Article(id=1241035819272696573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035810628235909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405190, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715529600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815596645, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1733760000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815596645, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815596645, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815596645, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241035810628235909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='23', pageStart='4225', pageEnd='4416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815594584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815743629, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241036435843764756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035810628235909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241036435843764757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035810628235909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4315, endPage=4320, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241035820522599233, articleId=1241035819272696573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Path analysis of the impact of cognitive decline, risk perception, and self-efficacy on safe medication practices among empty nesters, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the impact pathways of cognitive decline, risk perception, and self-efficacy on the safe medication practices of empty nesters, utilizing the risk perception attitude framework theory.

Methods

A stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to conduct a questionnaire survey involving 361 empty nesters. Multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation modeling were used to construct the impact pathways.

Results

The average score for safe medication practices among empty nesters was 30.59±3.61. Path analysis revealed that cognitive decline directly predicted safe medication practices (β=-0.134) and also indirectly influenced these practices through risk perception and self-efficacy. This included the independent mediating effects of self-efficacy (β=-0.066) and risk perception (β=-0.131), as well as the chain mediating effect of risk perception and self-efficacy (β=-0.088) (all P<0.05).

Conclusion

The level of safe medication practices among empty nesters urgently needs improvement, particularly focusing on those with cognitive decline. Enhancing self-efficacy and correcting risk perception biases may elevate safe medication practices among cognitively impaired empty nesters.

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目的

结合风险感知态度框架理论,探讨认知衰弱、风险感知及自我效能对空巢老人安全用药行为的影响路径。

方法

采用分层整群随机抽样法对361例空巢老人展开问卷调查,应用多元线性回归分析及结构方程模型构建影响路径。

结果

空巢老人安全用药行为得分为(30.59±3.61)分。路径分析显示,认知衰弱直接预测空巢老人安全用药行为(β=-0.134),还通过风险感知及自我效能感间接影响安全用药行为,包括自我效能(β=-0.066)、风险感知(β=-0.131)的独立中介作用,以及风险感知和自我效能的链式中介作用(β=-0.088)(均P<0.05)。

结论

空巢老人的安全用药行为水平亟需提高,重点关注认知衰弱老人,可通过纠正风险感知偏差,增强自我效能感以提升认知衰弱空巢老人安全用药行为水平。

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高欢玲,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=eVdDeHZhwvL1OWwgru31tw==, magXml=hLTPaFI+61sBG+nD+a0ThA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=tXtmpPNpb8a2nhJYAJ0zJw==, pdfFileSize=1010855, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=VJFtYypeAqB977eZbMXygg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=icZPzBZ+ylYbKwl04HVhzQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

崔彩彩(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年护理

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崔彩彩(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年护理

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崔彩彩(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年护理

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Healthcare, 2021, 9(10): 1312., articleTitle=Self-Efficacy, social activity, and spirituality in the care of elderly patients with polypharmacy in Germany-A multicentric Cross-Sectional study within the HoPES3 trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069125628392227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=7, issue=6, pageStart=125, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Lin CH, Liu CY, Huang CC, journalName=Geriatrics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin CH, Liu CY, Huang CC, et al. Frailty and quality of Life among older adults in communities: the mediation effects of daily physical activity and healthy Life Self-Efficacy[J]. Geriatrics, 2022, 7(6): 125., articleTitle=Frailty and quality of Life among older adults in communities: the mediation effects of daily physical activity and healthy Life Self-Efficacy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069125796164393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=3397, pageEnd=3403, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Yi QF, Yang GL, Yan J, journalName=International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yi QF, Yang GL, Yan J. Self-Efficacy intervention programs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: narrative review[J]. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2021, 16: 3397-3403., articleTitle=Self-Efficacy intervention programs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: narrative review, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241069120188379651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, awardId=2023L484, language=CN, fundingSource=科技创新项目(2023L484), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241069112500219992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069112508608599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, companyId=1241069112500219992, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanxi Medical University Fenyang College, located in Luliang City, Shanxi Province 032200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069112512802905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, companyId=1241069112500219992, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山西省吕梁市山西医科大学汾阳学院,山西 吕梁 032200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241069118800064889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The path diagram of the role of risk perception and self-efficacy between cognitive frailty and safe medication behavior, figureFileSmall=R09aLzvL9IQ5II+CN0n5TA==, figureFileBig=xLc9F2vT2SgJBJUCq4SwSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069118913311107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, language=CN, label=图1, caption=风险感知及自我效能在认知衰弱与安全用药行为间的作用路径图, figureFileSmall=R09aLzvL9IQ5II+CN0n5TA==, figureFileBig=xLc9F2vT2SgJBJUCq4SwSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069119093666203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

General data and univariate analysis of cognitive frailty[n=361,n(%),

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目例数安全用药行为得分(分)检验统计量P
性别-0.829a0.408
191(52.9)30.45±3.54
170(47.1)30.75±3.69
年龄(岁)2.185a0.039
60~74263(72.9)30.81±3.50
≥7598(27.1)30.01±3.74
文化程度23.165c<0.001
小学及以下209(57.9)29.56±3.40
初中100(27.7)31.68±2.85
高中及以上52(14.4)32.67±4.23
婚姻状况0.501a0.617
已婚264(73.1)30.64±3.46
未婚及丧偶97(26.9)30.47±4.06
职业1.337c0.271
农民216(59.8)30.34±3.63
工人93(25.8)31.13±3.51
教师及机关干部16(4.4)31.63±4.35
其他(个体)36(10.0)30.28±3.11
家庭人均月收入(元)52.332c<0.001
<50081(22.4)28.84±3.29
500~999140(38.8)29.86±3.03
1 000~1 999102(28.3)31.41±3.55
≥2 00038(10.5)34.82±2.34
医疗保障状况14.974b<0.001
居民医保258(71.5)29.88±3.43
职工医保80(22.2)32.35±3.52
自费11(3.0)30.27±3.07
其他12(3.3)34.58±1.98
长期用药数量(种)4.474a<0.001
<5220(60.9)31.28±3.35
≥5141(39.1)29.52±3.74
药物不良反应史(次)14.625b<0.001
276(76.5)30.05±3.43
1~267(18.6)32.22±3.71
>218(5.0)32.83±3.90
认知衰弱评估7.938a<0.001
非认知衰弱262(72.6)31.43±2.96
认知衰弱99(27.4)28.38±2.66
), ArticleFig(id=1241069119286604203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

一般资料及认知衰弱的单因素分析[n=361,n(%),

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目例数安全用药行为得分(分)检验统计量P
性别-0.829a0.408
191(52.9)30.45±3.54
170(47.1)30.75±3.69
年龄(岁)2.185a0.039
60~74263(72.9)30.81±3.50
≥7598(27.1)30.01±3.74
文化程度23.165c<0.001
小学及以下209(57.9)29.56±3.40
初中100(27.7)31.68±2.85
高中及以上52(14.4)32.67±4.23
婚姻状况0.501a0.617
已婚264(73.1)30.64±3.46
未婚及丧偶97(26.9)30.47±4.06
职业1.337c0.271
农民216(59.8)30.34±3.63
工人93(25.8)31.13±3.51
教师及机关干部16(4.4)31.63±4.35
其他(个体)36(10.0)30.28±3.11
家庭人均月收入(元)52.332c<0.001
<50081(22.4)28.84±3.29
500~999140(38.8)29.86±3.03
1 000~1 999102(28.3)31.41±3.55
≥2 00038(10.5)34.82±2.34
医疗保障状况14.974b<0.001
居民医保258(71.5)29.88±3.43
职工医保80(22.2)32.35±3.52
自费11(3.0)30.27±3.07
其他12(3.3)34.58±1.98
长期用药数量(种)4.474a<0.001
<5220(60.9)31.28±3.35
≥5141(39.1)29.52±3.74
药物不良反应史(次)14.625b<0.001
276(76.5)30.05±3.43
1~267(18.6)32.22±3.71
>218(5.0)32.83±3.90
认知衰弱评估7.938a<0.001
非认知衰弱262(72.6)31.43±2.96
认知衰弱99(27.4)28.38±2.66
), ArticleFig(id=1241069119441793465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation analysis of safe drug use behavior with self-efficacy and multiple medication risk perception

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量安全用药行为自我效能感时间风险经济风险身体风险社会心理风险
安全用药行为1.000
自我效能感0.782a1.000
时间风险0.457a0.306a1.000
经济风险0.489a0.382a0.0851.000
身体风险-0.349a-0.203a-0.091-0.1021.000
社会心理风险0.337a0.393a0.108b0.114b-0.117b1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241069119563428293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

安全用药行为与自我效能感及多重用药风险感知的相关分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量安全用药行为自我效能感时间风险经济风险身体风险社会心理风险
安全用药行为1.000
自我效能感0.782a1.000
时间风险0.457a0.306a1.000
经济风险0.489a0.382a0.0851.000
身体风险-0.349a-0.203a-0.091-0.1021.000
社会心理风险0.337a0.393a0.108b0.114b-0.117b1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241069119647314383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multiple linear regression analysis of factors of safe drug behavior (n=361)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量B标准误βtP共线性统计
容差方差膨胀因子
(常量)15.9211.32612.010<0.001
年龄-0.0220.013-0.043-1.7190.0870.9581.043
人均月收入0.3210.1240.0822.5870.0100.5901.695
文化程度0.3970.1320.0803.0040.0030.8311.203
用药数量-0.1480.052-0.073-2.8300.0050.8781.139
不良反应0.3790.1680.0582.2580.0250.9061.104
自我效能感0.3770.0230.49814.323<0.0010.6351.575
经济风险0.2860.0390.1967.352<0.0010.8361.196
时间风险0.2490.0390.1746.314<0.0010.7791.284
身体风险-0.2060.037-0.144-5.612<0.0010.9011.110
社会心理风险0.1730.0560.0813.0920.0020.8661.154
认知衰弱-0.7010.210-0.086-3.3330.0010.8801.136
职工医保0.4550.2440.0521.8630.0630.7591.317
自费0.4010.5350.0190.7490.4540.9161.092
其他-0.2760.573-0.012-0.4810.6310.8781.139
), ArticleFig(id=1241069119810892250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

安全用药行为影响因素的多元线性回归分析(n=361)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量B标准误βtP共线性统计
容差方差膨胀因子
(常量)15.9211.32612.010<0.001
年龄-0.0220.013-0.043-1.7190.0870.9581.043
人均月收入0.3210.1240.0822.5870.0100.5901.695
文化程度0.3970.1320.0803.0040.0030.8311.203
用药数量-0.1480.052-0.073-2.8300.0050.8781.139
不良反应0.3790.1680.0582.2580.0250.9061.104
自我效能感0.3770.0230.49814.323<0.0010.6351.575
经济风险0.2860.0390.1967.352<0.0010.8361.196
时间风险0.2490.0390.1746.314<0.0010.7791.284
身体风险-0.2060.037-0.144-5.612<0.0010.9011.110
社会心理风险0.1730.0560.0813.0920.0020.8661.154
认知衰弱-0.7010.210-0.086-3.3330.0010.8801.136
职工医保0.4550.2440.0521.8630.0630.7591.317
自费0.4010.5350.0190.7490.4540.9161.092
其他-0.2760.573-0.012-0.4810.6310.8781.139
), ArticleFig(id=1241069119903166949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mediation effects of risk perception and self-efficacy between cognitive frailty and safe medication behavior (n=361)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量路径直接效应值间接效应值效应值(95%CI
SS→Y-0.203-0.260~-0.147
TT→Y0.1980.147~0.249
JJ→Y→0.2320.182~0.281
XXY0.1160.066~0.166
ZZ→Y0.5070.455~0.559
RR→Y-0.134-0.175~-0.077
R→S→Y-0.034-0.051~-0.017
R→S→Z→Y-0.021-0.036~-0.006
R→J→Y-0.044-0.060~-0.028
R→J→Z→Y-0.020-0.035~-0.005
R→T→Y→→→-0.031-0.046~-0.016
RTZY-0.023-0.036~-0.008
R→X→Y→→→-0.022-0.038~-0.006
RXZY-0.024-0.037~-0.011
R→Z→Y-0.066-0.112~-0.020
总计-0.285
), ArticleFig(id=1241069119974470126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035819272696573, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

风险感知及自我效能在认知衰弱与安全用药行为间的中介效应(n=361)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量路径直接效应值间接效应值效应值(95%CI
SS→Y-0.203-0.260~-0.147
TT→Y0.1980.147~0.249
JJ→Y→0.2320.182~0.281
XXY0.1160.066~0.166
ZZ→Y0.5070.455~0.559
RR→Y-0.134-0.175~-0.077
R→S→Y-0.034-0.051~-0.017
R→S→Z→Y-0.021-0.036~-0.006
R→J→Y-0.044-0.060~-0.028
R→J→Z→Y-0.020-0.035~-0.005
R→T→Y→→→-0.031-0.046~-0.016
RTZY-0.023-0.036~-0.008
R→X→Y→→→-0.022-0.038~-0.006
RXZY-0.024-0.037~-0.011
R→Z→Y-0.066-0.112~-0.020
总计-0.285
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认知衰弱、风险感知及自我效能对空巢老人安全用药行为的影响路径分析
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崔彩彩 , 高欢玲 , 李红梅 , 岳一婷 , 马彩虹 , 张思苑 , 吕旭晶
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024,51(23): 4315-4320
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024, 51(23): 4315-4320
认知衰弱、风险感知及自我效能对空巢老人安全用药行为的影响路径分析
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崔彩彩, 高欢玲 , 李红梅, 岳一婷, 马彩虹, 张思苑, 吕旭晶
作者信息
  • 山西省吕梁市山西医科大学汾阳学院,山西 吕梁 032200
  • 崔彩彩(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年护理

通讯作者:

高欢玲,E-mail:
Path analysis of the impact of cognitive decline, risk perception, and self-efficacy on safe medication practices among empty nesters
Cai-cai CUI, Huan-ling GAO , Hong-mei LI, Yi-ting YUE, Cai-hong MA, Si-yuan ZHANG, Xu-jing LV
Affiliations
  • Shanxi Medical University Fenyang College, located in Luliang City, Shanxi Province 032200, China
出版时间: 2024-12-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405190
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目的

结合风险感知态度框架理论,探讨认知衰弱、风险感知及自我效能对空巢老人安全用药行为的影响路径。

方法

采用分层整群随机抽样法对361例空巢老人展开问卷调查,应用多元线性回归分析及结构方程模型构建影响路径。

结果

空巢老人安全用药行为得分为(30.59±3.61)分。路径分析显示,认知衰弱直接预测空巢老人安全用药行为(β=-0.134),还通过风险感知及自我效能感间接影响安全用药行为,包括自我效能(β=-0.066)、风险感知(β=-0.131)的独立中介作用,以及风险感知和自我效能的链式中介作用(β=-0.088)(均P<0.05)。

结论

空巢老人的安全用药行为水平亟需提高,重点关注认知衰弱老人,可通过纠正风险感知偏差,增强自我效能感以提升认知衰弱空巢老人安全用药行为水平。

空巢老人  /  安全用药行为  /  认知衰弱  /  自我效能  /  风险感知
Objective

To explore the impact pathways of cognitive decline, risk perception, and self-efficacy on the safe medication practices of empty nesters, utilizing the risk perception attitude framework theory.

Methods

A stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to conduct a questionnaire survey involving 361 empty nesters. Multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation modeling were used to construct the impact pathways.

Results

The average score for safe medication practices among empty nesters was 30.59±3.61. Path analysis revealed that cognitive decline directly predicted safe medication practices (β=-0.134) and also indirectly influenced these practices through risk perception and self-efficacy. This included the independent mediating effects of self-efficacy (β=-0.066) and risk perception (β=-0.131), as well as the chain mediating effect of risk perception and self-efficacy (β=-0.088) (all P<0.05).

Conclusion

The level of safe medication practices among empty nesters urgently needs improvement, particularly focusing on those with cognitive decline. Enhancing self-efficacy and correcting risk perception biases may elevate safe medication practices among cognitively impaired empty nesters.

Empty nesters  /  Safe medication practices  /  Cognitive decline  /  Self-efficacy  /  Risk perception
崔彩彩, 高欢玲, 李红梅, 岳一婷, 马彩虹, 张思苑, 吕旭晶. 认知衰弱、风险感知及自我效能对空巢老人安全用药行为的影响路径分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (23) : 4315 -4320 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405190
Cai-cai CUI, Huan-ling GAO, Hong-mei LI, Yi-ting YUE, Cai-hong MA, Si-yuan ZHANG, Xu-jing LV. Path analysis of the impact of cognitive decline, risk perception, and self-efficacy on safe medication practices among empty nesters[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (23) : 4315 -4320 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405190
调查显示,我国空巢家庭占老人家庭比重为44.8%[1]。空巢老人因缺乏照护及社会支持,易发生居家意外伤害,其中用药错误是除跌倒外发生率最高的因素[2]
“认知衰弱”是常见老年综合征,其特征为身体衰弱和轻度认知障碍并存[3]。认知衰弱老人可能存在药物误解、获取药物困难、执行力降低和健康状况恶化使其无法进行独立安全的药物管理[4-5]。老年人存在多重用药、药物吸收代谢复杂等情况,不安全用药行为会产生不良反应、疾病控制不佳,甚至危及生命的严重后果[6]。风险感知态度框架(RPA)用于解释和预测人们的健康行为,强调两个认知变量,即风险感知和自我效能;多重用药风险感知是个体对用药行为所产生风险的主观判定,如购买药物产生的经济风险等;自我效能补充了个体在信念上的特征,二者结合能更准确的预测健康行为[7-8]。综上,认知衰弱、风险感知、自我效能与安全用药行为密切相关,但三者之间的作用路径尚未明确。本研究拟探索以上三种因素对空巢老人安全用药行为的作用机制,为制定干预策略提供依据。
依据结构方程模型要求[9]:样本量为自变量数的10倍,考虑10%无效样本,所需样本量为275例。于2023年10月—2024年1月采用分层整群随机抽样法于汾阳市下属3个街道及11个乡镇,抽取1个街道4个乡镇,每个街道/乡镇再抽取1个社区/行政村,有效调查361例空巢老人。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥60岁;(2)独居或仅与配偶同住,无子女,或不与子女长期共同生活且子女探望频次<1次/周;(3)常规使用至少1种药物;(4)能与研究人员有效沟通。排除标准:(1)明确诊断为精神智力障碍、听力障碍或痴呆;(2)急危重症患者;(3)因身体瘫痪丧失自我用药能力者。调查者均知情同意,获山西医科大学汾阳学院伦理委员会审批(2024044)。
自行设计,包括性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、职业、家庭月收入、医疗保障状况、长期用药数量、药物不良反应史。
包括自我购药行为、药品说明书阅读、服药行为、药效检测行为、储药行为5个维度13项条目。前9项采用四级评分法,其中条目1、3、6、7、8为反向计分;10~13条目“是”为1分,“否或不确定”为0分;问卷总分9~40分,得分越高,用药行为越安全。总问卷重测信度为0.868,内容效度指数为0.947[10]
包含时间风险、经济风险、身体风险、社会心理风险四个维度,共15个条目。应用Likert 5级评分法对量表条目的5个选项从“非常同意”到“非常不同意”分别赋值1~5分并计算总得分15~75分,风险感知得分越高,风险感知水平越低。该量表Cronbach α系数为0.863[11]
依据国际衰弱共识工作组定义[3],应用FRAIL量表[12]评估身体衰弱状态,包含疲劳感、阻力增加/耐力减退、自由活动下降、疾病情况和体质量下降5项指标,满足1项计1分,得分0~5分;≥ 3分为衰弱,1~2分为衰弱前期,0分为非衰弱。简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)用于评估老年人的认知功能,主要包括:(1)定向力(时间、地点),最高10分;(2)即刻记忆力,最高3分;(3)注意力和计算力,最高5分;(4)延迟回忆能力,最高3分;(5)语言能力,最高9分。总计30分,分数在27~30分为正常,<27分且未达到痴呆分界值为轻度认知功能障碍。痴呆划分标准:文盲<17分,小学<20分,中学及以上<24分。
由董小方等[13]汉化,Cronbachα系数为0.934。
两个维度13项条目,评估被调查者13种情景下坚持服药的信心。采用Likert 3级评分法,没有信心、有点信心、非常有信心依次计为1~3分,总分13~39分,分值越高患者的服药自我效能越好。
面对面调查,对调查员展开培训,培训内容包括收集资料指导语、量表内容及使用方法。征得调查对象签字同意后,进行资料收集。视力障碍者,由调查员一对一进行逐条提问,并如实代填。
应用SPSS 26.0进行分析。计量资料服从正态分布用(均数±标准差)描述,计数资料用频数、百分比描述;组间比较采用独立样本t检验或方差分析;Pearson相关性分析检验变量间的相关性;Mplus 8.3软件构建结构方程模型,bootstrap法重复抽样5 000次检验中介效应,检验水准α=0.05。
361例空巢老人年龄为60~89(69.25±6.98)岁,认知衰弱的发生率为27.4%。见表1
空巢老人安全用药行为得分为(30.59±3.61)分;多重用药风险感知得分为(41.88±3.86)分,各维度为时间风险感知(10.46±2.60)分,经济风险感知(8.89±2.45)分,身体风险感知(11.44±1.86)分,社会心理风险感知(11.09±1.54);自我效能感得分为(26.81±5.04)分。
表1
表2
以安全用药行为为因变量,单因素分析和相关分析中有统计学意义的变量为自变量进行回归分析。结果显示,人均月收入、文化程度、用药数量、不良反应次数、自我效能感、时间风险、经济风险、身体风险、社会心理风险是空巢老人安全用药行为的影响因素,共解释总变异的79.4%。见表3
模型拟合结果:χ2/v=2.261,CFI=0.989,TLI=0.961,RMSEA=0.056,SRMR=0.068,适配度良好。见图1
结果显示认知衰弱直接影响安全用药行为(β=-0.134),间接效应包括自我效能(β=-0.066)、风险感知(β=-0.131)的独立中介作用,以及风险感知和自我效能的链式中介作用(β=-0.088)。Bootstrap法检验结果,风险感知、自我效能感的中介效应均显著(95%CI均不包含0)。见表4
空巢老人安全用药行为处于中等水平(30.59±3.61),与高血压高龄老人安全用药行为(30.17±4.72)水平相当[14]。文化程度高的老人安全用药行为水平更高,文化程度高的老人可能有更高的用药素养[14]。经济状况差的老人用药经济负担重,可能会产生不遵处方,购买低价位药品,或改变服用次数、擅自停药等不安全用药行为[5]。长期用药的数量越多,药物管理越复杂,而老年人视力及管理能力均有所下降,易发生用错药物、用过期药物、药物保管不当等不安全用药行为[15]。有用药不良反应史的老人,相关用药知识和用药安全意识增加,自我纠正,安全用药行为水平有所提高。有研究表明,老人药物治疗发生的不良反应频率与身体风险感知水平呈正相关,此类老人在未来将保持较高水平的药物警戒性,减少药物不良反应的发生[16]
失能过程模型揭示了从病理变化到功能损伤,并最终导致失能的过程,即认知衰弱老人的记忆力、处理信息能力、感知能力减退,最终药物管理能力丧失[17-18]。研究表明,认知衰弱老人健忘漏服或重复用药、记忆药物名称及阅读药品说明书困难、难以坚持治疗方案及监测效果、不会定期监测药物质量及保质期限等不安全用药行为的发生频率更高[5]。认知衰弱空巢老人缺少子女照护,与社会联系薄弱,如果存在不安全用药行为,难以及时发现,而产生更严重的不良后果。提示医护人员,应重点关注认知衰弱空巢老人,定期探访,保障认知衰弱空巢老人的用药安全。
空巢老人感知的时间风险、经济风险及社会心理风险均正向预测用药安全行为,而身体风险则与用药安全行为水平呈负相关,其中经济风险感知的直接效应(β=0.232)最显著。与长期用药成本高及收入不足导致的用药经济负担重有关[19]。与客观风险相比,风险感知对用药安全行为的预测更具优势,因为风险感知是老人对其客观状态做出的主观风险判定,所感知的风险可能与实际风险存在偏差,更能代表老人当下的风险态度,从而预测其一系列决策行为[20]。
认知衰弱与空巢老人感知的时间风险、经济风险、社会心理风险呈正相关,而与身体风险感知呈负相关;风险感知在认知衰弱对用药安全行为的影响中,中介效应最显著。认知衰弱老人会因为执行力、记忆力均下降,认为“服用方式繁琐,准备药物,花费自己大量时间和精力”而感知到较高的时间风险,影响用药安全[5]。认知衰弱老人更易发生共病或并发症而产生更多医疗保健费用,导致其经济风险感知更高[21]。研究表明,随着老人对社会依赖度增加,而认知衰弱老人的技术使用和社交参与度等能力显著下降,更在意他人看法,产生严重心理困扰,在人际关系中表现出较高的社会心理风险感知[22]。认知衰弱老人身体风险感知更低,可能与其文化程度低,健康素养及用药知识不足有关[23]。空巢老人易发生认知衰弱和信息获取障碍,双重影响下更易产生风险感知偏差,提示医护人员应关注空巢老人的认知状态,加强随访和用药信息宣教。
与本研究结果一致,STURM N等[24]认为自我效能感与药物相关行为密切相关,提升自我效能感有助于改善用药安全。本研究得出认知衰弱与用药自我效能感呈负相关,且自我效能的独立中介效应显著。Lin CH等[25]也表明认知衰弱老人的自我效能感更低,可以通过提升自我效能感抵消认知衰弱对健康促进行为产生的负面影响。风险感知和自我效能还发挥链式中介作用,时间、经济及社会心理风险感知高的老人往往精力和信心不足,易产生用药焦虑,自我效能感不足;身体风险感知高的老人,有更高的用药素养,自我效能感增强,从而影响用药安全行为[8]
认知衰弱对空巢老人安全用药行为的直接效应和风险感知及自我效能的总中介效应均显著(β=-0.134,-0.285)。风险感知指导应对行为,感知偏差可能导致行为偏颇;自我效能低代表信念不足。提示应重点关注认知衰弱空巢老人,除开展认知衰弱相关的干预,纠正风险感知偏差及提升自我效能作为新干预途径亦不可或缺。认知衰弱老人常发生健忘、视力模糊及理解能力下降等,可利用药物管理类APP,如“药管家”,设置服药提醒并与家人关联,并设计直观易识别的药盒或标签。针对风险感知偏差和低自我效能,医师对老人进行全面评估,精简处方,以患者为中心,引导老人参与用药处方制定,社区鼓励子女与老人借助通讯设备沟通,降低经济风险感知;将药物按次进行分装,减少备药时间,提供药品配送服务,降低老人的时间风险感知;社区开展各类社交和心理干预活动,降低社交风险感知;通过定期开展老人身体监测及用药宣教,纠正错误用药观念,提升身体风险感知;肯定老人正确用药行为,分享有效管理经验,增加老人赋权,进行心理调适(自我暗示、心理免疫等),增强自我效能感[26]。发挥互联网联动医院-社区-家庭作用,形成动态化、规范化、连续性管理,综合提升空巢老人安全用药行为水平。
综上,认知衰弱、风险感知及自我效能感均显著影响空巢老人的安全用药行为。路径分析结果显示,风险感知及自我效能感在认知衰弱与安全用药行为中的中介效应均显著。提示医护人员应重点关注认知衰弱空巢老人的安全用药行为,可以从纠正风险感知偏差和提升自我效能感等途径进行干预。
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2024年第51卷第23期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405190
  • 接收时间:2024-05-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-12-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-13
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科技创新项目(2023L484)
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    山西省吕梁市山西医科大学汾阳学院,山西 吕梁 032200

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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