide on integrating palliative care and symptom relief into primary health care: key points and implications for China[J]. 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(In Chinese), articleTitle=A survey of medical staff's attitude towards palliative care and hospice care behavior, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057506076717667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036252716257404, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057506080911973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036252716257404, companyId=1241057506076717667, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057506089300582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036252716257404, companyId=1241057506076717667, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057509381829507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036252716257404, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Demographic data of the medical staff surveyed in the medical institutions of Neijiang Demonstration Zone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征人数构成比(%)
性别
1520.83
5779.17
婚姻状况
未婚2433.33
已婚4461.11
丧偶22.78
离异22.78
宗教信仰
佛教1825.00
基督教34.17
5170.83
工作岗位
行政管理68.33
医生1013.89
护士2636.11
医技及其他3041.67
学历
本科及以上2129.17
大专3954.17
中专及高中912.50
初中及以下34.17
职称
正高级11.39
副高级34.17
中级1520.83
初级3954.17
1419.44
合计72100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241057509507658642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036252716257404, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

内江示范区调查对象的基本社会人口学特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征人数构成比(%)
性别
1520.83
5779.17
婚姻状况
未婚2433.33
已婚4461.11
丧偶22.78
离异22.78
宗教信仰
佛教1825.00
基督教34.17
5170.83
工作岗位
行政管理68.33
医生1013.89
护士2636.11
医技及其他3041.67
学历
本科及以上2129.17
大专3954.17
中专及高中912.50
初中及以下34.17
职称
正高级11.39
副高级34.17
中级1520.83
初级3954.17
1419.44
合计72100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241057509620904859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036252716257404, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The cognition of palliative care among medical staff in primary medical institutions of Neijiang Demonstration Zone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
问题选择人数构成比
(%)
您知道安宁疗护概念是
临终关怀a5981.94
舒缓医疗a68.33
缓和医疗a68.33
安宁疗护最主要内容是
日常照料a1723.61
症状控制a34.17
舒适护理a1013.89
社会支持a34.17
精神心理支持a2230.56%
其他1723.61%
您认为安宁病房功能定位
急性症状处理病房a56.94
康复病房1115.28
护理病房a68.33
养护病房a4866.67
安宁疗护服务理念主要是
积极医治56.94
不惜一切代价抢救34.17
照料关怀为主a4461.11
提高生命质量a1926.39
提供安宁疗护服务需要情感上的超脱(分离)
3852.78
1216.67
不确定2027.78
安宁疗护团队最首要的任务是症状控制与舒适护理
6387.50
34.17
不确定56.94
安宁疗护团队最首要的任务是提供患者及家属精神心理和社会问题的管理
5576.39
34.17
不确定1318.06
世界卫生组织癌症疼痛按三级镇痛阶梯疗法的规范用药
4968.06
22.78
不确定2027.78
安宁疗护团队在患者死后为家属提供居丧护理
4663.89
56.94
不确定2027.78
居家安宁疗护符合我国的民俗习惯
3852.78
34.17
不确定3041.67
吗啡适合于治疗严重呼吸困难
1723.61
3143.06
不确定2230.56
疲劳或焦虑会降低疼痛阈值
2331.94
3143.06
不确定1723.61
规划纲要内容中有提出加强安宁疗护医疗机构建设
5880.56
11.39
不确定1216.67
最适合提供安宁疗护的是
由医、护、社工、治疗师等组成的多学科专业安宁疗护团队a6590.28
由医、护、社工组成的多学科专业安宁疗护团队45.56
由医生、护士组成的多学科专业安宁疗护团队11.39
全科医生22.78
), ArticleFig(id=1241057509763511208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036252716257404, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

内江示范区调查对象对安宁疗护的认知情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
问题选择人数构成比
(%)
您知道安宁疗护概念是
临终关怀a5981.94
舒缓医疗a68.33
缓和医疗a68.33
安宁疗护最主要内容是
日常照料a1723.61
症状控制a34.17
舒适护理a1013.89
社会支持a34.17
精神心理支持a2230.56%
其他1723.61%
您认为安宁病房功能定位
急性症状处理病房a56.94
康复病房1115.28
护理病房a68.33
养护病房a4866.67
安宁疗护服务理念主要是
积极医治56.94
不惜一切代价抢救34.17
照料关怀为主a4461.11
提高生命质量a1926.39
提供安宁疗护服务需要情感上的超脱(分离)
3852.78
1216.67
不确定2027.78
安宁疗护团队最首要的任务是症状控制与舒适护理
6387.50
34.17
不确定56.94
安宁疗护团队最首要的任务是提供患者及家属精神心理和社会问题的管理
5576.39
34.17
不确定1318.06
世界卫生组织癌症疼痛按三级镇痛阶梯疗法的规范用药
4968.06
22.78
不确定2027.78
安宁疗护团队在患者死后为家属提供居丧护理
4663.89
56.94
不确定2027.78
居家安宁疗护符合我国的民俗习惯
3852.78
34.17
不确定3041.67
吗啡适合于治疗严重呼吸困难
1723.61
3143.06
不确定2230.56
疲劳或焦虑会降低疼痛阈值
2331.94
3143.06
不确定1723.61
规划纲要内容中有提出加强安宁疗护医疗机构建设
5880.56
11.39
不确定1216.67
最适合提供安宁疗护的是
由医、护、社工、治疗师等组成的多学科专业安宁疗护团队a6590.28
由医、护、社工组成的多学科专业安宁疗护团队45.56
由医生、护士组成的多学科专业安宁疗护团队11.39
全科医生22.78
), ArticleFig(id=1241057509893534641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036252716257404, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The cognition of humanistic care in palliative care by medical staff in primary medical institutions of Neijiang Demonstration Zone [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查问题不同意不确定同意
1.面对疾病晚期情况不断恶化的病人,您认为:
(1)照顾晚期患者我会感到不舒服41(56.94)20(27.78)10(13.89)
(2)晚期患者没有治愈的希望29(40.28)21(29.17)22(30.56)
(3)我无法轻易面对临终过程和痛苦26(36.11)24(33.33)21(29.17)
(4)面对晚期患者我感到懦弱/无助31(43.06)15(20.83)26(36.11)
(5)当病人死亡时我感到愧疚/遗憾10(13.89)25(34.72)36(50.00)
2.对于安宁疗护提升患者生命质量的益处,您认为:
(1)能提高生命质量保持患者尊严12(16.67)4(5.56)55(76.39)
(2)能够使患者平静、安详地死去11(15.28)9(12.50)51(70.83)
(3)得到医护团队的照料与协助10(13.89)10(13.89)51(70.83)
(4)可提供情感支持11(15.28)7(9.72)53(73.61)
(5)能够得到患者家人的支持10(13.89)10(13.89)50(69.44)
3.帮助患者及家属做好死亡准备方面的益处,您认为:
(1)尊重患者的宗教信仰和埋葬仪式8(11.11)8(11.11)56(77.78)
(2)帮助患者在家里离世9(12.50)27(37.50)35(48.61)
(3)与晚期患者更好地沟通4(5.56)12(16.67)55(76.39)
(4)帮助医护人员更好照顾病人4(5.56)8(11.11)59(81.94)
(5)帮助患者及家属避免安乐死想法6(8.33)28(38.89)37(51.39)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057510036140985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036252716257404, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

内江示范区调查对象对安宁疗护人文关怀的态度[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查问题不同意不确定同意
1.面对疾病晚期情况不断恶化的病人,您认为:
(1)照顾晚期患者我会感到不舒服41(56.94)20(27.78)10(13.89)
(2)晚期患者没有治愈的希望29(40.28)21(29.17)22(30.56)
(3)我无法轻易面对临终过程和痛苦26(36.11)24(33.33)21(29.17)
(4)面对晚期患者我感到懦弱/无助31(43.06)15(20.83)26(36.11)
(5)当病人死亡时我感到愧疚/遗憾10(13.89)25(34.72)36(50.00)
2.对于安宁疗护提升患者生命质量的益处,您认为:
(1)能提高生命质量保持患者尊严12(16.67)4(5.56)55(76.39)
(2)能够使患者平静、安详地死去11(15.28)9(12.50)51(70.83)
(3)得到医护团队的照料与协助10(13.89)10(13.89)51(70.83)
(4)可提供情感支持11(15.28)7(9.72)53(73.61)
(5)能够得到患者家人的支持10(13.89)10(13.89)50(69.44)
3.帮助患者及家属做好死亡准备方面的益处,您认为:
(1)尊重患者的宗教信仰和埋葬仪式8(11.11)8(11.11)56(77.78)
(2)帮助患者在家里离世9(12.50)27(37.50)35(48.61)
(3)与晚期患者更好地沟通4(5.56)12(16.67)55(76.39)
(4)帮助医护人员更好照顾病人4(5.56)8(11.11)59(81.94)
(5)帮助患者及家属避免安乐死想法6(8.33)28(38.89)37(51.39)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057510178747334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036252716257404, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The cognition of death education in palliative care by medical staff in primary medical institutions of Neijiang Demonstration Zone [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查问题不做偶尔做常做
对病情危重无法逆转的患者,您会主动和患者及家属谈及与死亡相关的话题22(30.56)28(38.89)22(30.56)
主动对末期患者及家属推荐临终照护的医疗机构24(33.33)29(40.28)19(26.39)
跟患者家属主动谈及“要尊重患者本人的意愿”12(16.67)18(25.00)42(56.94)
减轻临终患者的疼痛和不适(疼痛管理)12(17.11)15(21.05)41(56.58)
对患者进行疼痛评估6(7.89)15(21.05)47(65.79)
降低不必要的治疗费用4(5.26)19(26.32)43(60.53)
满足临终患者的身心需求4(5.26)17(23.68)47(65.79)
向患者及家属解释预期的死亡过程4(5.26)19(26.32)45(61.84)
告诉家属可以做的具体事情来为患者提供有意义的服务3(3.95)13(18.42)52(72.37)
了解家属的意愿、痛苦,以给予帮助6(8.33)12(16.67)54(75.00)
在医务人员和家庭成员之间建立良好的关系6(7.89)11(15.79)51(71.05)
协调医疗、社会、心理、灵性照护的媒介资源5(6.58)15(21.05)47(65.79)
帮助高危哀伤的家属更好地度过哀伤历程5(6.58)17(23.68)46(64.47)
指导家属遗体料理及居丧准备5(6.58)20(27.63)43(60.53)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057510342325198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036252716257404, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

内江示范区调查对象对安宁疗护的死亡教育实践 [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查问题不做偶尔做常做
对病情危重无法逆转的患者,您会主动和患者及家属谈及与死亡相关的话题22(30.56)28(38.89)22(30.56)
主动对末期患者及家属推荐临终照护的医疗机构24(33.33)29(40.28)19(26.39)
跟患者家属主动谈及“要尊重患者本人的意愿”12(16.67)18(25.00)42(56.94)
减轻临终患者的疼痛和不适(疼痛管理)12(17.11)15(21.05)41(56.58)
对患者进行疼痛评估6(7.89)15(21.05)47(65.79)
降低不必要的治疗费用4(5.26)19(26.32)43(60.53)
满足临终患者的身心需求4(5.26)17(23.68)47(65.79)
向患者及家属解释预期的死亡过程4(5.26)19(26.32)45(61.84)
告诉家属可以做的具体事情来为患者提供有意义的服务3(3.95)13(18.42)52(72.37)
了解家属的意愿、痛苦,以给予帮助6(8.33)12(16.67)54(75.00)
在医务人员和家庭成员之间建立良好的关系6(7.89)11(15.79)51(71.05)
协调医疗、社会、心理、灵性照护的媒介资源5(6.58)15(21.05)47(65.79)
帮助高危哀伤的家属更好地度过哀伤历程5(6.58)17(23.68)46(64.47)
指导家属遗体料理及居丧准备5(6.58)20(27.63)43(60.53)
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内江安宁疗护示范区医护人员安宁疗护模式的认知现状调查
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张成洁 , 张川 , 王晶 , 江莉
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025,52(16): 3061-3066
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现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025, 52(16): 3061-3066
内江安宁疗护示范区医护人员安宁疗护模式的认知现状调查
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张成洁, 张川, 王晶, 江莉
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 张成洁(1987—),女,本科,主管护师,研究方向:临床护理

通讯作者:

江莉,E-mail:
The current cognitive status of hospice care models for medical staff from the perspective of modern preventive medicine: A study based on Neijiang palliative care demonstration zone
Cheng-jie ZHANG, Chuan ZHANG, Jing WANG, Li JIANG
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506097
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目的

内江市成为第二批省级安宁疗护试点城市之一,了解内江市医护人员对安宁疗护概念、职能及目标的认知与临床实践现状,为基层安宁疗护服务模式的完善与推广提供依据。

方法

采取整群随机抽样方法,选取内江安宁疗护示范区6家医疗机构72名从事安宁疗护的医护人员,采用专家论证的自编问卷开展自填式问卷调查。

结果

调查对象以女性(79.17%)、已婚(61.11%)、无宗教信仰(70.83%)、护士岗位(36.11%)、大专学历(54.17%)、初级职称(54.17%)为主。认知方面:81.94%混淆安宁疗护与姑息医学,仅4.17%认识到以症状控制和社会关怀为核心;超60%误解服务职能,对吗啡应用(23.61%)和疼痛评估(31.94%)的正确认知不足。态度方面:70%认同安宁疗护价值,44%因生命末期关怀感压力。实践方面:疼痛管理(40.79%)、患者家属沟通(41.67%)、机构推荐(23.61%)、死亡教育(22.22%)均执行不足。

结论

内江试点区医护人员对安宁疗护概念认识尚不够清楚,执业能力不足,呈现“认知-实施-服务”三重缺陷,认知误区与专业技能缺将协同制约服务发展,需加强培训与模式优化。

安宁疗护  /  认知  /  态度  /  社会关怀  /  服务模式
Objective

To investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices of healthcare workers in the palliative care pilot area of Neijiang, Sichuan, regarding the concepts, functions, and goals of palliative care, and to provide evidence for developing a primary palliative care service model.

Methods

Seventy-two healthcare workers from six medical institutions in Neijiang’s pilot area were surveyed using a self-designed questionnaire validated by experts. The survey covered demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 with descriptive statistics.

Results

Participants were predominantly female (79.17%), with college degrees (54.17%) and junior titles (54.17%). Knowledge: 81.94% confused palliative care with hospice care, and only 4.17% recognized its focus on symptom control and social care; over 60% misunderstood service functions, with low awareness of morphine use (23.61% correct) and pain assessment (31.94% correct). Attitudes: 70% acknowledged the value of palliative care, with 44% citing stress from end-of-life care. Practices: Pain management (40.79%), patient/family communication (41.67%), institutional referrals (40.28% occasional), and death education (38.89% occasional) were inadequately performed.

Conclusion

Healthcare workers in Neijiang’s pilot area lack clear understanding and professional skills in palliative care, showing deficiencies in knowledge, implementation, and service delivery. Misconceptions and skill gaps hinder service development, necessitating enhanced training and model optimization.

Hospice/Palliative care  /  Cognitive impairment  /  Social care  /  Service model
张成洁, 张川, 王晶, 江莉. 内江安宁疗护示范区医护人员安宁疗护模式的认知现状调查. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (16) : 3061 -3066 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506097
Cheng-jie ZHANG, Chuan ZHANG, Jing WANG, Li JIANG. The current cognitive status of hospice care models for medical staff from the perspective of modern preventive medicine: A study based on Neijiang palliative care demonstration zone[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (16) : 3061 -3066 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506097
人口老龄化是重大慢性疾病发生率上升的关键因素,其特征为不可逆、不可治愈且患者带病存活时间长[1]。现有医疗技术虽延长了老年人生存时间,但代价高昂[2]。有效的解决办法是构建现代预防医学下的安宁疗护模式[3]。《国家卫生健康委员会安宁疗护实践指南(试行)》[4]中明确提出的加强安宁疗护模式建设的相关内容,该模式包含三级预防属性,其核心价值体现在疾病终末期症状控制、病程早期健康促进和中晚期功能维持,即以全生命周期健康管理为核心,整合多学科协作和系统性分级健康管理服务,覆盖疾病预防、治疗到临终关怀,应对深度老龄化社会的重大慢病预防管理问题。该模式在认知层面,强调“全生命周期预防”理念,关注患者身体、心理、社会和精神需求。在实施层面,多层级、多学科、多团队协作是关键,包括医生、护士、社会工作者、心理咨询师等,共同为患者提供全面照护[5-6]。在服务层面,强调“综合预防—安宁疗护”模式,预防可避免痛苦,提高死亡质量[7]
内江市于2023年12月被认定为四川省第二批省级安宁疗护试点城市,借助中西医结合特色服务和《四川省安宁疗护服务规范(征求意见稿)》,建立了“认知—实施—提供服务”多层级协作框架,并于2024年初全面启动试点工作。截至2024年底,全市各县(市、区)共10家医疗机构注册临终关怀科。内江市卫生健康委员会成立工作专班和专家组,通过制定方案、基线调查、增设病区床位等措施推动安宁疗护服务体系建设。本文研究采用现场调研方法,了解内江安宁疗护试点医院所形成的示范区中基层医护人员对安宁疗护知识、态度和死亡教育实践的认知情况以及示范区“认知—实施—提供服务”多层级协作嵌入安宁疗护框架的实施情况。旨在为完善安宁疗护服务规范和推广安宁疗护模式提供科学依据。
本研究采取整群随机抽样方法,抽取内江市椑木镇椑南卫生院、东兴区社区卫生服务中心、高桥镇卫生院、内江市第六人民医院、经开区交通镇卫生院、市中区城南社区卫生服务中心等示范区6家医疗机构的医生、护士、医技人员及管理人员为调查对象。 纳入标准:① 知情同意并自愿参与;② 能准确理解问卷内容;③ 具有1年及以上医疗工作经验;排除标准:① 实习或进修人员;② 中途无法完成调查者。
参考世界卫生组织(WHO)《将安宁疗护和症状缓解纳入初级卫生保健指南》[8]及相关文献[9-10],结合基层安宁疗护服务特点自行编制。问卷分为三部分,共36个条目:(1)医护人员基本情况(8条),包括性别、年龄、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、岗位、学历、职称及工作年限,采用单选题形式;(2)安宁疗护知识认知(12条),评估对安宁疗护概念、职能范围、目标任务(如症状控制、吗啡使用、疼痛评估)的理解,采用单选和多选题;(3)安宁疗护态度与实践(16条),调查价值认同、从业意愿、临终关怀压力及疼痛管理、患者家属沟通、机构推荐、死亡教育等实践行为。态度部分问题分为“不同意/不确定/同意”三类,实践部分分为“不做/偶尔做/常做”三类。
由四川大学华西第四医院姑息医学科/安宁疗护中心培训基地主持调查。调查采用问卷星平台,研究者与内江市示范区社区卫生协会沟通,说明研究目的和填写方法,征得同意后通过微信将问卷二维码发放至安宁疗护培训群。共发放80份问卷,回收有效问卷72份,有效回收率90%,问卷整体Cronbach α=0.82,态度部分0.80,实践部分0.84。
使用Microsoft Office Excel 2007进行构成比的计算。
共调查内江示范区6家医疗机构72名基层医护人员。总体以女性(79.17%)、已婚(61.11%)、无宗教信仰(70.83%)、护士岗位(36.11%)、大专学历(54.17%)、初级职称(54.17%)的构成比为主,调查的基层医护人员平均年龄33岁(±5.2岁)。
81.94%的调查对象把“安宁疗护”等同于“临终关怀”; 30.56%的对象认为安宁疗护最主要内容是“精神心理支持”,仅4.17%认为是症状控制;66.67%的调查对象将安宁疗护病房定位为养护病房;61.11%认为安宁疗护服务理念主要是照料关怀,仅26.39%认为是提高生命质量;52.78%认为提供安宁疗护服务需要情感上的超脱(分离);87.50%认为安宁疗护团队最首要的任务是症状控制与舒适护理,76.39%认为是提供患者及家属精神心理和社会问题的管理;68.06%知晓世界卫生组织癌症疼痛按三级镇痛阶梯疗法的规范用药;63.89%知晓安宁疗护团队在患者死后为家属提供居丧护理;52.78%认为居家安宁疗护符合我国的民俗习惯;23.61%知晓“吗啡治疗严重呼吸困难”;31.94%知晓“疲劳或焦虑会降低疼痛阈值”;80.56%知晓《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》中提出的加强安宁疗护医疗机构建设相关内容;90.28%认为最适合提供安宁疗护服务的应该是一个包括医生、护士、社工、治疗师等的多学科专业团队。见表2
调查显示,基层医护人员对安宁疗护人文关怀的态度存在分化。面对晚期患者,56.94%表示不同意“照顾晚期患者感到不舒服”,50.00%同意“病人死亡时感到愧疚/遗憾”,反映情感压力。关于安宁疗护的益处,76.39%同意能提高患者生命质量和尊严,81.94%同意有助于更好照顾病人,显示较高价值认同。但仅48.61%同意“帮助患者在家里离世”,反映文化或实践障碍。整体上,医护人员对安宁疗护的积极态度占主导,但情感压力影响从业意愿。见表3
基层医护人员在死亡教育实践方面表现不足,仅30.56%常与患者及家属讨论死亡相关话题,26.39%常推荐临终照护机构。其他实践如疼痛评估(65.79%)、满足身心需求(65.79%)、了解家属意愿(75.00%)等常做比例较高,但整体执行水平仍需提升,反映培训和文化观念的制约。见表4
基层医护人员对安宁疗护的认知存在明显错位,81.94%将安宁疗护等同于“临终关怀”,忽视其在疾病疼痛预防、心理疏导等全生命周期健康管理中的预防性作用,仅4.17%能准确识别“症状控制”为核心目标。对安宁病房功能、吗啡使用及安全镇痛等核心知识的掌握不足,与黄钰清等研究结果一致[7],显示基层医护人员在安宁疗护知识上普遍薄弱。世界卫生组织(WHO)强调,安宁疗护应作为公共卫生策略,嵌入初级卫生保健体系,提升终末期患者照护的可及性与质量,并要求基层医护人员具备相关知识与能力[8]。本研究表明基层医护人员在核心理念与知识上存在认知缺失与概念混淆,难以支撑有效实践。
研究显示,76.39%~81.94%的医护人员认可安宁疗护在提升生命质量、患者尊严及死亡准备方面的价值,与孙丽欣研究一致[9],反映国家宣传和试点培训的积极影响。然而,在访谈过程中,仅50%表达从业意愿,44%因生命末期关怀压力而不愿从事,较陈林研究更显著[10]。访谈中发现情感压力是主要制约因素。建议通过心理韧性训练、情境模拟及情绪支持机制,促进态度向意愿转化。
基层医护人员在安宁疗护实践中的“常做”选项的比例为50%~75%,但死亡相关沟通(30.56%)和临终机构推荐(26.39%)明显不足,与任英研究较为一致[11]。原因包括缺乏系统培训及“重生讳死”文化影响,导致医护人员回避死亡话题。建议构建标准化转介流程,纳入死亡沟通培训,并融合预防医学理念,将安宁疗护嵌入慢性病管理,提升实践能力[10]
基层医护人员在安宁疗护中存在认知薄弱、意愿不足、实践受限的结构性问题。认知与能力脱节源于医学教育体系忽视终末期症状管理的预防价值,且基层能力评价未将症状控制等技能纳入考核,导致实践呈“被动反应式”特征。为应对这一困境,建议构建“认知-技能-评价”三位一体能力提升路径,其一,强化认知教育,在医学院校及继续教育中融入安宁疗护理念与知识,将症状控制、心理支持、人文关怀纳入必修模块[8]。其二,提升核心技能,聚焦疼痛评估、呼吸困难处理等技能培训,建立能力认证制度并纳入职称考核,规范临床应用[10]。其三,完善评价体系,在基层医疗机构设立安宁疗护绩效指标,如预立医疗讨论率、症状预警响应时效,推动理念落地与服务转化,可有效提升基层安宁疗护服务的认知基础、实践能力与服务质量[11]
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2025年第52卷第16期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202506097
  • 接收时间:2025-06-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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    四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
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Number of
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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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