Article(id=1241036249742495810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504531, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745856000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815699277, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815699277, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815699277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815699277, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036242561855785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='16', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3072', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815697565, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840190562, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138973712634304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138973712634305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2958, endPage=2963, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036250044485702, articleId=1241036249742495810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Trends and predictive analysis of schizophrenia burden among adolescents aged 10-24 years, China, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the trends in the disease burden of schizophrenia among Chinese adolescents aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2021, reveal age, period, and cohort effects, and predict the disease burden trend from 2022 to 2030, providing a basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Based on data from the Global Burden of Disease study, Joinpoint regression was used to analyze trends in age-standardized rates, an age-period-cohort model was applied to interpret age, period, and cohort effects on incidence and prevalence.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the incidence rate, prevalence rate, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate of schizophrenia among Chinese adolescents showed a downward trend, decreasing from 33.64/100 000, 145.77/100 000, and 98.69/100 000 to 31.51/100 000, 133.55/100 000, and 90.80/100 000, with decline rates of 6.33%, 8.38%, and 8.00%, respectively. In contrast, the age-standardized incidence rate, prevalence rate, and DALY rate increased slowly at average annual growth rates of 0.05%, 0.13%, and 0.14%, respectively. The trend of age-standardized incidence rate could be divided into three periods: 1990-2008 (APC=-0.02%), 2005-2016 (APC=-0.28%), and 2016-2021 (APC=0.77%). The trend of age-standardized prevalence rate was divided into four periods: 1990-2004 (APC=-0.01%), 2004-2010 (APC=0.13%), 2010-2016 (APC=-0.14%), and 2016-2021 (APC=0.84%). The trend of age-standardized DALY rate was divided into four periods: 1990-2005 (APC=0.02%), 2005-2010 (APC=0.20%), 2010-2016 (APC=-0.16%), and 2016-2021 (APC=0.81%). The age-period-cohort model revealed that the risks of incidence and prevalence increased significantly with age (RR values for the 20-24-year-old group were 2.37 and 4.41, respectively, significantly higher than 0.30 and 0.17 in the 10-14-year-old group), showed a mild upward trend over time (RR values increased from 0.94 and 0.91 in 1990-1994 to 1.08 and 1.11 in 2020—2021), and decreased with later birth cohorts (RR values for the 1970-1974 birth cohort were 1.07 and 1.11, dropping to 0.96 and 0.92 in the 2010-2014 cohort).

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2021, the incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates of schizophrenia among Chinese adolescents showed a downward trend, while the standardized rates exhibited a slow upward trend. Age growth and temporal trends were key factors in risk elevation, while younger birth cohorts exhibited lower risks. Dynamic intervention strategies targeting adolescents are needed in the future, with particular attention to the rising age-standardized burden.

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目的

分析1990—2021年中国10~24岁青少年精神分裂症疾病负担的变化趋势,揭示年龄、时期、队列效应,并预测2022—2030年疾病负担态势,为制定针对性防控策略提供依据。

方法

基于全球疾病负担研究数据,采用Joinpoint回归分析标化率变化趋势,利用年龄-时期-队列模型解析发病率与患病率的年龄、时期、队列效应。

结果

1990—2021年中国青少年精神分裂症发病率、患病率、DALY率呈下降趋势,分别从33.64/10万、145.77/10万和98.69/10万降至31.51/10万、133.55/10万和90.80/10万,降幅分别为6.33%、8.38%和8.00%。标化发病率、标化患病率、标化DALY率以0.05%、0.13%、0.14%的年均增速缓慢上升,标化发病率趋势可分为3个时期,分别为1990—2008年(APC=-0.02%)、2005—2016年(APC=-0.28%)和2016—2021年(APC=0.77%);标化患病率趋势可分为4个时期,分别为1990—2004年(APC=-0.01%)、2004—2010年(APC=0.13%)、2010—2016年(APC=-0.14%)和2016—2021年(APC=0.84%);标化DALY率趋势可分为4个时期,分别为1990—2005年(APC=0.02%)、2005—2010年(APC=0.20%)、2010—2016年(APC=-0.16%)和2016—2021年(APC=0.81%)。年龄-时期-队列分析显示,发病与患病风险随年龄增长显著升高(20~24岁组RR值分别为2.37和4.41,显著高于10~14岁组的0.30和0.17);随时间推移呈温和上升趋势(RR值从1990—1994年的0.94、0.91增至2020—2021年的1.08、1.11);随出生队列后移呈下降趋势(1970—1974年队列RR值为1.07、1.11,2010—2014年队列降至0.96、0.92)。

结论

1990—2021年中国青少年精神分裂症发病率、患病率和DALY率呈下降趋势,但标化率呈缓慢上升态势,年龄增长和时间推移是风险升高的关键因素,而年轻出生队列风险相对较低。未来需针对青少年群体制定动态干预策略,重点关注标化负担上升问题。

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黄晓玉,E-mail:
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方诗涵(1994—),女,硕士在读,护师,研究方向:慢病研究

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方诗涵(1994—),女,硕士在读,护师,研究方向:慢病研究

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Chinese Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 2013(12): 758-763.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Urbanization environment and the risk of schizophrenia, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241057505791497092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036249742495810, awardId=2025KY152, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省医药卫生科技计划项目(2025KY152), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057502167618147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036249742495810, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057502176006756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036249742495810, companyId=1241057502167618147, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Psychosomatic IV, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057502184395366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036249742495810, companyId=1241057502167618147, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.心身四科,浙江大学医学院附属精神卫生中心/杭州市第七人民医院,浙江 杭州 310013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057502335390318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036249742495810, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057502343778927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036249742495810, companyId=1241057502335390318, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.护理部,浙江大学医学院附属精神卫生中心/杭州市第七人民医院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057504977802045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036249742495810, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Age-period-cohort analysis of schizophrenia incidence and prevalence rates among Chinese adolescents, 1990—2021, figureFileSmall=zUV42vko1W5Uknc4xmvKUA==, figureFileBig=AsmYgupjBaM7jkZYaVmopw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057505082659657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036249742495810, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1990—2021年中国青少年精神分裂症发病率和患病率年龄-时期-队列模型, figureFileSmall=zUV42vko1W5Uknc4xmvKUA==, figureFileBig=AsmYgupjBaM7jkZYaVmopw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057505204294486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036249742495810, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Schizophrenia-related disease burden among Chinese adolescents in 1990 and 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量1900
总体
发病
发病率(/10万,95%CI33.64(25.11~43.57)33.40(24.75~43.23)33.90(25.41~43.63)
标化发病率(/10万,95%CI18.19(15.71~20.97)18.96(16.40~21.83)17.35(14.97~20.06)
患病
患病率(/10万,95%CI145.77(106.12~190.04)145.23(106.07~190.60)146.34(105.78~190.66)
标化患病率(/10万,95%CI300.81(260.98~343.19)307.40(266.42~350.98)293.58(255.07~334.57)
DALY
DALY率(/10万人年,95%CI98.69(64.82~139.60)99.05(65.44~142.31)98.30(64.38~137.92)
标化DALY率(/10万人年,95%CI195.67(147.78~244.07)201.93(152.37~251.91)188.85(141.81~234.60)
变量2021EAPC
(%)
总体
发病
发病率(/10万,95%CI31.51(23.85~40.66)31.30(23.63~40.30)31.75(23.81~40.92)-0.23a
标化发病率(/10万,95%CI18.36(15.86~21.18)19.00(160.33~22.01)17.70(15.29~20.45)0.04a
患病
患病率(/10万,95%CI133.55(96.51~174.54)133.07(96.96~174.43)134.10(96.81~175.38)-0.30a
标化患病率(/10万,95%CI312.36(271.69~356.39)318.60(277.41~363.28)305.91(264.87~349.20)0.13a
DALY
DALY率(/10万人年,95%CI90.80(59.70~129.77)90.86(59.67~128.93)90.74(60.41~129.62)-0.29a
标化DALY率(/10万人年,95%CI203.88(152.53~255.67)209.37(156.62~262.33)198.19(148.01~249.21)0.14a
), ArticleFig(id=1241057505313346400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036249742495810, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990年和2021年中国青少年精神分裂症疾病负担

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量1900
总体
发病
发病率(/10万,95%CI33.64(25.11~43.57)33.40(24.75~43.23)33.90(25.41~43.63)
标化发病率(/10万,95%CI18.19(15.71~20.97)18.96(16.40~21.83)17.35(14.97~20.06)
患病
患病率(/10万,95%CI145.77(106.12~190.04)145.23(106.07~190.60)146.34(105.78~190.66)
标化患病率(/10万,95%CI300.81(260.98~343.19)307.40(266.42~350.98)293.58(255.07~334.57)
DALY
DALY率(/10万人年,95%CI98.69(64.82~139.60)99.05(65.44~142.31)98.30(64.38~137.92)
标化DALY率(/10万人年,95%CI195.67(147.78~244.07)201.93(152.37~251.91)188.85(141.81~234.60)
变量2021EAPC
(%)
总体
发病
发病率(/10万,95%CI31.51(23.85~40.66)31.30(23.63~40.30)31.75(23.81~40.92)-0.23a
标化发病率(/10万,95%CI18.36(15.86~21.18)19.00(160.33~22.01)17.70(15.29~20.45)0.04a
患病
患病率(/10万,95%CI133.55(96.51~174.54)133.07(96.96~174.43)134.10(96.81~175.38)-0.30a
标化患病率(/10万,95%CI312.36(271.69~356.39)318.60(277.41~363.28)305.91(264.87~349.20)0.13a
DALY
DALY率(/10万人年,95%CI90.80(59.70~129.77)90.86(59.67~128.93)90.74(60.41~129.62)-0.29a
标化DALY率(/10万人年,95%CI203.88(152.53~255.67)209.37(156.62~262.33)198.19(148.01~249.21)0.14a
), ArticleFig(id=1241057505430786924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036249742495810, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Joinpoint analysis of age-standardized schizophrenia rates among Chinese adolescents, 1990—2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
趋势分段全人群
时期(年)APC(%)时期(年)APC(%)时期(年)APC(%)
标化发病率
11990—2008-0.02a1990—2010-0.06a1990—20040.04a
22008—2016-0.28a2010—2015-0.41a2004—2010-0.08a
32016—20210.77a2015—20210.61a2010—2015-0.39a
42015—20180.50a
52018—20210.88a
标化患病率
11990—2004-0.011990—2005-0.011990—20040.01
22004—20100.13a2005—20100.18a2004—20100.11a
32010—2016-0.14a2010—2016-0.13a2010—2016-0.14a
42016—20210.84a2016—20210.81a2016—20210.88a
标化DALY率
11990—20050.02a1990—20050.011990—20040.04a
22005—20100.20a2005—20100.21a2004—20100.17a
32010—2016-0.16a2010—2016-0.16a2010—2016-0.15a
42016—20210.81a2016—20210.77a2016—20210.84a
), ArticleFig(id=1241057505544033139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036249742495810, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1990—2021年中国青少年精神分裂症标化率的Joinpoint分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
趋势分段全人群
时期(年)APC(%)时期(年)APC(%)时期(年)APC(%)
标化发病率
11990—2008-0.02a1990—2010-0.06a1990—20040.04a
22008—2016-0.28a2010—2015-0.41a2004—2010-0.08a
32016—20210.77a2015—20210.61a2010—2015-0.39a
42015—20180.50a
52018—20210.88a
标化患病率
11990—2004-0.011990—2005-0.011990—20040.01
22004—20100.13a2005—20100.18a2004—20100.11a
32010—2016-0.14a2010—2016-0.13a2010—2016-0.14a
42016—20210.84a2016—20210.81a2016—20210.88a
标化DALY率
11990—20050.02a1990—20050.011990—20040.04a
22005—20100.20a2005—20100.21a2004—20100.17a
32010—2016-0.16a2010—2016-0.16a2010—2016-0.15a
42016—20210.81a2016—20210.77a2016—20210.84a
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中国10~24岁青少年精神分裂症疾病负担变化趋势分析
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方诗涵 1 , 黄晓玉 2 , 齐若兵 1 , 朱小英 2 , 王林利 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025,52(16): 2958-2963
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025, 52(16): 2958-2963
中国10~24岁青少年精神分裂症疾病负担变化趋势分析
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方诗涵1, 黄晓玉2 , 齐若兵1, 朱小英2, 王林利1
作者信息
  • 1.心身四科,浙江大学医学院附属精神卫生中心/杭州市第七人民医院,浙江 杭州 310013
  • 2.护理部,浙江大学医学院附属精神卫生中心/杭州市第七人民医院
  • 方诗涵(1994—),女,硕士在读,护师,研究方向:慢病研究

通讯作者:

黄晓玉,E-mail:
Trends and predictive analysis of schizophrenia burden among adolescents aged 10-24 years, China
Shi-han FANG1, Xiao-yu HUANG2 , ruo-bing QI1, Xiao-ying ZHU2, Lin-li WANG1
Affiliations
  • Department of Psychosomatic IV, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504531
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目的

分析1990—2021年中国10~24岁青少年精神分裂症疾病负担的变化趋势,揭示年龄、时期、队列效应,并预测2022—2030年疾病负担态势,为制定针对性防控策略提供依据。

方法

基于全球疾病负担研究数据,采用Joinpoint回归分析标化率变化趋势,利用年龄-时期-队列模型解析发病率与患病率的年龄、时期、队列效应。

结果

1990—2021年中国青少年精神分裂症发病率、患病率、DALY率呈下降趋势,分别从33.64/10万、145.77/10万和98.69/10万降至31.51/10万、133.55/10万和90.80/10万,降幅分别为6.33%、8.38%和8.00%。标化发病率、标化患病率、标化DALY率以0.05%、0.13%、0.14%的年均增速缓慢上升,标化发病率趋势可分为3个时期,分别为1990—2008年(APC=-0.02%)、2005—2016年(APC=-0.28%)和2016—2021年(APC=0.77%);标化患病率趋势可分为4个时期,分别为1990—2004年(APC=-0.01%)、2004—2010年(APC=0.13%)、2010—2016年(APC=-0.14%)和2016—2021年(APC=0.84%);标化DALY率趋势可分为4个时期,分别为1990—2005年(APC=0.02%)、2005—2010年(APC=0.20%)、2010—2016年(APC=-0.16%)和2016—2021年(APC=0.81%)。年龄-时期-队列分析显示,发病与患病风险随年龄增长显著升高(20~24岁组RR值分别为2.37和4.41,显著高于10~14岁组的0.30和0.17);随时间推移呈温和上升趋势(RR值从1990—1994年的0.94、0.91增至2020—2021年的1.08、1.11);随出生队列后移呈下降趋势(1970—1974年队列RR值为1.07、1.11,2010—2014年队列降至0.96、0.92)。

结论

1990—2021年中国青少年精神分裂症发病率、患病率和DALY率呈下降趋势,但标化率呈缓慢上升态势,年龄增长和时间推移是风险升高的关键因素,而年轻出生队列风险相对较低。未来需针对青少年群体制定动态干预策略,重点关注标化负担上升问题。

青少年  /  精神分裂症  /  低体力活动  /  全球疾病负担
Objective

To analyze the trends in the disease burden of schizophrenia among Chinese adolescents aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2021, reveal age, period, and cohort effects, and predict the disease burden trend from 2022 to 2030, providing a basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies.

Methods

Based on data from the Global Burden of Disease study, Joinpoint regression was used to analyze trends in age-standardized rates, an age-period-cohort model was applied to interpret age, period, and cohort effects on incidence and prevalence.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the incidence rate, prevalence rate, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate of schizophrenia among Chinese adolescents showed a downward trend, decreasing from 33.64/100 000, 145.77/100 000, and 98.69/100 000 to 31.51/100 000, 133.55/100 000, and 90.80/100 000, with decline rates of 6.33%, 8.38%, and 8.00%, respectively. In contrast, the age-standardized incidence rate, prevalence rate, and DALY rate increased slowly at average annual growth rates of 0.05%, 0.13%, and 0.14%, respectively. The trend of age-standardized incidence rate could be divided into three periods: 1990-2008 (APC=-0.02%), 2005-2016 (APC=-0.28%), and 2016-2021 (APC=0.77%). The trend of age-standardized prevalence rate was divided into four periods: 1990-2004 (APC=-0.01%), 2004-2010 (APC=0.13%), 2010-2016 (APC=-0.14%), and 2016-2021 (APC=0.84%). The trend of age-standardized DALY rate was divided into four periods: 1990-2005 (APC=0.02%), 2005-2010 (APC=0.20%), 2010-2016 (APC=-0.16%), and 2016-2021 (APC=0.81%). The age-period-cohort model revealed that the risks of incidence and prevalence increased significantly with age (RR values for the 20-24-year-old group were 2.37 and 4.41, respectively, significantly higher than 0.30 and 0.17 in the 10-14-year-old group), showed a mild upward trend over time (RR values increased from 0.94 and 0.91 in 1990-1994 to 1.08 and 1.11 in 2020—2021), and decreased with later birth cohorts (RR values for the 1970-1974 birth cohort were 1.07 and 1.11, dropping to 0.96 and 0.92 in the 2010-2014 cohort).

Conclusion

From 1990 to 2021, the incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates of schizophrenia among Chinese adolescents showed a downward trend, while the standardized rates exhibited a slow upward trend. Age growth and temporal trends were key factors in risk elevation, while younger birth cohorts exhibited lower risks. Dynamic intervention strategies targeting adolescents are needed in the future, with particular attention to the rising age-standardized burden.

Adolescents  /  Schizophrenia  /  Low physical activity  /  Global burden of disease study
方诗涵, 黄晓玉, 齐若兵, 朱小英, 王林利. 中国10~24岁青少年精神分裂症疾病负担变化趋势分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (16) : 2958 -2963 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504531
Shi-han FANG, Xiao-yu HUANG, ruo-bing QI, Xiao-ying ZHU, Lin-li WANG. Trends and predictive analysis of schizophrenia burden among adolescents aged 10-24 years, China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (16) : 2958 -2963 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504531
精神分裂症是青少年群体中致残性极高的重型精神障碍之一,具有高致残率、高复发率的特征,严重威胁我国青少年精神健康,其造成的多维度健康损害已成为重大公共卫生挑战[1]。该疾病对青少年危害极大,患者认知功能受损,思维混乱、注意力与记忆力下降,学习能力显著减退[2]。此外,受幻觉、妄想影响,社交沟通困难,易被同龄人孤立,常导致学业中断,阻碍了未来发展[3-4]。同时,患者生活自理能力缺失,需长期照料,病情严重时还面临自残、自杀风险,据调查终生自杀意念的患病率为19.22%,给家庭带来沉重伤痛[5]。流行病学数据显示,13~17岁青少年精神分裂症总体发病率高于13/10万[6]。一项覆盖603 348名出生至22岁人群的全国性追踪研究表明,在儿童及青少年期曾诊断为精神疾病的群体中,1 232例(0.2%)后续确诊为精神分裂症,其首次精神疾病诊断后8年内的累积发病风险达1.68%[7]。近年来,精神分裂症发病率呈现年轻化趋势,且疾病负担存在显著空间异质性,亟需系统性研究其时空演变规律。
现有研究多集中于青少年精神分裂症临床干预策略的短期疗效评估或基于横断面数据的流行病学特征描述,而对其疾病负担的年龄-时期-队列效应交互机制及长期演变轨迹的系统解析仍显不足,尤其缺乏结合神经发育敏感期特征与社会环境变迁的纵向追踪研究。因此,本研究依托全球疾病负担研究(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD)2021数据库,综合运用Joinpoint回归、年龄-时期-队列模型和ARIMA预测模型三重分析方法,对10~24岁人群的精神分裂症疾病负担的长期变化趋势进行纵向分析,为中国青少年精神分裂症的防治提供参考。
本研究资料来源于《全球疾病负担研究(GBD 2021)》数据库[8]。该数据库基于标准化疾病负担评估体系,整合全球204个国家/地区的389种疾病和伤害类型流行病学数据,并量化87种风险因素的归因负担,其多维度指标架构为公共卫生政策制定提供核心循证支持。本研究提取中国大陆地区人群的精神分裂症疾病负担数据进行分析。提取1990—2021年期间中国精神分裂症发病率、患病率、伤残调整寿命年(Disability-Adjusted Life Years, DALY)率及年龄标准化率等相关数据,并按年龄、性别进行分层分析。检索信息如下:损伤名称为Schizophrenia,度量标准为 Number和 Rate,测量标准为DALYs(Disability - Adjusted Life Years,DALY)、Prevalence和Incidence,地理位置为 China,年份为1990—2021,年龄为10~24岁,性别为Both、Male和Female。
本研究选取1990—2021年中国10~24岁人群精神分裂症疾病数据,以发病率、患病率、DALY率及年龄标准化率,量化我国10~24岁人群的精神分裂症疾病负担。发病率精确衡量人群年度发病风险,患病率表征疾病群体流行强度,DALY率消除人口基数干扰,实现跨时期负担强度客观评价。采用2000年中国标准人口估算标化率,标化率校正人口年龄结构偏倚,确保历史数据纵向可比性。本研究将10~24岁人群按5岁分组,划分为3个年龄组(10~14岁、15~19岁、20~24岁)。结合时间点值分析法构建出生队列模型(队列=观测年份-年龄中位数),消除纵向数据中队列效应的时间重叠偏倚。
本研究通过Excel 2021完成数据预处理,构建多维指标架构(发病率、患病率、DALY率及标化率),系统描述1990—2021年中国10~24岁人群精神分裂症疾病负担的时空异质性。采用Joinpoint回归模型(Joinpoint Regression Program 4.9.1.0软件)识别疾病负担趋势的转折点,通过分段对数线性回归计算年度变化百分比(Annual Percent Change,APC)、年度百分比变化估计值(Estimated annual Percent Change,EAPC)及平均年度百分比变化(Average annual Percent Change,AAPC),解析多维指标的动态演进规律。
采用内生因子约束法构建年龄-时期-队列模型,通过施加年龄、时期及出生队列效应系数之和为零的约束条件,有效消除三因素间的线性共变性。模型通过解构3大效应解析精神分裂症发病/患病率的时序变异规律,核心参数为年龄别、时期别及队列别的相对危险度(Relative Risk,RR):以各维度均值为参照基线,RR>1提示风险升高,RR<1则表征风险降低。年龄-时期-队列模型建模通过Stata 14.0软件实现。时间序列预测采用ARIMA模型架构,基于R 4.4.1 软件调用forecast包的auto.arima函数自动识别最优参数组合(p,d,q),预测2022—2030年中国10~24岁人群精神分裂症疾病负担的动态演进。检验水准设定为α=0.05。
1990年至2021年,中国青少年精神分裂症疾病发病率、患病率、DALY率呈下降趋势,但标化发病率、标化患病率、标化DALY率却有上升。发病率从33.64/10万降至31.51/10万(EAPC=-0.23%),标化发病率微增至18.36/10万(EAPC=0.04%);患病率从145.77/10万降至133.55/10万(EAPC=-0.30%),标化患病率升至312.36/10万(EAPC=0.13%);DALY率从98.69/10万降至90.8/10万人年(EAPC=-0.29%),标化DALY率升至203.88/10万人年(EAPC=0.14%)。详见表1
本研究运用Joinpoint回归分析1990—2021年中国青少年精神分裂症标化率的变化趋势,结果显示,标化发病率方面,全人群AAPC为0.05%,其中女性为0.07%、男性为0.01%;该指标在1990—2016年总体下降(APC=-0.02%/-0.28%),2016年后明显上升(APC=0.77%)。标化患病率方面,全人群AAPC为0.13%,女性和男性分别为0.14%与0.13%;其变化趋势表现为1990—2016年呈波动状态(APC=-0.01%/0.13%/-0.14%),2016—2021年则快速上升(APC=0.84%)。标化DALY率方面,全人群AAPC为0.14%,女性和男性分别为0.16%和0.13%;该指标在1990—2010年上升(APC=0.02%/0.20%),2010—2016年下降(APC=-0.16%),2016—2021年明显上升(APC=0.81%)。整体而言,各标化指标自2016年后均出现显著增长,且女性部分指标的上升幅度略高于男性。见表2
1990—2021年中国青少年精神分裂症发病与患病风险的年龄效应显示,10~14岁组发病率和患病率RR值分别为0.30和0.17,随年龄增长呈指数级攀升,至20~24岁组分别激增至2.37和4.41,凸显了年龄增长对发病与患病风险影响显著。时期效应中,发病率和患病率的RR值呈现缓慢上行态势,分别从1990—1994年的0.94、0.91缓慢上升至2020—2021年的1.08、1.11,表明随着时间推移,发病与患病风险有温和增长趋势。队列效应呈现代际递减趋势,1970—1974年出生队列的RR值(发病率1.07/患病率1.11)逐步下降至2010—2014年出生队列的0.96和0.92,提示出生越晚,发病和患病风险越低。见图1
青少年时期处于精神疾病高发的关键发展阶段,其精神健康状况直接影响个体成长、社会适应及长期生活质量,对早期干预、降低疾病负担及维护社会整体健康至关重要。本研究基于GBD 2021数据,系统分析了1990—2021年中国10~24岁青少年精神分裂症疾病负担的长期变化趋势。
结果显示,1990—2021年中国青少年精神分裂症发病率、患病率和DALY率分别以0.23%、0.30%和0.29%的年均降幅下降,标化发病率、标化患病率、标化DALY率分别以0.05%、0.13%和0.14%的年均增长速率缓慢增长,且女性增速快于男性。年龄-时期-队列分析显示,发病与患病风险随年龄增长显著升高,随时期推移缓慢上升,随出生队列发展缓慢下降。
中国青少年精神分裂症疾病负担的时空演变特征揭示了复杂的社会生物学交互机制。本研究运用多维指标系统进行综合评估,结果显示,1990—2021年期间,中国青少年精神分裂症的绝对负担呈现出显著的下降趋势,然而,经过人口结构校正后的标化率却逆势攀升,其年平均变化百分比在0.05%~0.14%之间。这一看似矛盾的现象,实则是由多重因素相互作用、彼此博弈所致。其一,自计划生育政策实施以来,10~24岁这一青少年群体的人口基数逐渐减少,直接导致精神分裂症的绝对病例数有所下降[9]。其二,在城市化进程不断推进的背景下,诸多环境压力源也随之增加,例如学业竞争的强度日益提升,学生们面临着更为激烈的竞争环境,心理压力倍增[10];同时,青少年的屏幕时间也大幅延长,长时间接触电子屏幕可能对大脑发育和心理状态产生潜在的负面影响[11]。此外,致病因子还可能通过表观遗传机制不断累积,这些因素共同作用,推高了标化发病风险[12]。其三,近年来我国心理健康服务的覆盖率得到了显著提升[13],这使得原本未被发现或未被确诊的精神分裂症病例得以识别和诊断,从而在一定程度上导致了标化率的上升。总体而言,在过去30余年间,中国青少年精神分裂症疾病负担呈现出绝对负担下降与标化率攀升的复杂态势。
年龄-时期-队列模型解构出中国青少年精神分裂症风险演变多维风险特征。年龄效应显示,中国青少年精神分裂症发病和患病风险随年龄增长而升高。不同年龄段发病和患病风险差异较大,如20~24岁发病和患病风险是10~14岁的7.9倍和25.94倍,凸显青春期后期作为高风险窗口期的关键作用。青春期后期(14~17岁)精神疾病患者的精神分裂症累积发病率是儿童期(0~13岁)的5倍以上,凸显青春期作为高风险窗口的重要性[7]。风险剧增源于遗传因素累积效应和认知心理压力增加的双重机制。携带易感基因的青少年,随年龄增长,遗传因素与其他环境因素的交互作用逐渐累积,导致发病风险升高[14]。青少年学习压力不断增大,长期高压力状态可能影响大脑的神经内分泌调节,增加发病风险[15]。同时,心理负担加重,如对自我认同的困惑、对未来的焦虑等,也可能成为发病的诱因。年龄效应提示,需重视对青少年精神分裂症发病风险的早期监测与干预,建议将精神健康筛查纳入常规体检,以便及时发现潜在病例并提供治疗,更好地应对这一挑战。
时期效应表明,青少年精神分裂症发病与患病风险随时间呈温和上升趋势,RR值从1990—1994年的0.94和0.91增至2020—2021年的1.08和1.11。这一变化反映了社会环境变迁对疾病风险的累积性影响。研究显示,即使青少年在精神分裂症诊断5年后,风险仍为普通人群的近5倍,凸显了风险的时期积聚效应[7]。随着时代的不断发展,青少年面临的压力源不断增加,如学业竞争的加剧、电子设备使用时间的延长、家庭环境压力等,这些因素可能通过表观遗传机制和神经内分泌调节紊乱,逐渐增加青少年精神分裂症的发病风险。值得注意的是,随着DSM-5诊断标准更新、脑影像学技术发展及心理健康筛查体系完善,临床识别敏感性提升,也使更多的潜在病例得以被识别和诊断,这在一定程度上解释了统计数据的上升趋势[16]。时期效应结果印证了标化率的增长,提示需从社会环境与医疗诊断多维度着手,提升青少年心理健康水平。
队列效应显示,青少年精神分裂症发病与患病风险呈现微弱代际差异,风险随出生队列发展逐渐降低。如与1970—1974年队列相比,2010—2014年队列发病和患病风险分别降低了10.28%和17.11%。风险降低可能与以下因素有关:遗传因素方面,随着婚育健康知识的普及,父母双方携带精神分裂症相关基因的比例有所下降,从根源上减少了遗传给下一代的风险[17]。环境因素方面,社会环境的逐步改善,如医疗保健水平提升、心理健康教育普及、家庭养育方式优化等,有助于减少精神分裂症相关环境因素的负面影响[18-19]。此外,现代诊断技术和更新的疾病判断标准,让医生能更早发现潜在问题,许多青少年在出现明显症状前就能获得心理疏导或药物干预,有效阻止病情恶化。这种风险的代际下降,反映了社会整体在遗传预防、环境支持和医疗水平上的持续进步。
本研究存在一定局限性:(1)GBD2021数据库的疾病负担参数基于统计建模推算,与实际流行病学特征存在潜在效度偏差;(2)本研究仅于国家层面剖析疾病负担现状与趋势,未能揭示省级/区域级风险异质性;(3)年龄-时期-队列模型在生态学研究设计中可能产生群体-个体层面的推断偏倚。
综上,本研究显示1990—2021年中国青少年精神分裂症疾病负担呈“绝对指标下降、标化指标上升”特征。发病数、患病数及DALY数显著下降,标化发病率、患病率、DALY率缓慢上升。其发病和患病风险存在明显的年龄、时期、队列效应。本研究为青少年精神心理健康政策制定提供了关键依据,助力优化防控策略、合理配置医疗资源,对实现《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》中青少年心理健康目标具有重要意义。
  • 浙江省医药卫生科技计划项目(2025KY152)
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2025年第52卷第16期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202504531
  • 接收时间:2025-04-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-29
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浙江省医药卫生科技计划项目(2025KY152)
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    1.心身四科,浙江大学医学院附属精神卫生中心/杭州市第七人民医院,浙江 杭州 310013
    2.护理部,浙江大学医学院附属精神卫生中心/杭州市第七人民医院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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