Article(id=1241036245468508462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501306, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737043200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815698257, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815698257, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815698257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815698257, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036242561855785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='16', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3072', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815697565, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840190562, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138973712634304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138973712634305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2925, endPage=2931, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036245942464816, articleId=1241036245468508462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of the influencing factors of occupational stress of frontline workers in the secondary industry based on bayesian network model, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the influencing factors of occupational stress and their interrelationships among frontline workers in the secondary industry, so as to provide a reference basis for targeted intervention of occupational stress.

Methods

1 227 frontline workers in the secondary industry of Nanchong City were selected as study subjects by stratified random sampling. The Core Occupational stress and the Occupational Health Literacy Questionnaire of National Key Population were used to investigate occupational stress and occupational health literacy. SPSS 27.0 and R 4.1.2 were used to screen the influencing factors, Netica 7.01 constructed a Bayesian network model with inference and sensitivity analyses, and the area under the curve (AUC) assessed the model fit.

Results

370(30.2%) were found to have occupational stress among frontline workers in the secondary industry in Nanchong City. LASSO regression analysis screened out 12 influencing factors, which were gender, marital status, health status, age, education, monthly income, exercise, occupational health literacy, enterprise size, nature of the enterprise, weekly working hours, and night shifts. The occupational stress Bayesian network model fit well (AUC=0.865), and backward inference yielded six key influences, ranked by sensitivity analysis: monthly income (57.9%), weekly working hours (55.4%), health status (52.6%), occupational health literacy (33.4%), enterprise size (20.4%), and exercise (15.5%).

Conclusion

The Bayesian network model constructed in this study has good prediction performance for occupational stress of frontline workers in secondary industry. It should focus on helping small and micro-enterprises, pay attention to low-income and poor health workers, and suggest rationalizing working hours, improving occupational health literacy, and strengthening physical exercise to prevent and control the occurrence of occupational stress.

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目的

探讨第二产业一线工人职业紧张影响因素及其相互关系,为针对性干预职业紧张提供参考依据。

方法

采用分层随机抽样的方法抽取南充市第二产业1 227名一线工人作为研究对象;采用《职业紧张核心量表》和《全国重点人群职业健康素养监测个人问卷》对职业紧张、职业健康素养进行调查。使用SPSS 27.0和R 4.1.2进行影响因素筛选,Netica 7.01构建贝叶斯网络模型,并进行推理和敏感性分析,曲线下面积(AUC)评估模型拟合度。

结果

南充市第二产业一线工人职业紧张检出人数370人(30.2%)。LASSO回归分析筛选出12个影响因素,分别是性别、婚姻状况、健康状况、年龄、文化程度、月收入、锻炼、职业健康素养、企业规模、企业性质、周工作时长和夜班。职业紧张贝叶斯网络模型拟合良好(AUC=0.865),逆向推理得出6个关键影响因素,按敏感性分析排序:月收入(57.9%)、周工作时长(55.4%)、健康状况(52.6%)、职业健康素养(33.4%)、企业规模(20.4%)、锻炼(15.5%)。

结论

本研究构建的贝叶斯网络模型对第二产业一线工人职业紧张具有良好的预测性能。应重点帮扶小微型企业,关注低收入、健康状况较差的工人,建议合理安排工作时间,提升职业健康素养,加强体育锻炼,预防和控制职业紧张的发生。

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邱静,E-mail:
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邱静(1982—),女,硕士,副主任医师,研究方向:环境与职业卫生

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022, 19(2): 983., articleTitle=Relationships between Occupational Stress, Change in Work Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Non-Healthcare Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241057508274533167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, awardId=SWFZ23-Z-09, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省基层卫生事业发展研究中心重点项目(SWFZ23-Z-09), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057504331887071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057504336081376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, companyId=1241057504331887071, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Nanchong Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057504344469986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, companyId=1241057504331887071, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南充市疾病预防控制中心,四川 南充 637000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057506911384244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Cross-validation of the LASSO regression model of occupational stress for frontline workers in secondary industries, figureFileSmall=O71607hYIg74V/Lslq4KtA==, figureFileBig=TY3vC6oeugvsosAR+0PYvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057507049796289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, language=CN, label=图1, caption=第二产业一线工人职业紧张LASSO回归模型交叉验证, figureFileSmall=O71607hYIg74V/Lslq4KtA==, figureFileBig=TY3vC6oeugvsosAR+0PYvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057507217568463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Bayesian network model of influencing factors of occupational stress among frontline workers in the secondary industry, figureFileSmall=hjSlCoPL6j8YWNAUgomADw==, figureFileBig=Mq27geHi7sCluDLX4jvxHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057507339203287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, language=CN, label=图2, caption=第二产业一线工人职业紧张影响因素的贝叶斯网络模型, figureFileSmall=hjSlCoPL6j8YWNAUgomADw==, figureFileBig=Mq27geHi7sCluDLX4jvxHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057507477615332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection of occupational stress among first-line workers in the secondary industry with different characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总例数
(构成比%)
职业紧张检出人数
(检出率%)
χ2P
性别16.679<0.001
855(69.7)288(33.7)
372(30.3)82(22.0)
婚姻状况9.9080.002
未婚200(16.3)79(39.5)
已婚1 027(83.7)291(28.3)
年龄(岁)8.4910.037
<30176(14.3)58(33.0)
30~<40318(25.9)112(35.2)
40~<50470(38.3)122(26.0)
≥50263(21.5)78(29.7)
文化程度18.2840.001
小学及以下74(6.0)29(39.2)
初中366(29.8)134(36.6)
高中/职高/中专361(29.4)90(24.9)
大专325(26.5)95(29.2)
本科及以上101(8.2)22(21.8)
健康状况10.1080.006
77(6.3)22(28.6)
一般808(65.9)222(27.5)
342(27.9)126(36.8)
月收入(元)17.131<0.001
<3 000195(15.9)81(41.5)
3 000~<5 000618(50.4)171(27.7)
5000~<7 000302(24.6)93(30.8)
≥7 000112(9.1)25(22.3)
锻炼5.5290.019
666(54.3)182(27.3)
561(45.7)188(33.5)
企业性质11.805<0.001
国有491(40.0)121(24.6)
私营736(60.0)249(33.8)
企业规模20.260<0.001
517(42.1)140(27.1)
215(17.5)47(21.9)
495(40.4)183(37.0)
周工作时长(h)20.522<0.001
≤40372(30.3)116(31.2)
41~48467(38.1)116(24.8)
49~54134(10.9)35(26.1)
≥55254(20.7)103(40.6)
夜班6.9090.009
785(64.0)257(32.7)
442(36.0)113(25.6)
职业健康素养25.947<0.001
具备643(52.4)153(23.8)
不具备584(47.6)217(37.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057507607638769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征第二产业一线工人职业紧张检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总例数
(构成比%)
职业紧张检出人数
(检出率%)
χ2P
性别16.679<0.001
855(69.7)288(33.7)
372(30.3)82(22.0)
婚姻状况9.9080.002
未婚200(16.3)79(39.5)
已婚1 027(83.7)291(28.3)
年龄(岁)8.4910.037
<30176(14.3)58(33.0)
30~<40318(25.9)112(35.2)
40~<50470(38.3)122(26.0)
≥50263(21.5)78(29.7)
文化程度18.2840.001
小学及以下74(6.0)29(39.2)
初中366(29.8)134(36.6)
高中/职高/中专361(29.4)90(24.9)
大专325(26.5)95(29.2)
本科及以上101(8.2)22(21.8)
健康状况10.1080.006
77(6.3)22(28.6)
一般808(65.9)222(27.5)
342(27.9)126(36.8)
月收入(元)17.131<0.001
<3 000195(15.9)81(41.5)
3 000~<5 000618(50.4)171(27.7)
5000~<7 000302(24.6)93(30.8)
≥7 000112(9.1)25(22.3)
锻炼5.5290.019
666(54.3)182(27.3)
561(45.7)188(33.5)
企业性质11.805<0.001
国有491(40.0)121(24.6)
私营736(60.0)249(33.8)
企业规模20.260<0.001
517(42.1)140(27.1)
215(17.5)47(21.9)
495(40.4)183(37.0)
周工作时长(h)20.522<0.001
≤40372(30.3)116(31.2)
41~48467(38.1)116(24.8)
49~54134(10.9)35(26.1)
≥55254(20.7)103(40.6)
夜班6.9090.009
785(64.0)257(32.7)
442(36.0)113(25.6)
职业健康素养25.947<0.001
具备643(52.4)153(23.8)
不具备584(47.6)217(37.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057507737662202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

LASSO regression analysis of factors affecting occupational stress of frontline workers in secondary industry

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序号变量系数估计值
1性别2-0.12
2婚姻状况2-0.09
3健康状况30.10
4年龄20.09
5年龄40.02
6文化程度3-0.07
7文化程度4-0.03
8文化程度5-0.07
9月收入2-0.15
10月收入3-0.15
11月收入4-0.21
12锻炼1-0.03
13职业健康素养1-0.14
14企业规模2-0.04
15企业规模30.09
16企业性质20.06
17周工作时长2-0.04
18周工作时长30.02
19周工作时长40.05
20夜班10.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241057507871879942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

第二产业一线工人职业紧张影响因素的LASSO回归分析

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序号变量系数估计值
1性别2-0.12
2婚姻状况2-0.09
3健康状况30.10
4年龄20.09
5年龄40.02
6文化程度3-0.07
7文化程度4-0.03
8文化程度5-0.07
9月收入2-0.15
10月收入3-0.15
11月收入4-0.21
12锻炼1-0.03
13职业健康素养1-0.14
14企业规模2-0.04
15企业规模30.09
16企业性质20.06
17周工作时长2-0.04
18周工作时长30.02
19周工作时长40.05
20夜班10.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241057507980931859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Reasoning analysis of key influences on occupational stress among frontline workers in secondary industry

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变量先验概率
(%)
逆向推理
(%)
敏感性分析
(%)
月收入(元) 57.9
<3 00016.123.0
3 000~<5 00049.7-12.7
5 000~<7 00024.62.8
≥7 0009.5418.4
周工作时长(h)55.4
≤4030.3-2.0
41~4837.9-10.0
49~5411.16.3
≥5520.717.4
健康状况52.6
6.916.4
一般65.0-7.4
28.113.2
职业健康素养33.4
具备52.5-7.8
不具备47.58.6
企业规模20.4
42.1-6.9
17.60.0
40.37.2
锻炼15.5
54.2-5.0
45.85.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241057508089983770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245468508462, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

第二产业一线工人职业紧张关键影响因素推理分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量先验概率
(%)
逆向推理
(%)
敏感性分析
(%)
月收入(元) 57.9
<3 00016.123.0
3 000~<5 00049.7-12.7
5 000~<7 00024.62.8
≥7 0009.5418.4
周工作时长(h)55.4
≤4030.3-2.0
41~4837.9-10.0
49~5411.16.3
≥5520.717.4
健康状况52.6
6.916.4
一般65.0-7.4
28.113.2
职业健康素养33.4
具备52.5-7.8
不具备47.58.6
企业规模20.4
42.1-6.9
17.60.0
40.37.2
锻炼15.5
54.2-5.0
45.85.9
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基于贝叶斯网络模型的第二产业一线工人职业紧张影响因素分析
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邱静 , 罗靖 , 李均 , 王海荣
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025,52(16): 2925-2931
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025, 52(16): 2925-2931
基于贝叶斯网络模型的第二产业一线工人职业紧张影响因素分析
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邱静 , 罗靖, 李均, 王海荣
作者信息
  • 南充市疾病预防控制中心,四川 南充 637000
  • 邱静(1982—),女,硕士,副主任医师,研究方向:环境与职业卫生

通讯作者:

邱静,E-mail:
Analysis of the influencing factors of occupational stress of frontline workers in the secondary industry based on bayesian network model
Jing QIU , Jing LUO, Jun LI, Hai-rong WANG
Affiliations
  • Nanchong Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501306
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目的

探讨第二产业一线工人职业紧张影响因素及其相互关系,为针对性干预职业紧张提供参考依据。

方法

采用分层随机抽样的方法抽取南充市第二产业1 227名一线工人作为研究对象;采用《职业紧张核心量表》和《全国重点人群职业健康素养监测个人问卷》对职业紧张、职业健康素养进行调查。使用SPSS 27.0和R 4.1.2进行影响因素筛选,Netica 7.01构建贝叶斯网络模型,并进行推理和敏感性分析,曲线下面积(AUC)评估模型拟合度。

结果

南充市第二产业一线工人职业紧张检出人数370人(30.2%)。LASSO回归分析筛选出12个影响因素,分别是性别、婚姻状况、健康状况、年龄、文化程度、月收入、锻炼、职业健康素养、企业规模、企业性质、周工作时长和夜班。职业紧张贝叶斯网络模型拟合良好(AUC=0.865),逆向推理得出6个关键影响因素,按敏感性分析排序:月收入(57.9%)、周工作时长(55.4%)、健康状况(52.6%)、职业健康素养(33.4%)、企业规模(20.4%)、锻炼(15.5%)。

结论

本研究构建的贝叶斯网络模型对第二产业一线工人职业紧张具有良好的预测性能。应重点帮扶小微型企业,关注低收入、健康状况较差的工人,建议合理安排工作时间,提升职业健康素养,加强体育锻炼,预防和控制职业紧张的发生。

第二产业  /  一线工人  /  职业紧张  /  贝叶斯网络模型
Objective

To explore the influencing factors of occupational stress and their interrelationships among frontline workers in the secondary industry, so as to provide a reference basis for targeted intervention of occupational stress.

Methods

1 227 frontline workers in the secondary industry of Nanchong City were selected as study subjects by stratified random sampling. The Core Occupational stress and the Occupational Health Literacy Questionnaire of National Key Population were used to investigate occupational stress and occupational health literacy. SPSS 27.0 and R 4.1.2 were used to screen the influencing factors, Netica 7.01 constructed a Bayesian network model with inference and sensitivity analyses, and the area under the curve (AUC) assessed the model fit.

Results

370(30.2%) were found to have occupational stress among frontline workers in the secondary industry in Nanchong City. LASSO regression analysis screened out 12 influencing factors, which were gender, marital status, health status, age, education, monthly income, exercise, occupational health literacy, enterprise size, nature of the enterprise, weekly working hours, and night shifts. The occupational stress Bayesian network model fit well (AUC=0.865), and backward inference yielded six key influences, ranked by sensitivity analysis: monthly income (57.9%), weekly working hours (55.4%), health status (52.6%), occupational health literacy (33.4%), enterprise size (20.4%), and exercise (15.5%).

Conclusion

The Bayesian network model constructed in this study has good prediction performance for occupational stress of frontline workers in secondary industry. It should focus on helping small and micro-enterprises, pay attention to low-income and poor health workers, and suggest rationalizing working hours, improving occupational health literacy, and strengthening physical exercise to prevent and control the occurrence of occupational stress.

Secondary industry  /  Frontline workers  /  Occupational stress  /  Bayesian network modeling
邱静, 罗靖, 李均, 王海荣. 基于贝叶斯网络模型的第二产业一线工人职业紧张影响因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (16) : 2925 -2931 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501306
Jing QIU, Jing LUO, Jun LI, Hai-rong WANG. Analysis of the influencing factors of occupational stress of frontline workers in the secondary industry based on bayesian network model[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (16) : 2925 -2931 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501306
职业紧张被认为是一种世界范围内的流行病[1]。近年来,由于工业结构的快速变化,加之新型冠状病毒疫情的影响,职业紧张导致的劳动力损失不断上升,成为现代健康和安全面临的重大挑战[1-2]。适度的紧张有益于激发工作潜能,而当超过某个阈值时,可能导致焦虑、抑郁、慢性代谢性疾病等心理和生理疾病,严重影响工作效率和生活质量[3]。职业紧张的成因较复杂,可能由个体因素、职业因素和缓解因素三个方面相互作用形成[4]。贝叶斯网络被广泛地应用于疾病预测及影响因素分析,可以直观、有效地分析各变量之间依赖关系,识别关键影响因素,同时为针对性干预提供方向[5]。目前,国内外对职业紧张影响因素的研究以教师、医务人员等第三产业一线劳动者为主要研究对象,对第二产业一线工人的研究较少,而第二产业作为国民经济的支柱产业之一,其一线工人的身心健康事关社会稳定和经济发展。本研究通过构建贝叶斯网络模型,探讨第二产业一线工人职业紧张的影响因素及其相互关系,为预测与干预职业紧张提供帮助。
采用分层随机抽样方法,根据2023年南充市第二产业大、中、小型企业分层,每层按照20%的比例随机抽取企业,以被抽中企业的全部一线工人作为研究对象。纳入标准:(1)年龄16~59岁;(2)工龄半年以上;(3)无精神障碍家族史且未服用精神障碍药物;(4)自愿参与并知情同意。排除标准:(1)行政管理人员;(2)问卷不合格者。研究设计由南充市疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会伦理审查通过(批准号:NCJK伦理项目审[2023]001号)。
包括性别(男=1,女=2)、年龄(1=30岁以下,2=30~<40岁;3=40~<50岁;4=50岁及以上)、文化程度(1=小学及以下,2=初中,3=高中/职高/中专,4=大专,5=本科及以上)、月收入(1=3 000元以下,2=3 000~<5 000元,3=5 000~<7 000元,4=7 000元及以上)、婚姻状况(1=未婚,2=已婚)等个体因素;企业性质(1=国有,2=私营)、企业规模(以从业总人数定义,1=大型:1 000人以上,2=中型:300~1 000人,3=小微型:300人以下)、夜班(1=是,0=否)、周工作时长(1=40 h及以下,2=41~48 h,3=49~54 h,4=55 h及以上)等职业因素;锻炼指过去7天内规律性进行体育活动,每次30分钟中等强度及以上(1=是,0=否)、健康状况(1=好,2=一般,3=差)等缓解因素。
采用《职业紧张核心量表(Core Occupational Stress,COSS)》评估,包括社会支持、组织与回报、要求与付出、自主性共4个维度17个条目,每个条目按照“1~5分”计分,除社会支持和自主性维度题目反向计分,各维度得分相加计算COSS总分,COSS总分≥50分判定为职业紧张[6]。该量表在本研究中Cronbach α系数为0.89。
采用中国疾病预防控制中心编制的《全国重点人群职业健康素养监测个人问卷》评估职业健康素养(Occupational Health Literacy,OHL),包括职业健康法律知识、职业健康保护基本知识、职业健康保护基本技能、健康工作方式和行为共4个维度,回答正确率≥80%定义为具备职业健康素养[7]。该量表在本研究中Cronbach α系数为0.84。
在企业管理人员的协助下,现场集中发放问卷星二维码。调查前由调查员对符合纳入标准的工人进行指导和说明。问卷回收时以及调查工作结束后,由专人对回收问卷进行核查和校验,剔除有逻辑错误与异常值超过问卷变量5%的无效问卷。 本次共发放问卷1 366份,实际回收1 227份,有效回收率为89.8%。
采用SPSS 27.0软件进行卡方检验(检验水准 α=0.05),R 4.1.2软件进行最小绝对收缩和选择算子(least absoulute shrinkage and selection operator,LASSO)回归分析筛选变量。使用Netica 7.01构建贝叶斯网络模型,并进行风险推理和敏感性分析。使用受试者特征曲线下面积(are under curve,AUC)取值对模型性能进行评价,AUC>0.7表示模型拟合良好;并采用逆向推理法,即假设职业紧张检出率为100%,计算各节点变化率,将变化率>5%的节点定义为关键影响因素[5]
本研究共调查一线工人1 227人,男性855名(69.7%),女性372名(30.3%)。调查对象平均年龄(41.3±9.3)岁,其中40~50岁年龄段占比最大(n=470,38.3%);文化程度初中及以下占35.9%;月收入集中在3 000~<5 000元/月(n=618,50.4%);私营企业工人占60.0%;大型企业工人占42.1%。见表1
本研究中一线工人职业紧张检出人数370人(检出率30.2%)。单因素分析结果显示,不同性别、婚姻状况、年龄、文化程度、健康状况、月收入、企业性质、企业规模、周工作时长、夜班、锻炼、职业健康素养具备情况的工人职业紧张检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1
以是否检出职业紧张(是=1,否=0)为因变量,以表1中单因素分析存在统计学差异的因素为自变量,进行LASSO回归分析,各变量均以赋值最小的作为参照。结果显示,当变量数为20时,LASSO模型拟合度最高,均方误差(Mean-squared error)稳定在0.194。见图1。基于LASSO回归分析结果,筛选出12个变量与职业紧张显著相关:性别、婚姻状况、健康状况、年龄、文化程度、月收入、锻炼、职业健康素养、企业规模、企业性质、周工作时长、夜班。从变量系数估计值大小可知,月收入是影响职业紧张的最关键因素。见表2
基于LASSO回归筛选的自变量构建13个节点、22条有向边的第二产业一线工人职业紧张影响因素的贝叶斯网络模型,进行参数学习得到先验概率。其中,月收入、职业健康素养、夜班、周工作时长、企业规模、健康状况、锻炼与职业紧张直接联系,性别、年龄、婚姻状况、企业性质、文化程度与职业紧张间接联系,见图2。模型分类准确率为81.34%,AUC值为0.865>0.7,说明模型预测性能良好。
将职业紧张检出率设为100%,计算各节点变化率,得到逆向推理结果。其中有6个节点的变化率>5%,分别是月收入、周工作时长、健康状况、职业健康素养、企业规模、锻炼。进一步敏感性分析得知,月收入(57.9%)>周工作时长(55.4%)>健康状况(52.6%)>职业健康素养(33.4%)>企业规模(20.4%)>锻炼(15.5%)。见表3
本次调查结果显示,南充市第二产业一线工人职业紧张检出率为30.2%,高于贵州省重点职业人群(22.6%)和苏州市第二产业劳动者(21.58%)[8-9],提示南充市第二产业工人职业紧张问题突出。单因素分析结果显示,职业紧张与性别、文化程度、月收入、企业性质、企业规模、职业健康素养、周工作时长、夜班、锻炼等因素显著相关。其中,男性、文化程度较低、年龄(30~40岁)、收入水平较低、健康状况差、私营企业、小微型企业、不具备职业健康素养、周工作时间(≥55 h)、夜班、不锻炼的工人更有可能检出职业紧张。
贝叶斯网络模型结果显示,职业紧张的关键影响因素排序为:月收入>周工作时长>健康状况>职业健康素养>企业规模>锻炼。月收入是影响职业紧张的最关键因素,说明职业紧张与经济社会地位显著相关,低收入工人是职业紧张的重点关注对象,可能与社会保障体系不完善、工作强度与收入不成正比、经常面临失业和降薪压力、职业认同感和自我价值感较低有关,与既往研究结果一致[810]。当周工作时长≥49 h时,职业紧张风险明显增高,而周工作时间在41~48 h职业紧张风险反而降低。可能是本研究对象大多来自于私营、小微型企业,工资大多按件或按日发放,工作时间越长,工作量越大,工资收入水平越高,且在生理心理可接受范围内,反而不发生职业紧张,但工作时间过长超过生理心理负荷,则引起职业紧张的发生[11-13]。健康状况对职业紧张的影响程度较大,相对于健康状况差的工人,健康状况越好的工人有更多的时间与精力处理工作,身体的调节与恢复能力较好,职业紧张风险越低,与王丹等研究结果一致[14]。有研究表明,提高健康素养水平有助于改善职业紧张,而职业健康素养又与文化程度紧密相关[1015-17]。较高的职业健康素养者文化程度较高,学习能力强,具备较好的职业技能,健康保护意识强,较易获取更多的社会和医疗资源来应对风险,以更好地适应工作,调节工作压力;而较低职业健康素养者文化程度较低,学习能力较差,技能单一,自我健康保护意识不强,获取资源能力有限,应对风险能力较弱,岗位技能匹配不足。锻炼是缓解职业紧张的重要因素,适当的锻炼可以释放压力,有效调节负面情绪,从而更好地应对工作中的挑战[18]。此外,小微型企业的职业紧张的检出率高于大型企业,与徐艳研究结果一致[10]。分析可能与以下原因有关:一是小微型企业多属于私营企业,生产经营压力大,资源匮乏,工资福利待遇不高;二是人才引进困难,以低文化程度、低职业健康素养的民工为主,自我防护意识薄弱;三是职业卫生管理水平低下,管理制度不完善,工作氛围较差,工人职业晋升与发展空间有限;四是现场发现生产环境较差,职业病防护措施不足,职业病危害因素超标问题突出,粉尘、噪声等职业病危害因素对生理、心理造成的直接和间接伤害成为职业紧张的来源。所以,预防和控制职业紧张,应以小微型企业为重点帮扶对象,帮助其完善职业健康管理制度,开展职业健康知识促进活动,全面落实职业健康主体责任,以保障广大一线工人身心健康。
本研究存在以下局限性:一是数据来自工人的自我报告,存在一定的信息偏倚;二是职业紧张的影响因素较为复杂,还可能与沟通问题、人际关系、工作与生活平衡的障碍、社会支持、应对方式等有关,有待进一步研究[19-20];三是本研究仅用数据建模,通过AUC评价模型拟合效果,而没有采用验证集进行验证,在一定程度上可能高估模型性能。未来将开展持续性监测,纳入更多的影响因素,采用其他机器学习法进行模型拟合,以验证本研究相关结论,为进一步采取针对性干预措施提供科学依据。
综上所述,贝叶斯网络模型对第二产业一线工人职业紧张具有良好的预测性能,月收入、周工作时长、健康状况、职业健康素养、企业规模和锻炼是第二产业一线工人职业紧张的关键影响因素。应重点加强对小微型企业的帮扶,关注低收入、健康状况较差的工人,建议合理安排工作时间,提升职业健康素养,加强体育锻炼,有效预防职业紧张的发生。
  • 四川省基层卫生事业发展研究中心重点项目(SWFZ23-Z-09)
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2025年第52卷第16期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501306
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-17
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四川省基层卫生事业发展研究中心重点项目(SWFZ23-Z-09)
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    南充市疾病预防控制中心,四川 南充 637000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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