Article(id=1241035817796292960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035810628235909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406188, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718121600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815596292, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1733760000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815596292, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815596292, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815596292, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241035810628235909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='23', pageStart='4225', pageEnd='4416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815594584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815743629, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241036435843764756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035810628235909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241036435843764757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035810628235909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4360, endPage=4366, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241035820098965907, articleId=1241035817796292960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The longitudinal relationship between physical function, activities of daily living impairment, and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults in China: the mediating role of self-rated health, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the longitudinal relationship between physical function, impairment in activities of daily living, and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults in China, as well as to explore the mediating role of self-rated health.

Methods

Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) national cohort from 2013 to 2020 were analyzed, including 7 899 participants aged 45 and older. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to analyze the longitudinal association between impairment and depressive symptoms. The Process macro model 4 was used to construct the model, examining the mediating effect of self-rated health, with the Bootstrap method applied to test the significance of the mediation effect.

Results

After adjusting for confounding factors, the Cox proportional hazards regression results indicated that the risk of depressive symptoms for individuals with only physical function impairment, only activities of daily living impairment, and dual impairment was 1.408 times (95%CI: 1.284-1.543), 1.447 times (95%CI: 1.166-1.795), and 1.825 times (95%CI: 1.636-2.034) higher, respectively, compared to those without impairment (P<0.001). Self-rated health played a significant partial mediating role in the relationship between the two, with the effect size being the largest in the group with only physical function impairment at 24.29%, followed by the dual impairment group at 17.02%, and the group with only activities of daily living impairment at 12.15%.

Conclusion

There is a longitudinal relationship between physical function, activities of daily living impairment, and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults. Additionally, self-rated health serves as a partial mediator in this relationship. Implementing targeted interventions to delay the aging of physical functions and improve self-rated health can effectively control the occurrence and progression of depression in this population, facilitating a shift towards preventive measures.

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目的

研究中国中老年人躯体功能、自理能力障碍和抑郁症状之间的纵向联系,并探索健康自评的中介作用。

方法

采用中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS)2013—2020年四期全国队列研究数据,共纳入7 899名≥45岁的研究对象。Cox比例风险回归模型用以分析障碍情况与抑郁症状的纵向关联,采用Process插件model 4构建模型,分析健康自评在两者之间的中介作用,并采用bootstrap法检验中介效应的显著性。

结果

调整混杂因素后Cox比例风险回归结果显示,仅躯体功能障碍、仅自理能力障碍及双重障碍的中老年人出现抑郁症状的风险分别为无障碍的1.408(95%CI:1.284~1.543)、1.447(95%CI:1.166~1.795)和1.825(95%CI:1.636~2.034)倍(P<0.001)。健康自评在两者的关系中发挥了显著的部分中介效应,仅躯体功能障碍组中健康自评的效应占比最大,为24.29%,其次是双重障碍组和仅自理能力障碍组,分别为17.02%和12.15%。

结论

中老年人躯体功能、自理能力障碍与抑郁症状之间存在纵向联系,且健康自评在两者间发挥部分中介作用。采取针对性干预措施,延缓中老年人身体机能老龄化,提高其健康自评水平,能有效控制中老年人抑郁的发生发展,实现预防关口前移。

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黄莹,E-mail:
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李佩谦(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:儿童青少年健康

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李佩谦(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:儿童青少年健康

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李佩谦(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:儿童青少年健康

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Regional differences in disability and its influencing factors among middle-aged and elderly people in east, central and west major regions in China[J]. 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The mediating effect of depression on the quality of Life related to physical and mental health in the elderly with sleep disorders[J]. 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The impact of audio-visual impairments on subjective well-being status in the elderly: mediation by depressive tendency[J]. 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A Nomogram prediction model for the risk of disability incidence in the middle-aged and older adults[D]. 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Mediating effect of self-reported health between self-care ability and depression symptoms in elderly People[J].Journal of Nursing, 2022, 29(20): 55-59.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Mediating effect of self-reported health between self-care ability and depression symptoms in elderly People, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069131135513537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=32, authorNames=焦安安, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=焦安安.山东省老年人日常生活活动能力现状及影响因素研究[D].济南:山东大学,2020., articleTitle=山东省老年人日常生活活动能力现状及影响因素研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069131231982531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Jiao AA, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiao AA. Study on the activities of daily living and its associated factors among elderly in Shandong province[D]. 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Study on influencing factors of depressive symptoms in Chinese elderly——Based on 2018 CLHLS data[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2022.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Study on influencing factors of depressive symptoms in Chinese elderly——Based on 2018 CLHLS data, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069132850983879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=49, issue=7, pageStart=1241, pageEnd=1245, 1258, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=36, authorNames=腾佳杉, 张勰, journalName=现代预防医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=腾佳杉,张勰.失能老年人抑郁状况及其影响因素研究[J].现代预防医学202249(7):1241-1245, 1258., articleTitle=失能老年人抑郁状况及其影响因素研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069132947452872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=49, issue=7, pageStart=1241, pageEnd=1245, 1258, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Teng JS, Zhang X, journalName=Modern Preventive Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Teng JS, Zhang X. The influencing factors and depression status of the disabled elderly[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2022, 49(7): 1241-1245, 1258.(In Chinese), articleTitle=The influencing factors and depression status of the disabled elderly, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069133027144650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=24, issue=26, pageStart=3281, pageEnd=3287, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=38, authorNames=胡依, 李贝, journalName=中国全科医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡依,李贝.基于CHARLS面板数据的中国老年人抑郁症状变动情况及影响因素分析[J].中国全科医学202124(26):3281-3287., articleTitle=基于CHARLS面板数据的中国老年人抑郁症状变动情况及影响因素分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069133094253516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=24, issue=26, pageStart=3281, pageEnd=3287, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Hu Y, Li B, journalName=Chinese General Practice, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hu Y, Li B. Temporal trend of prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among Chinese older adults: an analysis based on the CHARLS panel data[J]. Chinese General Practice, 2021, 24(26): 3281-3287.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Temporal trend of prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among Chinese older adults: an analysis based on the CHARLS panel data, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069133157168078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=24, issue=1, pageStart=333, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Wu MZ, Zeng SL, journalName=BMC Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu MZ, Zeng SL. Exploring factors influencing farmers'health self-assessment in China based on the LASSO method[J].BMC Public Health, 2024, 24(1): 333., articleTitle=Exploring factors influencing farmers'health self-assessment in China based on the LASSO method, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241069120494563868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069120502952476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, companyId=1241069120494563868, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069120511341085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, companyId=1241069120494563868, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=昆明医科大学公共卫生学院,云南 昆明 650500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241069125024412417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Variable screening flow chart, figureFileSmall=4kSGHi6f3aBiL6KuEhJkJg==, figureFileBig=pyi0e47cANS7ioMbFKrWog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069125129270024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=CN, label=图1, caption=变量筛选流程图, figureFileSmall=4kSGHi6f3aBiL6KuEhJkJg==, figureFileBig=pyi0e47cANS7ioMbFKrWog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069125276070671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The Kaplan-Meier survival curves of different clusters, figureFileSmall=0cGvhfcFIyRCQtjyJxQfQg==, figureFileBig=yKF6oIA0r6ySs0KJpctsUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069125380928278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同组别的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线

注:图A为总体生存曲线,图B为不同障碍分组生存曲线;采用乘积极限法(Kaplan-Meier)绘制生存曲线,Log-Rank比较其影响因素;中位随访时间:总样本“-”,Ⅰ组“-”,Ⅱ组及Ⅲ组“7年”,Ⅳ组“5年”;“-”表示随访直至截止时间该组研究对象抑郁发病率未达到50%。

, figureFileSmall=0cGvhfcFIyRCQtjyJxQfQg==, figureFileBig=yKF6oIA0r6ySs0KJpctsUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069125502563102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Mediation analysis result model, figureFileSmall=jF65M04j/D3qvjekOVvqXg==, figureFileBig=QjG159wGJMbgFkZ0YfJRGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069125624197926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=CN, label=图3, caption=中介分析结果模型, figureFileSmall=jF65M04j/D3qvjekOVvqXg==, figureFileBig=QjG159wGJMbgFkZ0YfJRGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069125796164391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of different clusters [MP25P75),n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总样本
(n=7 899)
Ⅰ组
(n=3 034)
Ⅱ组
(n=3 203)
Ⅲ组
(n=240)
Ⅳ组
(n=1 422)
χ2/HP
年龄(岁)58.0
(51.0, 64.0)
56.0a
(50.0, 61.0)
58.0b
(51.0, 64.0)
61.0c
(53.0, 66.5)
62.0d
(56.0, 68.0)
456.280<0.001
性别308.570<0.001
3 757(47.6)1 082(35.7)a1 717(53.6)b105(43.8)a853(60.0)c
4 142(52.4)1 952(64.3)a1 486(46.4)b135(56.3)a569(40.0)c
城乡79.677<0.001
农村5 419(73.3)2 024(70.9)a2 123(71.1)a197(86.0)b1 075(81.4)b
城镇1 972(26.7)831(29.1)a864(28.9)a32(14.0)b245(18.6)b
婚姻状况70.917<0.001
未在婚604(7.6)170(5.6)a229(7.1)a31(12.9)b174(12.2)b
在婚7 295(92.4)2 864(94.4)a2 974(92.9)a209(87.1)b1 248(87.8)b
教育程度425.336<0.001
小学及以下4 691(59.4)1 479(48.8)a1 892(59.1)b195(81.3)c1 125(79.3)c
初中至高中2 774(35.1)1 340(44.2)a1 132(35.4)b39(16.3)c263(18.5)c
中专及以上428(5.4)214(7.1)a178(5.6)b6(2.5)c30(2.1)c
是否工作203.506<0.001
2 148(27.2)588(19.4)a985(30.8)b41(17.1)a534(37.6)c
5 751(72.8)2 446(80.6)a2 218(69.2)b199(82.9)a888(62.4)c
吸烟73.399<0.001
4 912(79.5)1 701(73.9)a2 093(83.2)bc144(80.0)ab974(82.6)b
1 265(20.5)602(26.1)a422(16.8)bc36(20.0)ab205(17.4)b
饮酒175.503<0.001
4 785(60.6)1 569(51.7)a2 103(65.7)b136(56.7)a977(68.8)b
3 109(39.4)1 463(48.3)a1 098(34.3)b104(43.3)a444(31.2)b
高血压140.030<0.001
5 961(78.0)2 458(84.4)a2 325(74.6)b202(85.6)a976(70.7)c
1 683(22.0)455(15.6)a790(25.4)b34(14.4)a404(29.3)c
糖尿病43.779<0.001
7 210(94.9)2 809(96.8)a2 899(93.8)b227(97.4)ab1 275(92.9)bc
389(5.1)93(3.2)a193(6.2)b6(2.6)ab97(7.1)bc
慢性肺部疾患76.491<0.001
7 077(92.7)2 777(95.4)a2 854(91.9)ab227(96.2)a1 219(88.5)c
554(7.3)133(4.6)a253(8.1)ab9(3.8)a159(11.5)c
睡眠时间(h)6.5
(5.5, 8.0)
7.0a
(6.0, 8.0)
6.0b
(5.0, 7.0)
7.0a
(6.0, 8.0)
6.0b
(5.0, 8.0)
77.353<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241069125913604908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同障碍组的基线特征比较[MP25P75),n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总样本
(n=7 899)
Ⅰ组
(n=3 034)
Ⅱ组
(n=3 203)
Ⅲ组
(n=240)
Ⅳ组
(n=1 422)
χ2/HP
年龄(岁)58.0
(51.0, 64.0)
56.0a
(50.0, 61.0)
58.0b
(51.0, 64.0)
61.0c
(53.0, 66.5)
62.0d
(56.0, 68.0)
456.280<0.001
性别308.570<0.001
3 757(47.6)1 082(35.7)a1 717(53.6)b105(43.8)a853(60.0)c
4 142(52.4)1 952(64.3)a1 486(46.4)b135(56.3)a569(40.0)c
城乡79.677<0.001
农村5 419(73.3)2 024(70.9)a2 123(71.1)a197(86.0)b1 075(81.4)b
城镇1 972(26.7)831(29.1)a864(28.9)a32(14.0)b245(18.6)b
婚姻状况70.917<0.001
未在婚604(7.6)170(5.6)a229(7.1)a31(12.9)b174(12.2)b
在婚7 295(92.4)2 864(94.4)a2 974(92.9)a209(87.1)b1 248(87.8)b
教育程度425.336<0.001
小学及以下4 691(59.4)1 479(48.8)a1 892(59.1)b195(81.3)c1 125(79.3)c
初中至高中2 774(35.1)1 340(44.2)a1 132(35.4)b39(16.3)c263(18.5)c
中专及以上428(5.4)214(7.1)a178(5.6)b6(2.5)c30(2.1)c
是否工作203.506<0.001
2 148(27.2)588(19.4)a985(30.8)b41(17.1)a534(37.6)c
5 751(72.8)2 446(80.6)a2 218(69.2)b199(82.9)a888(62.4)c
吸烟73.399<0.001
4 912(79.5)1 701(73.9)a2 093(83.2)bc144(80.0)ab974(82.6)b
1 265(20.5)602(26.1)a422(16.8)bc36(20.0)ab205(17.4)b
饮酒175.503<0.001
4 785(60.6)1 569(51.7)a2 103(65.7)b136(56.7)a977(68.8)b
3 109(39.4)1 463(48.3)a1 098(34.3)b104(43.3)a444(31.2)b
高血压140.030<0.001
5 961(78.0)2 458(84.4)a2 325(74.6)b202(85.6)a976(70.7)c
1 683(22.0)455(15.6)a790(25.4)b34(14.4)a404(29.3)c
糖尿病43.779<0.001
7 210(94.9)2 809(96.8)a2 899(93.8)b227(97.4)ab1 275(92.9)bc
389(5.1)93(3.2)a193(6.2)b6(2.6)ab97(7.1)bc
慢性肺部疾患76.491<0.001
7 077(92.7)2 777(95.4)a2 854(91.9)ab227(96.2)a1 219(88.5)c
554(7.3)133(4.6)a253(8.1)ab9(3.8)a159(11.5)c
睡眠时间(h)6.5
(5.5, 8.0)
7.0a
(6.0, 8.0)
6.0b
(5.0, 7.0)
7.0a
(6.0, 8.0)
6.0b
(5.0, 8.0)
77.353<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241069126018462516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The Cox proportional-hazards model analysis of Impairments in Physical Function and Activities of Daily Living and Depression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别HR(95%CI)
模型1模型2模型3模型4
Ⅰ组对照对照对照对照
Ⅱ组1.512(1.403~1.630)***1.405(1.299~1.521)***1.418(1.297~1.551)***1.408(1.284~1.543)***
Ⅲ组1.665(1.393~1.990)***1.395(1.159~1.680)***1.448(1.172~1.788)***1.447(1.166~1.795)***
Ⅳ组2.222(2.039~2.420)***1.834(1.669~2.016)***1.833(1.649~2.038)***1.825(1.636~2.034)***
), ArticleFig(id=1241069126119125813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

躯体、自理能力障碍与抑郁症状的Cox比例风险回归模型分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别HR(95%CI)
模型1模型2模型3模型4
Ⅰ组对照对照对照对照
Ⅱ组1.512(1.403~1.630)***1.405(1.299~1.521)***1.418(1.297~1.551)***1.408(1.284~1.543)***
Ⅲ组1.665(1.393~1.990)***1.395(1.159~1.680)***1.448(1.172~1.788)***1.447(1.166~1.795)***
Ⅳ组2.222(2.039~2.420)***1.834(1.669~2.016)***1.833(1.649~2.038)***1.825(1.636~2.034)***
), ArticleFig(id=1241069126223983419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mediation model regression analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型1模型2模型3
βtPβtPβtP
障碍分组
Ⅰ组000
Ⅱ组-0.406-15.398<0.0010.1946.340<0.0010.2578.473<0.001
Ⅲ组-0.225-3.3150.0010.2873.705<0.0010.3224.118<0.001
Ⅳ组-0.594-17.459<0.0010.44211.107<0.0010.53313.640<0.001
健康自评-0.135-9.987<0.001
R20.1030.1000.084
F44.95940.93336.084
), ArticleFig(id=1241069126320452418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中介模型回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型1模型2模型3
βtPβtPβtP
障碍分组
Ⅰ组000
Ⅱ组-0.406-15.398<0.0010.1946.340<0.0010.2578.473<0.001
Ⅲ组-0.225-3.3150.0010.2873.705<0.0010.3224.118<0.001
Ⅳ组-0.594-17.459<0.0010.44211.107<0.0010.53313.640<0.001
健康自评-0.135-9.987<0.001
R20.1030.1000.084
F44.95940.93336.084
), ArticleFig(id=1241069126412727108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mediation effect analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量效应量(95%CI)效应占比(%)
总效应
Ⅱ组0.0370.317(0.243~0.390)100
Ⅲ组0.0960.397(0.208~0.596)100
Ⅳ组0.0480.658(0.563~0.752)100
直接效应
Ⅱ组0.0380.240(0.166~0.314)75.71
Ⅲ组0.0960.354(0.167~0.541)87.85
Ⅳ组0.0490.545(0.449~0.642)82.98
中介效应
Ⅱ组0.0090.077(0.060~0.095)24.29
Ⅲ组0.0150.043(0.015~0.072)12.15
Ⅳ组0.0130.112(0.088~0.139)17.02
), ArticleFig(id=1241069126534361925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035817796292960, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

中介效应分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量效应量(95%CI)效应占比(%)
总效应
Ⅱ组0.0370.317(0.243~0.390)100
Ⅲ组0.0960.397(0.208~0.596)100
Ⅳ组0.0480.658(0.563~0.752)100
直接效应
Ⅱ组0.0380.240(0.166~0.314)75.71
Ⅲ组0.0960.354(0.167~0.541)87.85
Ⅳ组0.0490.545(0.449~0.642)82.98
中介效应
Ⅱ组0.0090.077(0.060~0.095)24.29
Ⅲ组0.0150.043(0.015~0.072)12.15
Ⅳ组0.0130.112(0.088~0.139)17.02
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中国中老年人躯体功能、自理能力障碍与抑郁症状的纵向关联及健康自评的中介作用
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李佩谦 , 陈茂森 , 张晗 , 戴雅伊 , 黄莹
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024,51(23): 4360-4366
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024, 51(23): 4360-4366
中国中老年人躯体功能、自理能力障碍与抑郁症状的纵向关联及健康自评的中介作用
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李佩谦, 陈茂森, 张晗, 戴雅伊, 黄莹
作者信息
  • 昆明医科大学公共卫生学院,云南 昆明 650500
  • 李佩谦(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:儿童青少年健康

通讯作者:

黄莹,E-mail:
The longitudinal relationship between physical function, activities of daily living impairment, and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults in China: the mediating role of self-rated health
Pei-qian LI, Mao-sen CHEN, Han ZHANG, Ya-yi DAI, Ying HUANG
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
出版时间: 2024-12-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406188
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目的

研究中国中老年人躯体功能、自理能力障碍和抑郁症状之间的纵向联系,并探索健康自评的中介作用。

方法

采用中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS)2013—2020年四期全国队列研究数据,共纳入7 899名≥45岁的研究对象。Cox比例风险回归模型用以分析障碍情况与抑郁症状的纵向关联,采用Process插件model 4构建模型,分析健康自评在两者之间的中介作用,并采用bootstrap法检验中介效应的显著性。

结果

调整混杂因素后Cox比例风险回归结果显示,仅躯体功能障碍、仅自理能力障碍及双重障碍的中老年人出现抑郁症状的风险分别为无障碍的1.408(95%CI:1.284~1.543)、1.447(95%CI:1.166~1.795)和1.825(95%CI:1.636~2.034)倍(P<0.001)。健康自评在两者的关系中发挥了显著的部分中介效应,仅躯体功能障碍组中健康自评的效应占比最大,为24.29%,其次是双重障碍组和仅自理能力障碍组,分别为17.02%和12.15%。

结论

中老年人躯体功能、自理能力障碍与抑郁症状之间存在纵向联系,且健康自评在两者间发挥部分中介作用。采取针对性干预措施,延缓中老年人身体机能老龄化,提高其健康自评水平,能有效控制中老年人抑郁的发生发展,实现预防关口前移。

抑郁症状  /  中老年人  /  中介效应  /  CHARLS
Objective

To investigate the longitudinal relationship between physical function, impairment in activities of daily living, and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults in China, as well as to explore the mediating role of self-rated health.

Methods

Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) national cohort from 2013 to 2020 were analyzed, including 7 899 participants aged 45 and older. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to analyze the longitudinal association between impairment and depressive symptoms. The Process macro model 4 was used to construct the model, examining the mediating effect of self-rated health, with the Bootstrap method applied to test the significance of the mediation effect.

Results

After adjusting for confounding factors, the Cox proportional hazards regression results indicated that the risk of depressive symptoms for individuals with only physical function impairment, only activities of daily living impairment, and dual impairment was 1.408 times (95%CI: 1.284-1.543), 1.447 times (95%CI: 1.166-1.795), and 1.825 times (95%CI: 1.636-2.034) higher, respectively, compared to those without impairment (P<0.001). Self-rated health played a significant partial mediating role in the relationship between the two, with the effect size being the largest in the group with only physical function impairment at 24.29%, followed by the dual impairment group at 17.02%, and the group with only activities of daily living impairment at 12.15%.

Conclusion

There is a longitudinal relationship between physical function, activities of daily living impairment, and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults. Additionally, self-rated health serves as a partial mediator in this relationship. Implementing targeted interventions to delay the aging of physical functions and improve self-rated health can effectively control the occurrence and progression of depression in this population, facilitating a shift towards preventive measures.

Depressive symptoms  /  Middle-aged and older adults  /  Mediating effect  /  CHARLS
李佩谦, 陈茂森, 张晗, 戴雅伊, 黄莹. 中国中老年人躯体功能、自理能力障碍与抑郁症状的纵向关联及健康自评的中介作用. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (23) : 4360 -4366 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406188
Pei-qian LI, Mao-sen CHEN, Han ZHANG, Ya-yi DAI, Ying HUANG. The longitudinal relationship between physical function, activities of daily living impairment, and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults in China: the mediating role of self-rated health[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (23) : 4360 -4366 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406188
全球人口高龄化问题已成为重要公共卫生问题之一[1],截至2023年末中国65岁及以上老年人比重已达约15.4%[2]。老龄化进程加快的同时,老年人生理、心理健康问题逐渐凸显[3]。我国约有四成老年人患有不同程度的抑郁,客观生理健康和主观健康评价是影响其抑郁的两大个体因素[4]。一方面中老年人可能出现身体机能下降[5],躯体功能、自理能力受限,极易产生负面情绪[6];另一方面,研究证实健康自评与抑郁症状相关[7-8]。而健康自评是生理现状的主观映射,身体功能的障碍可能降低中老年人对自身健康的评价,从而增加抑郁风险[9-10]。以往学者对于抑郁中介因素的研究多是基于截面数据,且多聚焦于60岁及以上的老年人群,从而忽视了对45~60岁中年人群进行抑郁相关纵向研究所能产生的积极效应。且研究某一中介因素在自变量与抑郁症状中的作用时,并未对所选自变量进行内容和程度的划分,不利于内在联系的探究。鉴于此,本文基于CHARLS数据库的纵向数据,综合躯体功能、自理能力两种障碍情况对研究对象进行分组,探讨中老年人障碍情况与抑郁症状的纵向关联,同时分析健康自评在两者间的中介作用,为进一步改善中老年人健康提供科学依据。
本研究使用的是2013—2020年四期中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS)数据。CHARLS是一项基于人群的前瞻性队列研究,覆盖了全国150个县级单位、450个村级单位,收集了包含被调查者基本信息、健康状况和功能、认知和抑郁等几部分内容,对我国中老年人群具有较好的代表性[11]。本研究选取45岁及以上且2013年调查无抑郁症的中老人作为随访研究对象。在此基础上,排除标准:(1)仅有2013年抑郁调查数据;(2)自理能力障碍、躯体功能障碍和健康自评调查数据不完全;(3)同时缺乏三个及以上控制变量,包括:吸烟、饮酒、睡眠时长以及慢性病(高血压、糖尿病、慢性肺部疾患)。本研究最终纳入7 899名研究对象,见图1
采用简版流调中心用抑郁量表(the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale, CES-D10)来评估,该量表共10项问题,每项评分范围0~3分,总分为30分,分数越高表示抑郁症状越严重,CESD-10评分≥10分为抑郁症状[12]
结合随访的结局及时间变量,生成抑郁随访得分,作为中介分析的因变量。发生抑郁症状的随访时间越短得分越高,评分范围1~4分。2013年无抑郁症状的研究对象,若2015年出现抑郁症状得4分,2018年得3分,2020年得2分;若至2020年仍未检出抑郁症状,则为1分。
躯体功能障碍数据来自CHARLS问卷中的9项躯体功能问题,任意一项回答“无法完成”即判定有躯体功能障碍。自理能力障碍数据来自12项自理能力问题,任意一项回答“无法完成”即判定有自理能力障碍。将研究对象分为I组(无障碍)、Ⅱ组(仅躯体功能障碍)、Ⅲ组(仅自理功能障碍)、Ⅳ组(两者均障碍)。
健康自评相关数据来自问卷中2项对自身健康状况的评价,分别为“您觉得您的健康状况是很好、好、一般、不好、很不好?”和“您觉得您的健康状况怎么样?是极好、很好、好、一般、不好?”。综合两道题共有6项选项内容,评分范围为1~6分,评分越高满意度越高。
通过阅读文献[13],本研究的控制变量包括:(1)人口学特征:年龄、性别(0女,1男)、城乡(0农村,1城镇)、婚姻情况(0未在婚,1在婚)、教育程度(1小学及以下,2初中至高中,3中专及以上)、是否工作;(2)行为生活习惯:是否吸烟、过去一年是否饮酒、过去一个月平均每晚睡眠时长;(3)慢性病:是否患高血压、糖尿病、慢性肺部疾患。所有控制变量数据均来自2013年调查结果。
采用SPSS 26.0统计软件建立数据库及统计分析。非正态分布的计量资料比较采用Kruskal-Walilis秩和检验,计数资料采用χ2检验;多组两两比较通过Bonferroni校正法调整显著性值为α/nn为比较次数)。应用乘积极限法(Kaplan-Meier)绘制抑郁发病生存曲线,其影响因素比较采用Log-rank检验。障碍情况与抑郁症状的关联分析采用Cox比例风险模型。采用Process插件model 4模型检验健康自评在障碍情况与抑郁随访得分之间的中介作用,bootstrap法检验中介效应的显著性。检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入7 899例研究对象,其中Ⅰ组均无障碍3 034例,Ⅱ组仅躯体功能障碍3 203例,Ⅲ组仅自理能力障碍240例,Ⅳ组两者均障碍1 422例。总样本中位年龄为58.0 (51.0, 64.0)岁,不同组间年龄分布存在显著差异(P<0.001),有障碍人群的中位年龄大于无障碍的人群。与Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组相比,Ⅱ组、Ⅳ组中女性、目前无工作、患高血压的人群占比更高,夜间睡眠时长更短(P<0.001)。有障碍组呈现农村、未在婚、教育水平更低的趋势,吸烟、饮酒的人数占比反而更低(P<0.001)。见表1
本研究纳入7 899例2013年无抑郁症的随访研究对象。随访期间,共有49.9%(3 941/7 899)的研究对象检出抑郁症状。其中,2015年检出新发病人数1 739例,发病率为22.02%;2018年在余下的6 160例无抑郁人群中检出新发1 288例,发病率20.90%;2020年4 872例无抑郁人群中检出新发抑郁症状914例,发病率18.76%。不同障碍分组其生存时间差异有统计学意义(P<0.000 1)。见图2
以障碍分组为自变量,随访时间和结局状态为因变量,构建多因素Cox比例风险回归模型。表2结果显示,未调整混杂因素时,障碍组出现抑郁症状的风险均高于对照组(P<0.001);调整了年龄、性别等人口学特征后,关联仍然具有统计学意义(P<0.001);进一步加入行为与慢性病因素后,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组出现抑郁症状的风险分别为无障碍组的1.408(95%CI:1.284~1.543)、1.447(95%CI:1.166~1.795)和1.825(95%CI:1.636~2.034)倍,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。
本研究在控制人口学特征、行为生活习惯和慢病情况的基础上,以障碍分组为自变量,以抑郁随访得分为因变量,以健康自评为中介变量进行中介作用分析。数据分析结果显示,以无障碍组为对照,障碍情况中Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组与健康自评均呈负相关关系(P<0.001),与抑郁随访得分均呈正相关关系(P<0.001)。健康自评与抑郁随访得分呈负相关关系(β=-0.135,P<0.001)。见表3
中介模型分析结果显示,健康自评在不同障碍分组和抑郁随访得分之间的中介效应均有统计学意义(Ⅱ组95%CI:0.060~0.095;Ⅲ组95%CI:0.015~0.072;Ⅳ组95%CI:0.088~0.139),其中Ⅱ组中介效应占比最大,为24.29%,Ⅲ组最小,为17.02%。 因此,假设均成立。结果见表4图3
本研究基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2013—2020年四次全国队列数据,探究躯体功能与自理能力障碍、健康自评和抑郁症状之间的相互关系。随访期间,抑郁新发病率分别为22.02%(1 739/7 899)、20.90%(1 288/6 160)和18.76%(914/4 872),低于Min Du[14]的28.8%。差异可能来自研究设计和数据纳入排除标准的不同。
本研究发现,躯体功能及自理能力障碍均会增加抑郁症状的发病风险。不同障碍组的生存曲线具有显著性差异,随着障碍程度的增高,抑郁发病中位随访时间逐渐降低,障碍组中老年人随访5年抑郁症状发病人数占比已超过50%。Cox比例风险回归结果显示,障碍情况与抑郁发病存在纵向关联,调整混杂因素后,障碍组中老年人罹患抑郁的风险是无障碍组的1.408~1.825倍(P<0.001)。这一关联在既往研究中也得到了一定证实[15]。日常活动能力和躯体功能对老年人抑郁存在相乘交互作用[13]。当中老年人同时出现自理能力受损和躯体功能障碍时,其患有抑郁的风险会显著增加。
通过比较不同障碍组基线特征发现,年龄大、女性、未在婚、农村、教育程度低、失业、慢性病、睡眠不足的中老人更有可能出现双重障碍,与尹振华[16]等研究相一致。应重点关注弱势人群及高危人群的生理健康状况,精准干预延缓中老年人的机体老龄化进程,从而提高心理抗风险的能力。
研究结果显示,健康自评与障碍情况、抑郁随访得分均呈负相关(P<0.05)。生理健康状况越差,健康主观评价越倾向于负面,越容易发生抑郁[17]。尽管健康自评和抑郁症之间存在相对明确的关系[18],其在障碍情况与抑郁症状的纵向影响路径之间发挥的作用尚不明确。本研究中,健康自评在躯体功能、自理能力障碍与抑郁症状之间存在中介效应,其间接效应分别占不同障碍组总效应的24.29%、12.15%、17.02%。在躯体功能障碍组(HR=1.408)抑郁风险比低于自理能力障碍组(HR=1.447)的情况下,健康自评两组发挥的中介效应占比相反。可能的原因是CHARLS是以家户为调查单位的随访队列研究,中老年人独居人数占比低,自理能力受限的人群更容易获得家人的照料和帮助,因此掩盖了自理能力与健康自评间的相关关系。
主观评价和躯体健康是影响中老年人抑郁的两大个体因素[19]。一方面,身体机能退化引起的躯体功能障碍和日常活动能力受限[20],使得该人群极易产生负面情绪[21],从而造成抑郁症状的发生和加重。另一方面,健康主观评价受客观生理状况的影响[22]。躯体功能、自理能力无障碍时,中老年人更易对自身健康做出较好的评价,并倾向于保持积极的心理状态,从而减少抑郁症状的发生。且健康自评也受心理健康的影响[18],基于实际健康状况,积极乐观的中老年人更倾向于作出更高的评价,自我效能水平更高,从而减少了患抑郁的风险。
综上所述,为有效控制中老年人抑郁的发生发展,实现预防关口前移,应注重障碍高危人群的三早预防,延缓机体老龄化进程,提高心理抗风险能力。同时对障碍人群进行抑郁的早期筛查以及宣传教育,促进形成积极乐观的心态并提高其自我健康评价,发挥健康自评在该人群中的正向作用。
本研究仍具有一定的局限性。一是,研究数据来自自我报告,可能存在一定的回忆偏倚。二是,仅使用了基线时的障碍相关信息来进行研究对象分组,没有考虑到其随时间变化可能对结局产生的影响。
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2024年第51卷第23期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406188
  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-12-10
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    昆明医科大学公共卫生学院,云南 昆明 650500

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