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Article(id=1241035821717975951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035810628235909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714752000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815597228, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1733760000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815597228, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815597228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815597228, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241035810628235909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='23', pageStart='4225', pageEnd='4416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815594584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815743629, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241036435843764756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035810628235909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241036435843764757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035810628235909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4303, endPage=4308, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241035823718658987, articleId=1241035821717975951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of the current situation of birth defects in perinatal infants in Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the occurrence, regional distribution characteristics, ranking of diseases, and disease spectrum of birth defects in perinatal infants in Xinjiang from January 2019 to December 2022.

Methods

Retrospective data were collected from the maternal and child health monitoring data reporting system of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region via the maternal and child health cloud platform, covering all cases of birth defects among infants born in monitoring hospitals from January 2019 to December 2022, specifically those born after 28 weeks of gestation and within 7 days post-delivery, totaling 6 983 cases. General information on mothers, delivery conditions, and general information on infants with birth defects, as well as perinatal outcomes, were collected. Descriptive analysis of the monitoring data on birth defects in Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022 was conducted using incidence rates, composition ratios, χ2 tests, and χ2 trend tests.

Results

The average annual incidence rate of birth defects in Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022 was 230.103 per 100 000 births, with the incidence rate remaining relatively stable over the four years (χ2=4.757, P=0.190). Significant differences in the incidence rates of birth defects were observed between different regions (χ2=3 039.965, P<0.001). Variations in incidence rates were also noted based on perinatal sex (χ2=37.386, P<0.001), maternal age (χ2=76.313, P<0.001), and urban-rural status (χ2=1 478.493, P<0.001). The top five birth defects identified were congenital heart disease, polydactyly, clubfoot, other malformations of the external ear, and cleft lip.

Conclusion

The incidence of birth defects in Xinjiang remains at a high level, necessitating proactive measures for comprehensive preconception, prenatal, and postnatal prevention and control. Enhancing the quality of maternal and child healthcare during pregnancy and childbirth and promoting prenatal screening and diagnostic techniques across regions are essential to reduce the incidence of birth defects as much as possible.

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目的

分析2019年1月—2022年12月新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）围产儿出生缺陷的发生情况、地区分布特征、疾病发生顺位及疾病谱。

方法

通过新疆自治区妇幼健康云平台妇幼卫生监测数据网络直报系统回顾性收集2019年1月—2022年12月在新疆出生缺陷监测医院内住院分娩的妊娠满28周至出生后7 d内的所有出生缺陷儿信息共6 983例，收集孕妇的一般资料、分娩情况及出生缺陷儿的一般资料、围产儿结局。采用发生率、构成比、χ2检验、χ2趋势检验等方法对2019—2022年新疆出生缺陷医院监测数据进行描述性分析。

结果

2019—2022年新疆出生缺陷年平均发生率为230.103/万，四年间出生缺陷发生率基本维持稳定（χ2=4.757，P=0.190），不同地区间出生缺陷发生率差异较大（χ2=3 039.965，P<0.001）。出生缺陷发生率在围产儿性别（χ2=37.386，P<0.001）、产妇年龄（χ2=76.313，P<0.001）、城乡（χ2=1 478.493，P<0.001）方面存在差异，出生缺陷发生率前五位的是先天性心脏病、多指/趾、马蹄内翻足、外耳其他畸形、总唇裂。

结论

新疆出生缺陷发生率仍处于较高水平，需积极采取措施进行孕前、产前、产后综合防控，提高孕产期保健质量，在各地区普及产前筛查、产前诊断技术，尽可能降低出生缺陷的发生率。

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丁桂凤，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xUT+G70lkTjA7BR3++HKkQ==, magXml=fNvdghRv5FjRJskbQq+ojA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=FUE/ggT/EnaYxX8u5noYzw==, pdfFileSize=918091, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=I6AHyRVzkFwnQBIj4oOElA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

何金芳（1999-），女，硕士在读，研究方向：儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

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何金芳（1999-），女，硕士在读，研究方向：儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

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何金芳（1999-），女，硕士在读，研究方向：儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

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Incidence of perinatal birth defects in Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）围产儿数出生缺陷儿数出生缺陷发生率（/万）χ2值P值
201977 4461 825235.6484.7570.190
202075 7981 701224.412
202169 1631 616233.651
202281 0661 841227.099
合计303 4736 983230.103——
), ArticleFig(id=1241069124776948465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2019—2022年新疆围产儿出生缺陷发生率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）围产儿数出生缺陷儿数出生缺陷发生率（/万）χ2值P值
201977 4461 825235.6484.7570.190
202075 7981 701224.412
202169 1631 616233.651
202281 0661 841227.099
合计303 4736 983230.103——
), ArticleFig(id=1241069124902777596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Total incidence and composition ratio of major types of birth defects in Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缺陷类型例数发生率（/万）构成比（%）
先天性心脏病3 387111.60846.239
多指/趾95231.37012.997
马蹄内翻足60619.9698.273
外耳其他畸形53617.6627.317
总唇裂45815.0926.253
唇裂合并腭裂1745.7342.375
唇裂1494.9102.034
腭裂1354.4491.843
并指/趾31410.3474.287
尿道下裂1795.8982.444
直肠肛门闭锁或狭窄1595.2392.171
先天性脑积水1555.1082.116
肢体短缩1545.0752.102
小耳（包括无耳）1404.6131.911
神经管畸形9112.3571.242
脊柱裂692.2740.942
无脑畸形110.3620.150
脑膨出110.3620.150
唐氏综合征752.4711.024
食道闭锁或狭窄361.1860.491
先天性膈疝321.0540.437
脐膨出290.9560.396
腹裂220.7250.300
), ArticleFig(id=1241069125016023807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2019—2022年新疆地区出生缺陷主要疾病类型总发生率及构成比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缺陷类型例数发生率（/万）构成比（%）
先天性心脏病3 387111.60846.239
多指/趾95231.37012.997
马蹄内翻足60619.9698.273
外耳其他畸形53617.6627.317
总唇裂45815.0926.253
唇裂合并腭裂1745.7342.375
唇裂1494.9102.034
腭裂1354.4491.843
并指/趾31410.3474.287
尿道下裂1795.8982.444
直肠肛门闭锁或狭窄1595.2392.171
先天性脑积水1555.1082.116
肢体短缩1545.0752.102
小耳（包括无耳）1404.6131.911
神经管畸形9112.3571.242
脊柱裂692.2740.942
无脑畸形110.3620.150
脑膨出110.3620.150
唐氏综合征752.4711.024
食道闭锁或狭窄361.1860.491
先天性膈疝321.0540.437
脐膨出290.9560.396
腹裂220.7250.300
), ArticleFig(id=1241069125133464328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sequence of major birth defects in Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022 (incidence, per 10 000)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
顺位2019年2020年2021年2022年
1先天性心脏病
（117.372）		先天性心脏病
（95.253）		先天性心脏病
（114.512）		先天性心脏病
（118.915）
2多指/趾
（30.860）		多指/趾
（33.378）		多指/趾
（25.158）		多指/趾
（35.280）
3马蹄内翻足
（19.497）		马蹄内翻足
（21.241）		马蹄内翻足
（20.531）		马蹄内翻足
（18.750）
4外耳其他畸形
（18.206）		外耳其他畸形
（17.019）		外耳其他畸形
（20.531）		外耳其他畸形
（15.296）
5总唇裂
（15.624）		总唇裂
（12.665）		总唇裂
（18.218）		总唇裂
（14.186）
6并指/趾
（9.426）		神经管畸形
（11.214）		神经管畸形
（13.446）		神经管畸形
（12.459）
7尿道下裂
（7.489）		并指/趾
（9.499）		并指/趾
（12.290）		并指/趾
（10.362）
8肢体短缩
（5.423）		先天性脑积水
（6.201）		肢体短缩
（6.651）		尿道下裂
（6.044）
9脑积水
（4.778）		直肠肛门闭锁或狭窄
（6.201）		尿道下裂
（6.506）		小耳（包括无耳）
（4.194）
10小耳（包括无耳）
（4.778）		小耳（包括无耳）
（4.749）		直肠肛门闭锁或狭窄
（6.506）		肢体短缩
（4.071）
), ArticleFig(id=1241069125255099147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2019—2022年新疆主要出生缺陷类型顺位（发生率，/万）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
顺位2019年2020年2021年2022年
1先天性心脏病
（117.372）		先天性心脏病
（95.253）		先天性心脏病
（114.512）		先天性心脏病
（118.915）
2多指/趾
（30.860）		多指/趾
（33.378）		多指/趾
（25.158）		多指/趾
（35.280）
3马蹄内翻足
（19.497）		马蹄内翻足
（21.241）		马蹄内翻足
（20.531）		马蹄内翻足
（18.750）
4外耳其他畸形
（18.206）		外耳其他畸形
（17.019）		外耳其他畸形
（20.531）		外耳其他畸形
（15.296）
5总唇裂
（15.624）		总唇裂
（12.665）		总唇裂
（18.218）		总唇裂
（14.186）
6并指/趾
（9.426）		神经管畸形
（11.214）		神经管畸形
（13.446）		神经管畸形
（12.459）
7尿道下裂
（7.489）		并指/趾
（9.499）		并指/趾
（12.290）		并指/趾
（10.362）
8肢体短缩
（5.423）		先天性脑积水
（6.201）		肢体短缩
（6.651）		尿道下裂
（6.044）
9脑积水
（4.778）		直肠肛门闭锁或狭窄
（6.201）		尿道下裂
（6.506）		小耳（包括无耳）
（4.194）
10小耳（包括无耳）
（4.778）		小耳（包括无耳）
（4.749）		直肠肛门闭锁或狭窄
（6.506）		肢体短缩
（4.071）
), ArticleFig(id=1241069125364151059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Univariate analysis of gender, maternal age and residence of birth defects in Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征围产儿出生缺陷儿出生缺陷发生率（/万）χ2/χ2趋势值P值
围产儿性别37.386<0.001
男156 9233 849245.280
女146 5313 107212.037
产妇年龄（岁）76.313<0.001
<203 16038120.253
20～2456 3251 173208.256
25～29117 0182 575220.052
30～3492 2822 189237.208
≥3534 6881 008290.590<
产妇居住地1 478.4930.001
城镇111 7794 104367.153
乡村191 6942 879150.187
), ArticleFig(id=1241069125494174490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2019—2022年新疆出生缺陷儿性别、产妇年龄、居住地的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征围产儿出生缺陷儿出生缺陷发生率（/万）χ2/χ2趋势值P值
围产儿性别37.386<0.001
男156 9233 849245.280
女146 5313 107212.037
产妇年龄（岁）76.313<0.001
<203 16038120.253
20～2456 3251 173208.256
25～29117 0182 575220.052
30～3492 2822 189237.208
≥3534 6881 008290.590<
产妇居住地1 478.4930.001
城镇111 7794 104367.153
乡村191 6942 879150.187
), ArticleFig(id=1241069125624197924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Incidence of birth defects in different regions of Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区出生缺陷发生率（/万）χ2值P值
2019年2020年2021年2022年合计
乌鲁木齐市172.992176.214239.127313.938222.0313 039.965<0.001
吐鲁番市707.002802.395763.116931.308803.315
哈密市408.873504.311604.330440.466482.646
喀什地区214.080134.740135.973107.370142.548
阿克苏地区318.389452.433417.357522.901424.481
和田地区107.348129.007103.06996.747108.855
塔城地区87.304107.388172.41468.027105.228
阿勒泰地区138.249141.278130.899109.489130.744
昌吉回族自治州220.007271.352370.752605.096346.210
博尔塔拉蒙古自治州47.12994.84380.29676.65172.246
巴音郭楞蒙古自治州466.931364.155268.873174.836326.254
克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州136.98690.36197.47797.789103.339
伊犁哈萨克自治州534.579508.778564.123736.465583.222
), ArticleFig(id=1241069125791970087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2019—2022年新疆不同地区出生缺陷发生率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区出生缺陷发生率（/万）χ2值P值
2019年2020年2021年2022年合计
乌鲁木齐市172.992176.214239.127313.938222.0313 039.965<0.001
吐鲁番市707.002802.395763.116931.308803.315
哈密市408.873504.311604.330440.466482.646
喀什地区214.080134.740135.973107.370142.548
阿克苏地区318.389452.433417.357522.901424.481
和田地区107.348129.007103.06996.747108.855
塔城地区87.304107.388172.41468.027105.228
阿勒泰地区138.249141.278130.899109.489130.744
昌吉回族自治州220.007271.352370.752605.096346.210
博尔塔拉蒙古自治州47.12994.84380.29676.65172.246
巴音郭楞蒙古自治州466.931364.155268.873174.836326.254
克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州136.98690.36197.47797.789103.339
伊犁哈萨克自治州534.579508.778564.123736.465583.222
), ArticleFig(id=1241069125909410603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Incidence of birth defects in different seasons from 2019 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）春季夏季秋季冬季
发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）
201943723.94548126.35649527.12341222.575
202047227.74847427.86636321.34039223.045
202137423.14441625.74343326.79539324.319
202261333.29738120.69526514.39458231.613
合计1 89627.1521 75225.0901 55622.2831 77925.476
), ArticleFig(id=1241069126014268207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2019—2022年不同季节出生缺陷的发生情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份（年）春季夏季秋季冬季
发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）
201943723.94548126.35649527.12341222.575
202047227.74847427.86636321.34039223.045
202137423.14441625.74343326.79539324.319
202261333.29738120.69526514.39458231.613
合计1 89627.1521 75225.0901 55622.2831 77925.476
), ArticleFig(id=1241069126114931509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Diagnosis time and outcome of infants with perinatal defects in Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别2019年2020年2021年2022年合计
发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）
确证时间
孕14周以内30.1620.1210.0650.27110.16
孕14～27周814.441005.881257.741719.294776.83
孕28周及以上1337.291458.521177.241367.395317.60
产后7 d内1 60888.111 45485.481 37384.961 52983.055 96485.41
转归
活产1 66591.2331 53290.0651 46390.5321 68791.6356 34790.892
死胎死产1246.7951378.0541287.9211367.3875257.518
0～6 d死亡361.973321.881251.547160.8691091.561
7～27 d死亡00000020.10920.029
), ArticleFig(id=1241069126215594807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035821717975951, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

2019—2022年新疆围生期缺陷儿的确诊时间及转归情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别2019年2020年2021年2022年合计
发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）发生例数构成比（%）
确证时间
孕14周以内30.1620.1210.0650.27110.16
孕14～27周814.441005.881257.741719.294776.83
孕28周及以上1337.291458.521177.241367.395317.60
产后7 d内1 60888.111 45485.481 37384.961 52983.055 96485.41
转归
活产1 66591.2331 53290.0651 46390.5321 68791.6356 34790.892
死胎死产1246.7951378.0541287.9211367.3875257.518
0～6 d死亡361.973321.881251.547160.8691091.561
7～27 d死亡00000020.10920.029
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2019—2022年新疆围产儿出生缺陷现况分析
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何金芳 1 , 李依 2 , 李慧君 3 , 薛淑媛 3 , 陈琪 4 , 丁桂凤 5
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(23): 4303-4308
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(23): 4303-4308
2019—2022年新疆围产儿出生缺陷现况分析
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何金芳1, 李依2, 李慧君3, 薛淑媛3, 陈琪4, 丁桂凤5
作者信息
  • 1.石河子大学医学院，新疆 石河子 832000
  • 2.新疆医科大学公共卫生学院
  • 3.乌鲁木齐市妇幼保健院产前诊断中心
  • 4.石河子大学医学院
  • 5.乌鲁木齐市妇幼保健院产科，新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000

    • 何金芳（1999-），女，硕士在读，研究方向：儿少卫生与妇幼保健学

通讯作者:

丁桂凤，E-mail:
Analysis of the current situation of birth defects in perinatal infants in Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022
Jin-fang HE1, Yi LI2, Hui-jun LI3, Shu-yuan XUE3, Qi CHEN4, Gui-feng DING5
Affiliations
  • Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
出版时间: 2024-12-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405048
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摘要
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目的

分析2019年1月—2022年12月新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）围产儿出生缺陷的发生情况、地区分布特征、疾病发生顺位及疾病谱。

方法

通过新疆自治区妇幼健康云平台妇幼卫生监测数据网络直报系统回顾性收集2019年1月—2022年12月在新疆出生缺陷监测医院内住院分娩的妊娠满28周至出生后7 d内的所有出生缺陷儿信息共6 983例，收集孕妇的一般资料、分娩情况及出生缺陷儿的一般资料、围产儿结局。采用发生率、构成比、χ2检验、χ2趋势检验等方法对2019—2022年新疆出生缺陷医院监测数据进行描述性分析。

结果

2019—2022年新疆出生缺陷年平均发生率为230.103/万，四年间出生缺陷发生率基本维持稳定（χ2=4.757，P=0.190），不同地区间出生缺陷发生率差异较大（χ2=3 039.965，P<0.001）。出生缺陷发生率在围产儿性别（χ2=37.386，P<0.001）、产妇年龄（χ2=76.313，P<0.001）、城乡（χ2=1 478.493，P<0.001）方面存在差异，出生缺陷发生率前五位的是先天性心脏病、多指/趾、马蹄内翻足、外耳其他畸形、总唇裂。

结论

新疆出生缺陷发生率仍处于较高水平，需积极采取措施进行孕前、产前、产后综合防控，提高孕产期保健质量，在各地区普及产前筛查、产前诊断技术，尽可能降低出生缺陷的发生率。

出生缺陷  /  围产儿  /  发生率  /  新疆
Objective

To analyze the occurrence, regional distribution characteristics, ranking of diseases, and disease spectrum of birth defects in perinatal infants in Xinjiang from January 2019 to December 2022.

Methods

Retrospective data were collected from the maternal and child health monitoring data reporting system of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region via the maternal and child health cloud platform, covering all cases of birth defects among infants born in monitoring hospitals from January 2019 to December 2022, specifically those born after 28 weeks of gestation and within 7 days post-delivery, totaling 6 983 cases. General information on mothers, delivery conditions, and general information on infants with birth defects, as well as perinatal outcomes, were collected. Descriptive analysis of the monitoring data on birth defects in Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022 was conducted using incidence rates, composition ratios, χ2 tests, and χ2 trend tests.

Results

The average annual incidence rate of birth defects in Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022 was 230.103 per 100 000 births, with the incidence rate remaining relatively stable over the four years (χ2=4.757, P=0.190). Significant differences in the incidence rates of birth defects were observed between different regions (χ2=3 039.965, P<0.001). Variations in incidence rates were also noted based on perinatal sex (χ2=37.386, P<0.001), maternal age (χ2=76.313, P<0.001), and urban-rural status (χ2=1 478.493, P<0.001). The top five birth defects identified were congenital heart disease, polydactyly, clubfoot, other malformations of the external ear, and cleft lip.

Conclusion

The incidence of birth defects in Xinjiang remains at a high level, necessitating proactive measures for comprehensive preconception, prenatal, and postnatal prevention and control. Enhancing the quality of maternal and child healthcare during pregnancy and childbirth and promoting prenatal screening and diagnostic techniques across regions are essential to reduce the incidence of birth defects as much as possible.

Birth defects  /  Perinatal infants  /  Incidence  /  Xinjiang
何金芳, 李依, 李慧君, 薛淑媛, 陈琪, 丁桂凤. 2019—2022年新疆围产儿出生缺陷现况分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (23) : 4303 -4308 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405048
Jin-fang HE, Yi LI, Hui-jun LI, Shu-yuan XUE, Qi CHEN, Gui-feng DING. Analysis of the current situation of birth defects in perinatal infants in Xinjiang from 2019 to 2022[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (23) : 4303 -4308 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405048
正文
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出生缺陷是指胚胎或胎儿在发育过程中所发生的结构或功能代谢的异常，可由基因突变、染色体变异、遗传因素、环境因素等引起，是导致流产、引产、新生儿残疾或死亡的主要原因。全球每年有800万出生缺陷儿出生[1]，占新生人口的6.0%[2]；中国每年有90万出生缺陷儿出生，占新生人口的5.6%[3]，2018全国妇幼健康信息分析报告显示，2000—2017年间高龄产妇分娩的围产儿比例总体呈上升趋势，2017达到历史最高点（15.38%）；5.71%的出生缺陷患儿的监测期结局不良，包括死胎死产和监测期内死亡，该比例农村高于城市、中部地区高于东部和西部地区，其中死胎死产比例为4.05%，出生为活产而于监测期内死亡的占1.66%。2013年新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）出生缺陷发生率为88.93/万[4]。新疆地处中国西部边陲，地域广阔，民族众多，地区经济、医疗资源分配不均，受教育程度低，出生缺陷的筛查、诊断和治疗起步较晚，与国内发达地区相比相对滞后，为了解新疆出生缺陷发生现况，填补数据空白，进一步提高出生人口质量，对2019—2022年新疆出生缺陷医院监测数据进行统计分析。
1 资料与方法
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1.1 资料来源
研究数据来源于《新疆自治区妇幼健康云平台》，收集了2019—2022年新疆13地州市（克拉玛依市无出生缺陷监测医院，故克拉玛依市除外）共116家监测医院中各助产机构上报的《出生缺陷儿登记卡》和《围产儿数季报表》，包括出生缺陷儿基本信息（出生日期、性别、确诊时间、诊断类型、围产儿结局等）和分娩出生缺陷儿产妇的基本信息（年龄、常住地类型、居住地、分娩孕周等）。本研究经乌鲁木齐市妇幼保健院医学伦理委员会批准（伦理批准编号：XJFYLL2024006）。
1.2 诊断标准
根据《中国妇幼卫生监测工作手册》中的诊断方法，分娩后的出生缺陷儿由专业妇产科医生临床观察、体格检查后，结合临床症状选择超声、X线、血液生化学及免疫学检查、基因检测、染色体检测或尸体解剖（死胎死产儿）等辅助检查方法进行确诊；产前诊断的出生缺陷也需在出生后明确疾病。
1.3 纳入标准
2019年1月—2022年12月于新疆出生缺陷监测医院内住院分娩的妊娠满28周至出生后7 d内所有的出生缺陷儿（包括死胎、死产）。
1.4 质量控制
所有填报人员都经过培训，每个监测医院完成当月纸质报表的院内检查和审核后，将《出生缺陷监测医院分娩情况报表》和《监测点出生缺陷个案报告卡》录入《新疆自治区妇幼健康云平台》，并上报上一级妇幼保健机构，县、市、地州、自治区进行逐级检查和审核。定期对所有监测医院进行督导检查，确保无错报、漏报。
1.5 统计学方法
运用Microsoft Excel 2013建立数据库，采用SPSS 27.0统计软件进行统计学分析。本研究收集的资料类型均为定性资料，故采用频数、构成比（%）、率进行描述。多组比较采用χ2检验，趋势分析采用χ2趋势检验，检验水准α=0.05。
2 结果
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2.1 围产儿出生缺陷发生概况
2019年1月—2022年12月新疆全区共303 473例围产儿出生，其中出生缺陷例数为6 983例，出生缺陷发生率为230.103/万，四年之间出生缺陷发生率无显著差异（χ2=4.757，P=0.190）。见表1。
2.2 围产儿出生缺陷主要疾病类型及顺位
2019年1月—2022年12月新疆出生缺陷发生率前五位及构成比分别为：先天性心脏病占46.239%、多指/趾占12.997%、马蹄内翻足占8.273%、外耳其他畸形占7.317%、总唇裂占6.253%，五种共计占所有出生缺陷疾病类型的81.078%。出生缺陷疾病类型前五位保持稳定，第六～十位呈现波动变化。见表2、3。
2.3 不同性别出生缺陷发生情况
2019年1月—2022年12月新疆围产儿中男婴出生缺陷发生率为245.280/万，占比54.920%，女婴为212.037/万，占比44.689%，男婴出生缺陷发生率远高于女婴（χ2=37.386，P<0.001）。见表4。
2.4 不同产妇年龄、居住地出生缺陷发生情况
2019年1月—2022年12月新疆产妇随着年龄增长，分娩出生缺陷儿的概率逐渐增长（χ2趋势2=92.706，P<0.001）。城镇出生缺陷发生率远高于乡村（χ2=1 478.493，P<0.001）。见表4。
2.5 不同地区出生缺陷发生情况
新疆13地州市出生缺陷情况见表5，其中出生缺陷发生率前三位分别为吐鲁番市、伊犁哈萨克自治州、哈密市，分别为803.315/万、583.222/万、482.646/万，远高于新疆发生率的230.103/万；不同地区之间，2019—2022年出生缺陷合计发生率有显著差异（χ2=3 039.965，P<0.001）。
2.6 不同季节出生缺陷发生情况
2019年1月—2022年12月新疆出生缺陷儿中，春季出生占比最多，为27.152%，秋季出生占比最少，为22.283%。见表6。
2.7 出生缺陷儿确诊时间及转归情况
2019—2022年新疆出生缺陷儿中85.407%为产后7 d内发现，6.99%为28周以前发现。6 983名出生缺陷儿活产率为90.892%，死胎死产率为7.518%，出生后死亡率为1.590%。见表7。
3 讨论
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2019—2022年新疆出生缺陷发生率维持稳定，年平均发生率为230.103/万，高于河南[5]、上海[6]等地，低于丽水[7]、常州[8]等地。2019—2022年平均发生率是2013年发生率（88.93/万）[4]的2.587倍。近年来，新疆在国家的扶持下大力推广增补叶酸，提升医护人员出生缺陷防治能力，提倡婚检、孕检和产检，产前筛查和产前诊断技术得到广泛推广，出生缺陷儿检出率增高，体现为发生率升高。本研究数据来源于《新疆自治区妇幼健康云平台》，纳入了新疆所有监测医院的围产儿数据，覆盖新疆13个地州市，补充了新疆在出生缺陷监测数据上的空白，代表性较好。但由于项目设计有限，限制了可分析的因素，无法确定出生缺陷的发生原因，对经济、社会、环境、遗传等可能影响出生缺陷发生率的因素有待进一步收集、论证。仅知晓围产儿的出生缺陷的情况，无法知晓出生缺陷儿长期生存率、生活质量等，提示需要进一步收集相关信息进行深入分析。
新疆围产儿出生缺陷发生率前五位为先天性心脏病、多指/趾、马蹄内翻足、外耳其他畸形、总唇裂。先天性心脏病、多指/趾一直是国内高发疾病，四年来发生率略有升高，与国内研究一致[8-10]。神经管畸形（12.357/万）从2019年的第12位一跃成为第6位，高于2020年全国的发生率水平（1.45/万）[11]。唇裂从第9位（5.036/万）逐步升高到第7位（5.181/万），微小畸形难以在出生前诊断，但预后较好，给予唇裂患儿家庭以继续养育的信心。
新疆围产儿中，男婴出生缺陷发生率远高于女婴，与国内外研究一致[12-13]。从遗传学来看，相比于女性，男性更容易发生性染色体疾病，原因是男性只有一条X性染色体，一旦携带致病基因就会发病，而女性在两条X染色体都携带致病基因才会发病。新疆出生缺陷城乡差异明显，城镇发生率为367.153/万，远高于乡村的150.187/万，与国内外大多数研究结果一致[14]。原因可能为城镇发展导致环境、空气等污染，居住在城镇的孕产妇接触到更多的粉尘、射线等可能导致出生缺陷的因素[15-16]。此外城镇的孕妇更有可能接受产前筛查和产前诊断的相关宣传[17]，依从性更高，也会导致城镇出生缺陷的检出率高。新疆不同地区出生缺陷发生率差异较大，中部地区发生率高于南疆、北疆地区，部分地区仍有较大的下降空间。新疆为多民族聚集地，不同地区民族类型不相同，膳食结构也不同。新疆特殊饮食结构与出生缺陷的关系有待进一步研究。
分析结果显示，产妇年龄与分娩出生缺陷儿的概率呈线性相关，高龄孕妇更有可能分娩出生缺陷儿。随着二孩、三孩政策的开放，新疆高龄产妇逐渐增多，2019—2022年每10 000个高龄孕产妇分娩的新生儿中，有291个存在不同程度的出生缺陷。研究发现产妇年龄越大，受外界不良因素影响越多，染色体畸变的可能性越大，出生缺陷的风险也相应的越高[18]。春季出生的出生缺陷儿最多，占全年出生缺陷儿总数的27.152%。研究显示由于母亲的饮食、接触到的传染源和环境温度在一年中各不相同，妊娠季节与出生缺陷的发生率显著相关[19]，因此在合适的季节备孕也是十分重要的。
围产儿死亡率是衡量一个地区经济、卫生发展水平的重要指标，出生缺陷是导致围产儿死亡的主要原因之一。2019年中国围产儿死亡率为5.600‰[20]，2016年新疆围产儿死亡率为15.140‰[21]，2019—2022年新疆出生缺陷导致的围产儿死亡率为2.096‰，出生缺陷儿死亡率为91.078‰。经产前筛查、诊断出的严重致死致残出生缺陷会在28周前建议终止妊娠，有效降低出生缺陷发生率、致死率。新疆85.410%的出生缺陷是在围产儿出生后发现的，说明新疆产前筛查、诊断还未全面推广，需继续努力。
新疆应加大出生缺陷预防力度，对各级医疗机构进行同质化管理，完成从筛查、诊断到干预全流程技术服务，采取综合预防措施降低出生缺陷发生率。应从孕前保健开始，向备孕夫妇科普孕期科学营养膳食、孕期筛查及新生儿疾病筛查，提高孕产妇对出生缺陷风险的认知。孕期早发现、早诊断、早采取措施，接受孕期保健指导，筛查危险因素；孕中期，接受产前筛查和产前诊断，发现胎儿异常及时干预；孕晚期严密监测胎儿生长发育情况，对高发的出生缺陷“孕前-产前-产后”全程综合防控。
基金
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  • 新疆维吾尔自治区科技创新团队（天山创新团队）项目(2022TSYCTD0016)
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2024年第51卷第23期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405048
  • 接收时间：2024-05-04
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2024-12-10
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-04
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新疆维吾尔自治区科技创新团队（天山创新团队）项目(2022TSYCTD0016)
作者信息
    1.石河子大学医学院，新疆 石河子 832000
    2.新疆医科大学公共卫生学院
    3.乌鲁木齐市妇幼保健院产前诊断中心
    4.石河子大学医学院
    5.乌鲁木齐市妇幼保健院产科，新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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