Article(id=1241036245082632491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502197, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815698166, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815698166, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815698166, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815698166, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241036242561855785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='16', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3072', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815697565, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840190562, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241138973712634304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241138973712634305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241036242561855785, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3000, endPage=3005, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241036246278009141, articleId=1241036245082632491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of tobacco use prevalence and awareness among residents aged 15 and above in Nanshan District, Shenzhen City, 2023, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the tobacco epidemic status among residents in Nanshan District, Shenzhen, evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco control, and propose improvement strategies.

Methods

A multistage sampling method was used to select 1 969 households across the district for home visits and surveys. Weighted data analysis was performed using R 4.3.3 software.

Results

The current smoking rate among residents in Nanshan District, Shenzhen, was 13.56% (95%CI: 10.01%-17.72%), which was lower than the level of Shenzhen City in 2022 (19.07%), with males having a higher rate than females (, P<0.01). The current use rate of e-cigarettes was 1.98%, with the age range concentrated between 25 and 44 years old, and the rate in males was higher than that in females (, P<0.05). The smoking cessation rate was 19.52% (95%CI: 11.69%-29.37%). The smoking cessation attempt rate was 55.01% (95%CI: 41.57%-67.98%). The main quitting method was dry quitting, 22.09% (95%CI: 14.66%-30.96%). The exposure rate to second-hand smoke was 57.17% (95%CI: 49.89%-64.25%). Among places with second-hand smoke exposure, the exposure rate in restaurants was the highest (33.23%) (95%CI: 28.46%-38.25%). In terms of awareness of the harms of smoking, 32.73% knew that smoking can cause impotence, and only 28.38% were aware of all four diseases (stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and impotence) caused by smoking. The awareness rate of all three diseases (adult heart disease, children’s lung diseases, and adult lung cancer) caused by second-hand smoke exposure was 43.62%.

Conclusion

The smoking rate among residents in Nanshan District, Shenzhen City has been effectively controlled, but challenges persist, including youth-oriented e-cigarette use, severe second-hand smoke exposure, and insufficient awareness of tobacco-related harms. Strengthening enforcement of smoking bans in public spaces, improving smoking cessation services, and enhancing targeted health education are urgently needed.

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目的

了解深圳市南山区居民烟草流行现状,评估控烟工作成效并提出改进策略。

方法

采用多阶段抽样法在全区抽取1 969个家庭开展入户调查。使用R 4.3.3软件进行加权数据分析。

结果

深圳市南山区居民现在吸烟率为13.56%(95%CI:10.01%~17.72%),低于2022年深圳市水平(19.07%),男性高于女性(P<0.01)。电子烟现在使用率为1.98%,年龄集中分布在25~44岁,男性高于女性(P<0.05)。戒烟率为19.52%(95%CI:11.69%~29.37%)。尝试戒烟率为55.01%(95%CI:41.57%~67.98%)。戒烟方式以干戒为主,为22.09%(95%CI:14.66%~30.96%)。二手烟暴露率为57.17%(95%CI:49.89%~64.25%)。场所二手烟暴露中,餐馆二手烟暴露率最高,为33.23%(95%CI:28.46%~38.25%)。吸烟危害认知中,吸烟会引起阳痿的知晓率为32.73%,四种疾病(中风、心脏病、肺癌和阳痿)的全部知晓率仅有28.38%。二手烟暴露会引起成人心脏疾病、儿童肺部疾病和成人肺癌三种疾病的全部知晓率为43.62%。

结论

深圳市南山区居民吸烟率得到一定控制,电子烟使用趋于年轻化,二手烟暴露严重,烟草危害认知不足。需加强公共场所控烟执法、完善戒烟服务、深化健康宣教。

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朱闵敏,E-mail:
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李晓月(1993—),女,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:无烟城市建设和控烟政策研究

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The demographic characteristics distribution of the population aged 15 and above in Nanshan District, Shenzhen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口学特征分类未加权样本量(人)加权后
样本量(千人)占比(%)95%CI(%)
性别99681453.1449.07~57.18
97071846.8642.82~50.93
年龄(岁)15~2412025816.8313.44~20.64
25~441 29180052.2046.18~58.18
45~6446539125.5221.80~29.50
≥6590835.443.44~8.05
学历a小学及以下53534.142.31~6.70
初中17014111.067.17~15.96
高中/中专39228122.0118.05~26.35
大专及以上1 23180062.7954.32~70.76
合计1 9661 533100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241057514582765775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245082632491, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

深圳市南山区15岁及以上人群人口学特征分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口学特征分类未加权样本量(人)加权后
样本量(千人)占比(%)95%CI(%)
性别99681453.1449.07~57.18
97071846.8642.82~50.93
年龄(岁)15~2412025816.8313.44~20.64
25~441 29180052.2046.18~58.18
45~6446539125.5221.80~29.50
≥6590835.443.44~8.05
学历a小学及以下53534.142.31~6.70
初中17014111.067.17~15.96
高中/中专39228122.0118.05~26.35
大专及以上1 23180062.7954.32~70.76
合计1 9661 533100.00
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Smoking, smoking cessation, and e-cigarette use among males aged 15 and above in Nanshan District, Shenzhen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄(岁)现在吸烟率(%)戒烟率
(%)
电子烟现在使用率(%)
15~2419.190.001.38
25~4423.4115.803.93
45~6426.0824.031.79
≥6528.9147.630.00
合计23.6019.202.76
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深圳市南山区15岁及以上男性吸烟、戒烟及电子烟使用情况

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年龄(岁)现在吸烟率(%)戒烟率
(%)
电子烟现在使用率(%)
15~2419.190.001.38
25~4423.4115.803.93
45~6426.0824.031.79
≥6528.9147.630.00
合计23.6019.202.76
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Smoking, smoking cessation, and e-cigarette use among women aged 15 and above in Nanshan District, Shenzhen

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年龄(岁)现在吸烟率(%)戒烟率
(%)
电子烟现在使用率(%)
15~243.530.001.01
25~441.6947.051.45
45~642.265.840.72
≥652.400.000.00
合计2.1824.001.10
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深圳市南山区15岁及以上女性吸烟、戒烟及电子烟使用情况

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年龄(岁)现在吸烟率(%)戒烟率
(%)
电子烟现在使用率(%)
15~243.530.001.01
25~441.6947.051.45
45~642.265.840.72
≥652.400.000.00
合计2.1824.001.10
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The exposure to second-hand smoke among non-smokers aged 15 and above in Nanshan District, Shenzhen

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年龄(岁)二手烟暴露率(%)
15~2462.6847.21
25~4463.5858.37
45~6460.8146.78
≥6556.7140.79
合计62.4452.51
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深圳市南山区15岁及以上非现在吸烟者二手烟暴露情况

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年龄(岁)二手烟暴露率(%)
15~2462.6847.21
25~4463.5858.37
45~6460.8146.78
≥6556.7140.79
合计62.4452.51
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The exposure to second-hand smoke in different places among the population aged 15 and above in Nanshan District, Shenzhen

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场所场所二手烟暴露率(%)95%CI(%)
家庭20.6016.34~25.34
室内工作场所27.3720.13~35.50
政府大楼/政府办公室16.2810.02~24.20
医疗卫生机构12.369.37~15.83
餐馆33.2328.46~38.25
公共交通工具4.242.79~6.09
大学16.598.35~27.90
中、小学9.685.02~16.28
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深圳市南山区15岁及以上人群在不同场所二手烟暴露情况

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场所场所二手烟暴露率(%)95%CI(%)
家庭20.6016.34~25.34
室内工作场所27.3720.13~35.50
政府大楼/政府办公室16.2810.02~24.20
医疗卫生机构12.369.37~15.83
餐馆33.2328.46~38.25
公共交通工具4.242.79~6.09
大学16.598.35~27.90
中、小学9.685.02~16.28
), ArticleFig(id=1241057515471958268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245082632491, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The awareness of tobacco hazards among the population aged 15 and above in Nanshan District, Shenzhen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
烟草危害知晓知晓率(%)95%CI(%)
吸烟危害
中风55.2747.42~62.94
心脏病60.4451.29~69.13
肺癌78.7071.09~85.18
阳痿32.7326.54~39.35
引起以上四种疾病28.3823.33~33.82
二手烟危害
成人心脏疾病53.0844.67~61.38
儿童肺部疾病61.6250.58~71.92
成人肺癌73.8665.72~81.03
引起以上三种疾病43.6235.20~52.29
), ArticleFig(id=1241057515597787394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241036245082632491, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

深圳市南山区15岁及以上人群烟草危害认知情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
烟草危害知晓知晓率(%)95%CI(%)
吸烟危害
中风55.2747.42~62.94
心脏病60.4451.29~69.13
肺癌78.7071.09~85.18
阳痿32.7326.54~39.35
引起以上四种疾病28.3823.33~33.82
二手烟危害
成人心脏疾病53.0844.67~61.38
儿童肺部疾病61.6250.58~71.92
成人肺癌73.8665.72~81.03
引起以上三种疾病43.6235.20~52.29
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2023年深圳市南山区15岁及以上居民烟草流行及认知现状分析
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李晓月 1 , 郑柳苑 1 , 杨静 1 , 张媞 1 , 李娜娜 2 , 朱闵敏 1
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(16): 3000-3005
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(16): 3000-3005
2023年深圳市南山区15岁及以上居民烟草流行及认知现状分析
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李晓月1, 郑柳苑1, 杨静1, 张媞1, 李娜娜2, 朱闵敏1
作者信息
  • 1.南山区慢性病防治院健康教育科,广东 深圳 518000
  • 2.遵义医科大学公共卫生学院
  • 李晓月(1993—),女,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:无烟城市建设和控烟政策研究

通讯作者:

朱闵敏,E-mail:
Analysis of tobacco use prevalence and awareness among residents aged 15 and above in Nanshan District, Shenzhen City, 2023
Xiao-yue LI1, Liu-yuan ZHENG1, Jing YANG1, Ti ZHANG1, Na-na LI2, Min-min ZHU1
Affiliations
  • Health Education Department, Nanshan District Chronic Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502197
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目的

了解深圳市南山区居民烟草流行现状,评估控烟工作成效并提出改进策略。

方法

采用多阶段抽样法在全区抽取1 969个家庭开展入户调查。使用R 4.3.3软件进行加权数据分析。

结果

深圳市南山区居民现在吸烟率为13.56%(95%CI:10.01%~17.72%),低于2022年深圳市水平(19.07%),男性高于女性(P<0.01)。电子烟现在使用率为1.98%,年龄集中分布在25~44岁,男性高于女性(P<0.05)。戒烟率为19.52%(95%CI:11.69%~29.37%)。尝试戒烟率为55.01%(95%CI:41.57%~67.98%)。戒烟方式以干戒为主,为22.09%(95%CI:14.66%~30.96%)。二手烟暴露率为57.17%(95%CI:49.89%~64.25%)。场所二手烟暴露中,餐馆二手烟暴露率最高,为33.23%(95%CI:28.46%~38.25%)。吸烟危害认知中,吸烟会引起阳痿的知晓率为32.73%,四种疾病(中风、心脏病、肺癌和阳痿)的全部知晓率仅有28.38%。二手烟暴露会引起成人心脏疾病、儿童肺部疾病和成人肺癌三种疾病的全部知晓率为43.62%。

结论

深圳市南山区居民吸烟率得到一定控制,电子烟使用趋于年轻化,二手烟暴露严重,烟草危害认知不足。需加强公共场所控烟执法、完善戒烟服务、深化健康宣教。

烟草流行  /  戒烟  /  电子烟  /  二手烟暴露
Objective

To analyze the tobacco epidemic status among residents in Nanshan District, Shenzhen, evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco control, and propose improvement strategies.

Methods

A multistage sampling method was used to select 1 969 households across the district for home visits and surveys. Weighted data analysis was performed using R 4.3.3 software.

Results

The current smoking rate among residents in Nanshan District, Shenzhen, was 13.56% (95%CI: 10.01%-17.72%), which was lower than the level of Shenzhen City in 2022 (19.07%), with males having a higher rate than females (, P<0.01). The current use rate of e-cigarettes was 1.98%, with the age range concentrated between 25 and 44 years old, and the rate in males was higher than that in females (, P<0.05). The smoking cessation rate was 19.52% (95%CI: 11.69%-29.37%). The smoking cessation attempt rate was 55.01% (95%CI: 41.57%-67.98%). The main quitting method was dry quitting, 22.09% (95%CI: 14.66%-30.96%). The exposure rate to second-hand smoke was 57.17% (95%CI: 49.89%-64.25%). Among places with second-hand smoke exposure, the exposure rate in restaurants was the highest (33.23%) (95%CI: 28.46%-38.25%). In terms of awareness of the harms of smoking, 32.73% knew that smoking can cause impotence, and only 28.38% were aware of all four diseases (stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and impotence) caused by smoking. The awareness rate of all three diseases (adult heart disease, children’s lung diseases, and adult lung cancer) caused by second-hand smoke exposure was 43.62%.

Conclusion

The smoking rate among residents in Nanshan District, Shenzhen City has been effectively controlled, but challenges persist, including youth-oriented e-cigarette use, severe second-hand smoke exposure, and insufficient awareness of tobacco-related harms. Strengthening enforcement of smoking bans in public spaces, improving smoking cessation services, and enhancing targeted health education are urgently needed.

Tobacco prevalence  /  Smoking cessation  /  E-cigarettes  /  Exposure to second-hand smoke
李晓月, 郑柳苑, 杨静, 张媞, 李娜娜, 朱闵敏. 2023年深圳市南山区15岁及以上居民烟草流行及认知现状分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (16) : 3000 -3005 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502197
Xiao-yue LI, Liu-yuan ZHENG, Jing YANG, Ti ZHANG, Na-na LI, Min-min ZHU. Analysis of tobacco use prevalence and awareness among residents aged 15 and above in Nanshan District, Shenzhen City, 2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (16) : 3000 -3005 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502197
《2019年全球疾病负担》[1]估计,每年有870万人的死亡与烟草相关,其中有130万是暴露于二手烟的非吸烟者。烟草导致的过早死亡是可预防的。我国于2006年实施《烟草控制框架公约》(以下简称《公约》),并执行监测烟草使用与预防政策(Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies)、保护人们免受烟草烟雾危害(Protect people from tobacco smoke)、提供戒烟帮助(Offer help to quit tobacco use)、警示烟草危害(Warn about the dangers of tobacco)、确保禁止烟草广告、促销和赞助(Enforce bans on tobacco advertising,promotion and sponsorship)、提高烟税(Raise taxes on tobacco)这六项综合控烟策略(以下简称MPOWER),MPOWER作为实施《公约》的一种手段,在减少烟草的使用和危害方面发挥了重要作用。最近的数据显示,实施低成本的MPOWER控烟干预措施可降低不良健康结局,产生可观的经济和社会效益[2]。开展烟草使用的监测与评价是实施MPOWER措施的重要内容,也是科学评估控烟工作成效,提供控烟干预策略的有效手段。因此,2023年深圳市南山区组织开展15岁及以上人群烟草流行调查,为掌握居民烟草流行现状,评价控烟执行效果、制定有效控烟措施提供依据。
深圳市南山区15岁及以上常住居民1 966名,不含集体居住场所(如宿舍、医院等)。项目通过深圳市南山区慢性病防治伦理委员会评审(编号:LL20230030),调查对象均知情同意后方可受访。
调查采用多阶段抽样法,结合既往吸烟率、失访率和满足最小样本需求,调查样本约2 000人。全区8个街道按容量比例概率抽样法(Probability Proportion to Size,PPS)各抽取3个社区(共计24个社区),社区户数超1 500户时拆分为亚区后,随机抽取一个亚区作为最终抽样单元。每个社区随机抽取约80户家庭,本调查共抽取1 969户家庭,按KISH表抽取1名15岁及以上的家庭成员作为最终调查对象。
调查问卷基于中国成人烟草调查问卷(TQS)进行调整。以入户面对面询问方式,收集调查对象的基本情况、烟草使用、电子烟使用、戒烟、二手烟、烟草价格、控烟宣传、烟草广告、促销和赞助以及居民对烟草使用的知识和态度等信息。
(1)现在吸烟率:现在吸烟者在调查人群中的百分比。(2)戒烟率:曾经吸烟者在所有曾经和现在吸烟者中的百分比。(3)尝试戒烟:现在吸烟者在过去12个月内进行过尝试戒烟的行为。(4)电子烟现在使用率:现在使用电子烟者在调查人群中的百分比。(5)二手烟暴露者:每周暴露于二手烟的非现在吸烟者。(6)二手烟暴露率:二手烟暴露者占非现在吸烟者的百分比。(7)场所二手烟暴露:被调查者过去30天内在特定场所看到有人吸烟或闻到烟味的情况。
本次数据分析采用复杂抽样加权分析方法,最终权重=基本权重×应答校正系数×事后分层调整权重;按2020年全国第七次人口普查数据校准性别与年龄分布。使用R 4.3.3软件进行加权分析,分类变量组间比较使用复杂抽样的Rao-Scott χ2检验,检验水准α=0.05,连续变量使用95%置信区间(CI)。
本次调查共收到问卷1 969份,有效问卷1 966份,应答率为99.85%。男性占53.14%,女性占46.86%;年龄集中分布在25~44岁(52.20%);大专及以上学历人数占62.79%。结果见表1
深圳市南山区15岁及以上人群现在吸烟率为13.56%(95%CI:10.01%~17.72%),其中男性为23.60%,女性为2.18%(P<0.01)。男性现在吸烟率随年龄增加而升高(P<0.01),65岁及以上男性现在吸烟率达28.91%。15~24岁女性现在吸烟率达3.53%。结果见表23
深圳市南山区15岁及以上人群戒烟率为19.52%(95%CI:11.69%~29.37%)。其中,男性戒烟率为19.20%,女性戒烟率为24.00%(P>0.05)。男性戒烟率随年龄增加而升高(P<0.01),65岁及以上的男性戒烟率高达47.63%。15~24岁年龄组中,男性和女性戒烟率均为0。结果见表23
准备戒烟率为55.24%,现在吸烟者在过去12个月内尝试戒烟率为55.01%。有吸烟史人群采取的戒烟方式中以干戒为主,为22.09%,尼古丁替代疗法为1.16%,使用传统医药为0.44%,服用其他处方西药和通过戒烟支持热线均为1.28%,咨询(含戒烟门诊咨询)为2.14%,使用电子烟是众多戒烟方式中除干戒外最多使用的,为2.45%,改用无烟烟草产品为1.65%。
深圳市南山区15岁及以上人群电子烟现在使用率为1.98%(95%CI:1.34%~2.80%)。其中,男性现在使用率为2.76%,女性现在使用率为1.10%(P<0.05)。男性和女性电子烟现在使用率均在25~44岁最高,分别为3.93%和1.45%。结果见表23
使用电子烟者23.84%是因为喜欢其中的某些口味,18.40%是因为戒烟,16.57%是因为觉得电子烟很时尚,15.55%是因为觉得电子烟危害小,13.65%是因为身边的其他人在使用,仅4.95%是因为无烟政策限制,还有2.14%是因为单纯喜欢吸电子烟,4.89%是因为其他原因。
深圳市南山区15岁及以上非现在吸烟者的二手烟暴露率为57.17%(95%CI:49.89%~64.25%)。其中,男性暴露率为62.44%,女性暴露率为52.51%,男性高于女性(P<0.01)。男性和女性二手烟暴露率均在25~44岁最高,分别为63.58%和58.37%。结果见表4
餐馆二手烟暴露率最高,为33.23%;其次是室内工作场所,为27.37%。家庭二手烟暴露率为20.60%;大学和政府机构室内二手烟暴露率分别为16.59%和16.28%;医疗卫生机构室内二手烟暴露率为12.36%;中小学二手烟暴露率为9.68%;公共交通工具上二手烟暴露率为4.24%。结果见表5
吸烟可导致的四种主要疾病知晓率从高到低依次为肺癌(78.7%)、心脏病(60.44%)、中风(55.27%)、阳痿(32.73%);二手烟暴露可导致的三种主要疾病知晓率从高到低依次为成人肺癌(73.86%)、儿童肺部疾病(61.62%)、成人心脏疾病(53.08%)。结果见表6
54.50%(95%CI:49.44%~59.50%)的调查对象认为电子烟与卷烟危害差不多,24.94%(95%CI:21.02%~29.16%)认为电子烟比卷烟危害更大,20.55%(95%CI:16.27%~25.33%)认为电子烟比卷烟危害小。
2023年深圳市南山区15岁及以上人群现在吸烟率为13.56%,低于2022年深圳市水平(19.07%)[3],提前实现了吸烟率低于20%的《健康中国行动(2019—2030年)》控烟目标,这得益于深圳的全面无烟立法实施。《深圳经济特区控制吸烟条例》(以下简称《控烟条例》)[4]实施以来,南山区通过暗访和随机抽查加大禁烟场所的执法力度,积极开展无烟单位和无烟家庭建设工作,以多形式的控烟宣传活动倡导无烟生活方式,营造无烟南山氛围。
深圳市南山区男性现在吸烟率(23.60%)高于女性(2.18%),这与以往研究结果保持一致[35-7]。女性现在吸烟率(2.18%)高于2022年深圳市水平(1.17%)[3]。此结果提示男性仍是控烟工作的重点关注对象,女性群体也不容忽视。研究表明,女性吸烟者比男性吸烟者更有可能报告身心健康状况不佳、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、心脏病、癌症以及当前哮喘[8]。建议在控烟工作中针对性别差异开展控烟健康教育,并结合现有的社区综合戒烟干预经验开展戒烟个性化服务。
深圳市南山区戒烟率仅为19.52%,但尝试戒烟率(55.01%)显示居民戒烟意愿较强。戒烟途径仍以干戒(22.09%)为主,专业戒烟服务使用率仅5%左右,反映了戒烟服务体系存在短板。结合调查结果和以往研究分析原因[9-10],其一,戒烟服务体系不完善。国内现有的3种戒烟服务(简短戒烟干预、戒烟门诊和戒烟热线)相对独立,简短戒烟干预率低、戒烟门诊难以维持、戒烟热线可及性低,三者未形成良好的立体戒烟服务网络;其二,戒烟服务的使用率和知晓率低。因此,需落实首诊患者吸烟史问询机制,建立“社区筛查-门诊转诊-热线跟踪”联动机制。其次,探索建立社区卫生服务中心戒烟干预服务标准,提高戒烟服务的规范性和可及性;制定个体化戒烟干预计划和实时线上咨询。此外,也需提供科学持久的戒烟服务宣传,提高公众对戒烟服务的认知。
监管面临挑战 深圳市南山区电子烟现在使用率为1.98%,集中分布在25~44岁的男性群体(3.93%),且动机以口味偏好(23.84%)和时尚吸引为主(16.57%),部分是觉得电子烟危害小(15.55%)和戒烟替代品(18.40%)。近年来,电子烟被积极宣传为“更安全”或“无烟”的香烟替代品,并作为“健康产品”销售,在我国吸烟群体中兴起[11]。《中国吸烟危害健康报告2020》指出[12],电子烟并不安全,电子烟液中含有甲醛和亚硝胺等致癌物,气溶胶中也含有金属有毒物质,烟雾具有引起DNA损伤和死亡的细胞毒性;此外,使用电子烟可能致人更容易使用卷烟。有研究发现[13],使用电子烟戒烟,可能因尼古丁依赖产生双重吸烟者,甚至出现新的吸烟者;同时电子烟的使用可能产生和传统香烟类似的“二手烟”效应。2022年《电子烟管理办法》已明确禁止销售调味电子烟,但47.14%的人仍能通过隐蔽渠道获取,监管仍存在漏洞。市场监管需联合公安部门开展专项整治,打击线上非法销售和实体店“暗箱操作”。
需聚焦重点场所治理 WHO发布的2023年全球烟草流行报告[14]重点强调了保护人们免受烟草烟雾的侵害,并表明二手烟不存在安全的接触水平。此调查发现,非吸烟者二手烟暴露率为57.17%,高于2022年深圳市水平(50.53%)。自2021年以来,深圳市南山区依次开展无烟党政机关、无烟学校和无烟医疗机构建设工作,颇有成效。根据调查结果不难发现,政府机构、学校和医疗机构场所二手烟暴露风险相对较低,餐馆(33.23%)和室内工作场所(27.37%)是二手烟主要暴露源。接下来要重点开展对餐馆和办公写字楼的控烟督查执法行动,推广实时监测设备(如控烟电子眼),联动执法部门快速响应违法行为。此外,提高“别抽啦”小程序的公众利用率,加强控烟志愿者对场所的督导工作,向公众普及《控烟条例》。值得注意的是,家庭二手烟暴露风险(20.60%)仅次于室内工作场所。因无烟法规未涉及私人空间,可倡导小手拉大手的家-校-卫联动模式、社区-卫健相结合和线上同伴互助形式创建无烟家庭,在减少家庭二手烟暴露方面发挥积极作用。
居民对吸烟和二手烟暴露可导致肺癌的知晓率最高,而吸烟会导致阳痿的知晓率仅32.73%。这说明居民对烟草危害的认识更多地停留在呼吸系统方面,对心血管系统以及其他方面的危害认知不足。健康教育是提高居民烟草危害知晓率的重要途径[15],针对片面的烟草危害认知问题,今后需重点科普烟草导致的具体疾病,通过可视化视频和便捷手册等方式宣传烟草危害知识,针对不同人群开展多样化的健康教育。
综上所述,南山区控烟成效显著,但电子烟流行、二手烟暴露和认知不足仍面临挑战。未来需构建“执法-服务-教育”三位一体的控烟体系:(1)强化公共场所执法新技术的应用;(2)完善戒烟服务的可及性与个体多样性;(3)健康宣教的精准化、分众化。推动控烟从公共领域向私人空间渗透,提高无烟法规保护人口比例。
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2025年第52卷第16期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502197
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-17
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    1.南山区慢性病防治院健康教育科,广东 深圳 518000
    2.遵义医科大学公共卫生学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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