Article(id=1241035815229387417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035810628235909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407076, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720195200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815595681, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1733760000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815595681, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815595681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815595681, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241035810628235909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='23', pageStart='4225', pageEnd='4416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815594584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815743629, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241036435843764756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035810628235909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241036435843764757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035810628235909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4286, endPage=4290, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241035815791424172, articleId=1241035815229387417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Airborne chemical pollutants and health risk assessment in four types of public venues in Shijiazhuang city, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the levels of formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene, and ammonia in the air of hotels, barbershops, beauty salons, and gyms in Shijiazhuang city, and to assess the carcinogenic and chronic non-carcinogenic risks associated with these chemical pollutants in the air of the four types of public venues.

Methods

From 2019 to 2023, air samples were collected from operational barbershops, beauty salons, hotels, and gyms in Shijiazhuang to monitor the levels of formaldehyde, benzene, and ammonia. The assessment of inhalation exposure to chemical pollutants was conducted using the health risk assessment methods established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to evaluate the carcinogenic and chronic non-carcinogenic risks for workers.

Results

The exceedance rates of formaldehyde in the air of the four public venues were 10.49%, 4.65%, 8%, and 3.13%, respectively, while the exceedance rates of ammonia in beauty salons and barbershops were 5.81% and 2%, respectively. The carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde in all four types of public venues exceeded 10-6, with the 75th percentile carcinogenic risk value for formaldehyde in beauty salons exceeding 10-4. For benzene, half of the carcinogenic risk values in hotels, barbershops, and gyms fell within the range of 10-6 to 10-4, with a higher proportion of benzene carcinogenic risks in beauty salons also within this range. The hazard quotients for formaldehyde in all four public venues were greater than 1, with the 25th percentile hazard quotient for formaldehyde in beauty salons exceeding

Conclusion

There are significant carcinogenic and chronic non-carcinogenic risks associated with formaldehyde in the air of the four types of public venues in Shijiazhuang city, with beauty salons exhibiting higher risks. The elevated carcinogenic risk of benzene in beauty salons warrants attention.

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目的

了解石家庄市宾馆(酒店)、理发店、美容院和健身房空气中的甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和氨的污染状况,评估四类公共场所空气中各化学污染物的致癌和慢性非致癌风险。

方法

于2019—2023年对石家庄市正常营业的理发店、美容院、宾馆(酒店)和健身房内空气中的甲醛、苯系物和氨进行监测,采用美国环境部署保护局(US EPA )健康风险评估方法评价四类公共场所空气中化学污染物吸入途径对从业人员的致癌和慢性非致癌风险。

结果

四类公共场所空气中的甲醛的超标率分别为10.49%、4.65%、8%和3.13%,美容院和理发店中氨的超标率为5.81%和2%。四类公共场所中甲醛的致癌风险都大于10-6,其中美容院内空气中甲醛的致癌风险值的第75百分位数大于10-4。宾馆(酒店)、理发店和健身房内空气中苯的致癌风险值有一半在10-6~10-4区间内,美容院内空气中苯致癌风险在10-6~10-4区间内的占比较高;四类公共场所内空气中甲醛的危险商都有大于1,其中美容院内空气中甲醛的危险商的第25百分位数大于1。

结论

石家庄市四类公共场所内空气中的甲醛均存在致癌和慢性非致癌风险,美容院内空气中的甲醛存在较高的致癌和慢性非致癌风险。美容院内空气中的苯存在较高的致癌风险,应予以重视。

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陈凤格,E-mail:
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丁一珊(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:环境卫生学

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丁一珊(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:环境卫生学

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Health risk assessment of common chemical pollutants in indoor air of hotels and barber shops in Jinan City in 2020[J]. 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Health risk assessment of Benzne series in indoor environment in a district of Beijing City[J]. 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Exposure characteristics of major pollutants and its occupational population risk assessment in beauty and hairdressing public places[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Preventive Medicine,2019, 30(1): 56-58.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Exposure characteristics of major pollutants and its occupational population risk assessment in beauty and hairdressing public places, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241069112244359867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069112248554172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, companyId=1241069112244359867, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069112261137085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, companyId=1241069112244359867, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华北理工大学公共卫生学院,河北 唐山 063210)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241069112328245952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069112332440257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, companyId=1241069112328245952, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.石家庄市疾病预防控制中心公共卫生监测与评价所,河北 石家庄 050011)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241069112395354822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069112399549127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, companyId=1241069112395354822, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康研究基地(石家庄),河北 石家庄 050011)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241069112500212429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069112508601038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, companyId=1241069112500212429, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.河北省疑难病原研究重点实验室,河北 石家庄 050011)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241069117235581907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reference concentrations of chemical pollutants for chronic non-carcinogenic inhalation and carcinogenic inhalation unit risk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学污染物RfCIUR
数值计量单位来源数值计量单位来源
3×10-2mg/m3IRIS2.2×10-6m3/μgIRIS
甲苯5mg/m3IRIS
二甲苯0.1mg/m3IRIS
甲醛9.83×10-3mg/m3ATSDR1.3×10—5m3/μgIRIS
0.5mg/m3IRIS
), ArticleFig(id=1241069117361411036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

化学污染物慢性非致癌吸入参考浓度及致癌吸入单位风险

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学污染物RfCIUR
数值计量单位来源数值计量单位来源
3×10-2mg/m3IRIS2.2×10-6m3/μgIRIS
甲苯5mg/m3IRIS
二甲苯0.1mg/m3IRIS
甲醛9.83×10-3mg/m3ATSDR1.3×10—5m3/μgIRIS
0.5mg/m3IRIS
), ArticleFig(id=1241069117491434472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Monitoring results of indoor chemical pollutants in four types of public places in Shijiazhuang from 2019 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测场所(份数)化学污染物污染物浓度(mg/m3 )
最小值MP25P75最大值超标率(%)
宾馆(534)
甲醛0.005 00.040 0(0.024 0,0.062 0)0.600010.49
0.000 20.002 3(0.000 6,0.011 1)0.10440
甲苯0.000 20.003 5(0.000 5,0.017 9)0.18590
二甲苯0.000 50.004 0(0.001 0,0.018 9)0.18180
理发店(86)
甲醛0.004 00.032 5(0.020 0,0.054 3)0.120 04.65
0.000 50.002 0(0.000 6,0.011 1)0.079 90
甲苯0.000 50.005 7(0.001 0,0.028 0)0.124 80
二甲苯0.000 50.004 0(0.001 2,0.015 0)0.446 71.16
0.005 00.145 0(0.069 5,0.327 5)1.030 05.81
美容院(50)
甲醛0.003 50.045 0(0.026 0,0.060 0)0.150 08
0.000 50.003 7(0.001 0,0.013 9)0.051 40
甲苯0.000 50.007 4(0.001 5,0.034 7)0.17630
二甲苯0.000 50.004 3(0.001 0,0.014 3)0.102 80
0.005 00.123 0(0.038 3,0.217 5)0.704 02
健身房(32)
甲醛0.005 00.022 0(0.010 0,0.036 8)0.190 03.13
0.000 50.010 0(0.001 0,0.020 1)0.054 50
甲苯0.000 30.007 9(0.000 5,0.0300)0.136 20
二甲苯0.000 50.012 4(0.001 0,0.027 8)0.205 23.13
), ArticleFig(id=1241069117600486386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2019—2023年石家庄市四类公共场所室内化学污染物监测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测场所(份数)化学污染物污染物浓度(mg/m3 )
最小值MP25P75最大值超标率(%)
宾馆(534)
甲醛0.005 00.040 0(0.024 0,0.062 0)0.600010.49
0.000 20.002 3(0.000 6,0.011 1)0.10440
甲苯0.000 20.003 5(0.000 5,0.017 9)0.18590
二甲苯0.000 50.004 0(0.001 0,0.018 9)0.18180
理发店(86)
甲醛0.004 00.032 5(0.020 0,0.054 3)0.120 04.65
0.000 50.002 0(0.000 6,0.011 1)0.079 90
甲苯0.000 50.005 7(0.001 0,0.028 0)0.124 80
二甲苯0.000 50.004 0(0.001 2,0.015 0)0.446 71.16
0.005 00.145 0(0.069 5,0.327 5)1.030 05.81
美容院(50)
甲醛0.003 50.045 0(0.026 0,0.060 0)0.150 08
0.000 50.003 7(0.001 0,0.013 9)0.051 40
甲苯0.000 50.007 4(0.001 5,0.034 7)0.17630
二甲苯0.000 50.004 3(0.001 0,0.014 3)0.102 80
0.005 00.123 0(0.038 3,0.217 5)0.704 02
健身房(32)
甲醛0.005 00.022 0(0.010 0,0.036 8)0.190 03.13
0.000 50.010 0(0.001 0,0.020 1)0.054 50
甲苯0.000 30.007 9(0.000 5,0.0300)0.136 20
二甲苯0.000 50.012 4(0.001 0,0.027 8)0.205 23.13
), ArticleFig(id=1241069117701149690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Risk assessment results of indoor benzene and formaldehyde in four types of public places in Shijiazhuang from 2019 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测场所化学污染物CR
P25M P75
宾馆
1.28×10-75.01×10-72.38×10-6
甲醛3.03×10-55.05×10-57.83×10-5
理发店
1.99×10-76.76×10-73.84×10-6
甲醛4.10×10-56.66×10-51.11×10-4
美容院
2.27×10-68.34×10-63.16×10-5
甲醛5.91×10-51.02×10-41.36×10-4
健身房
2.14×10-72.14×10-64.29×10-6
甲醛1.26×10-52.78×10-54.64×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1241069118791667716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2019—2023年石家庄市四类公共场所室内苯、甲醛致癌风险评估结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测场所化学污染物CR
P25M P75
宾馆
1.28×10-75.01×10-72.38×10-6
甲醛3.03×10-55.05×10-57.83×10-5
理发店
1.99×10-76.76×10-73.84×10-6
甲醛4.10×10-56.66×10-51.11×10-4
美容院
2.27×10-68.34×10-63.16×10-5
甲醛5.91×10-51.02×10-41.36×10-4
健身房
2.14×10-72.14×10-64.29×10-6
甲醛1.26×10-52.78×10-54.64×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1241069118900719633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Non-carcinogenic risk assessment results of indoor chemical pollutants in four types of public places in Shijiazhuang from 2019 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所化学污染物HQ
P25M P75
宾馆
5.44×10-30.020.10
甲苯2.72×10-51.92×10-49.76×10-4
二甲苯2.72×10-30.010.05
甲醛0.661.111.72
理发店
0.010.020.14
甲苯7.35×10-54.16×10-42.06×10-3
二甲苯4.30×10-30.010.06
甲醛0.751.222.03
0.050.110.24
美容院
0.010.050.19
甲苯1.19×10-46.03×10-42.84×10-3
二甲苯4.08×10-30.020.06
甲醛1.081.872.49
0.030.100.18
健身房
0.010.090.18
甲苯2.72×10-54.32×10-41.63×10-3
二甲苯2.72×10-30.030.08
甲醛0.280.611.02
), ArticleFig(id=1241069119009771548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035815229387417, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2019—2023年石家庄市四类公共场所室内化学污染物非致癌风险评估结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所化学污染物HQ
P25M P75
宾馆
5.44×10-30.020.10
甲苯2.72×10-51.92×10-49.76×10-4
二甲苯2.72×10-30.010.05
甲醛0.661.111.72
理发店
0.010.020.14
甲苯7.35×10-54.16×10-42.06×10-3
二甲苯4.30×10-30.010.06
甲醛0.751.222.03
0.050.110.24
美容院
0.010.050.19
甲苯1.19×10-46.03×10-42.84×10-3
二甲苯4.08×10-30.020.06
甲醛1.081.872.49
0.030.100.18
健身房
0.010.090.18
甲苯2.72×10-54.32×10-41.63×10-3
二甲苯2.72×10-30.030.08
甲醛0.280.611.02
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石家庄市四类公共场所空气中化学污染物污染状况及健康风险评估
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丁一珊 1, 2 , 张思维 1, 2 , 杜茜茜 1, 2 , 陈凤格 1, 2, 3, 4 , 马辉 2, 3 , 佟俊旺 1
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024,51(23): 4286-4290
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024, 51(23): 4286-4290
石家庄市四类公共场所空气中化学污染物污染状况及健康风险评估
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丁一珊1, 2, 张思维1, 2, 杜茜茜1, 2, 陈凤格1, 2, 3, 4 , 马辉2, 3, 佟俊旺1
作者信息
  • 1.华北理工大学公共卫生学院,河北 唐山 063210
  • 2.石家庄市疾病预防控制中心公共卫生监测与评价所,河北 石家庄 050011
  • 3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康研究基地(石家庄),河北 石家庄 050011
  • 4.河北省疑难病原研究重点实验室,河北 石家庄 050011
  • 丁一珊(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:环境卫生学

通讯作者:

陈凤格,E-mail:
Airborne chemical pollutants and health risk assessment in four types of public venues in Shijiazhuang city
Yi-shan DING1, 2, Si-wei ZHANG1, 2, Qian-qian DU1, 2, Feng-ge CHEN1, 2, 3, 4 , Hui MA2, 3, Jun-wang TONG1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
出版时间: 2024-12-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407076
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目的

了解石家庄市宾馆(酒店)、理发店、美容院和健身房空气中的甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和氨的污染状况,评估四类公共场所空气中各化学污染物的致癌和慢性非致癌风险。

方法

于2019—2023年对石家庄市正常营业的理发店、美容院、宾馆(酒店)和健身房内空气中的甲醛、苯系物和氨进行监测,采用美国环境部署保护局(US EPA )健康风险评估方法评价四类公共场所空气中化学污染物吸入途径对从业人员的致癌和慢性非致癌风险。

结果

四类公共场所空气中的甲醛的超标率分别为10.49%、4.65%、8%和3.13%,美容院和理发店中氨的超标率为5.81%和2%。四类公共场所中甲醛的致癌风险都大于10-6,其中美容院内空气中甲醛的致癌风险值的第75百分位数大于10-4。宾馆(酒店)、理发店和健身房内空气中苯的致癌风险值有一半在10-6~10-4区间内,美容院内空气中苯致癌风险在10-6~10-4区间内的占比较高;四类公共场所内空气中甲醛的危险商都有大于1,其中美容院内空气中甲醛的危险商的第25百分位数大于1。

结论

石家庄市四类公共场所内空气中的甲醛均存在致癌和慢性非致癌风险,美容院内空气中的甲醛存在较高的致癌和慢性非致癌风险。美容院内空气中的苯存在较高的致癌风险,应予以重视。

从业人员  /  公共场所  /  化学污染物  /  健康风险评估
Objective

To investigate the levels of formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene, and ammonia in the air of hotels, barbershops, beauty salons, and gyms in Shijiazhuang city, and to assess the carcinogenic and chronic non-carcinogenic risks associated with these chemical pollutants in the air of the four types of public venues.

Methods

From 2019 to 2023, air samples were collected from operational barbershops, beauty salons, hotels, and gyms in Shijiazhuang to monitor the levels of formaldehyde, benzene, and ammonia. The assessment of inhalation exposure to chemical pollutants was conducted using the health risk assessment methods established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to evaluate the carcinogenic and chronic non-carcinogenic risks for workers.

Results

The exceedance rates of formaldehyde in the air of the four public venues were 10.49%, 4.65%, 8%, and 3.13%, respectively, while the exceedance rates of ammonia in beauty salons and barbershops were 5.81% and 2%, respectively. The carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde in all four types of public venues exceeded 10-6, with the 75th percentile carcinogenic risk value for formaldehyde in beauty salons exceeding 10-4. For benzene, half of the carcinogenic risk values in hotels, barbershops, and gyms fell within the range of 10-6 to 10-4, with a higher proportion of benzene carcinogenic risks in beauty salons also within this range. The hazard quotients for formaldehyde in all four public venues were greater than 1, with the 25th percentile hazard quotient for formaldehyde in beauty salons exceeding

Conclusion

There are significant carcinogenic and chronic non-carcinogenic risks associated with formaldehyde in the air of the four types of public venues in Shijiazhuang city, with beauty salons exhibiting higher risks. The elevated carcinogenic risk of benzene in beauty salons warrants attention.

Workers  /  Public venues  /  Chemical pollutants  /  Health risk assessment
丁一珊, 张思维, 杜茜茜, 陈凤格, 马辉, 佟俊旺. 石家庄市四类公共场所空气中化学污染物污染状况及健康风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (23) : 4286 -4290 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407076
Yi-shan DING, Si-wei ZHANG, Qian-qian DU, Feng-ge CHEN, Hui MA, Jun-wang TONG. Airborne chemical pollutants and health risk assessment in four types of public venues in Shijiazhuang city[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (23) : 4286 -4290 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407076
公共场所具有人员密集且流动性的特点,场内设施经各类人员反复接触使用,易引起传染病的传播与流行,是卫生计生部门重点关注的对象,其空气中存在的化学污染物可以通过呼吸道进入人的体内,对人的呼吸道和消化道产生刺激,与呼吸道传染病密切相关[1-3]。在公共场所环境中,甲醛是最为显著的污染物源,而苯系化合物,包括苯、甲苯以及二甲苯等,其污染状况同样值得高度重视,不可忽视其在空气质量中的潜在影响[4]。有研究表明,高浓度的甲醛有致癌和致敏风险,会对人体的呼吸系统、神经系统、肝脏产生不利影响;长期接触低浓度的苯及苯系物会影响人的神经系统、造血系统和肝肾功能[5-6]。理发店、美发店里常用的烫、染发剂里面含有的化学物质遇热容易释放出氨,对人的皮肤、呼吸道黏膜、眼睛有着直接的刺激作用[7]
根据《中华人民共和国公共场所管理条例》,宾馆(酒店)、理发店、美容院为典型公共场所[8]。而健身房是人们日常锻炼身体的场所,为公共娱乐场所。本研究利用2019—2023年石家庄市宾馆(酒店)、理发店、美容院和健身房的检测数据,分析石家庄市宾馆(酒店)、理发店、美容院和健身房空气中甲醛、苯系物和氨的污染状况,并对其进行健康风险评估。
根据河北省公共场所健康危害因素检测方案,2019—2023年在石家庄市选取正常营业的宾馆(酒店)48家、理发店19家、美容院15家、健身房5家开展每年两轮的甲醛、苯、甲苯二甲苯和氨的监测,两次监测时间分别为每年的6—9月和11—12月。其中2020年只监测了一轮,且没有对美容院进行监测。
四类场所监测指标的检验抽样参照《公共场所卫生检验方法》第6部分/第2部分GB/T 18204.6/GB/T 18204.2)执行,检验方法参照《公共场所卫生检验方法》第2部分(GB/T 18204.2)执行[9]
化学污染物的采样检测结果按照《公共场所卫生指标及限值要求》(GB 37488-2019)进行判定[10]
对监测的工作人员进行集中技术培训,采样过程严格按照国家技术手册进行,检测仪器定期送计量质量检测所进行校正,确保检测结果的准确性,数据录入采用双人核对并录入数据库。
本研究采用美国环境部署保护局(US EPA)健康风险评估方法,按照危害识别、剂量-反应评估、暴露评估和风险表征四个步骤来评价该五类化学污染物对职业人群的慢性非致癌风险和致癌风险[11]
由于甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和氨都可经呼吸道进入人体体内,本研究所选择的是吸入单位风险为特征的剂量-反应参数。五种化学污染物的吸入单位风险(inhalation unit risk,IUR)和参考浓度(reference concentration,RfC)来源于美国国家环保局综合风险信息查询系统(the integrated risk information system,IRIS)和美国毒物和疾病登记署(agency for toxic substances and disease registry,ATSDR) 有害物质最低水平清单(maximum residue limits list,MRLs List)[12]。见表1
目标人群:从业人员。暴露量计算公式如下:
式中EC为暴露浓度,mg/m3;CA为空气中污染物浓度,mg/m3;ET为暴露时间,h/d;EF为暴露频率,d/a;ED为暴露持续时间,a;AT为慢性非致癌效应平均时间,即ED对应的小时数,h;LT为致癌效应终生时间70a对应的小时数,即613 200h。根据对宾馆(酒店)、理发店、美容院和健身房工作人员现场问卷调查得出ET分别为8、10、12和8h/d;EF分别为298、322、298和298d/a;ED分别为25、30、30和25a。
定量评估健康风险,慢性非致癌风险和致癌风险的计算公式如下:
慢性非致癌风险
公式(3)中,HQ为危险商;EC为非致癌风险的日均暴露量,mg/m3; RfC为参考浓度,mg/m3
致癌风险
公式(4)中,CR为致癌风险;EC为致癌风险的日均暴露量,mg/m3; IUR为吸入单位风险,m3/μg; CF为转换因子,取值为1 000 μg/mg。
HQ<1,表示暴露量未超过不良反应的阈值,非致癌风险较低;若HQ≥1,表示暴露量超过阈值,非致癌风险较高。若CR<1.0×10-6,表示致癌风险较低;若CR介于10-6~10-4,表示具有一定致癌风险;CR>1.0×10-4,表示致癌风险较高[13]
采用Excel对数据进行整理,使用 SPSS 25.0对数据进行分析,低于检出限的数据用检出限的1/2纳入分析。监测数据均不服从正态分布,故用中位数和四分位数对数据进行描述。
2019—2023年采集石家庄市健身房室内空气样本32份、宾馆室内空气样本534份、理发店室内空气样本86份和美容院室内空气样本50份。其中苯和甲苯在四类场所中均未出现超标现象,在健身房和理发店内空气样本中二甲苯都有1例超标;甲醛在四类场所中都存在超标现象,四类场所的超标率分别为10.49%、4.65%、8%和3.13%;美容院和理发店内的空气样本的氨均存在超标,超标率分别为5.81%和2%。见表2
宾馆(酒店)和理发店内空气中苯的致癌风险较低,P25M都小于1.0×10-6,它们的P75都略高于1.0×10-6;美容院和健身房室内空气中的苯均有一定的致癌风险,其中美容院致癌分险的P25MP75均大于1.0×10-6。甲醛在四类场所中均存在一定的致癌风险,其中美容院内空气中甲醛的致癌风险的MP75都大于1.0×10-4,致癌风险较高,应重点关注。见表3
宾馆(酒店)、理发店、美容院内空气中的苯、甲苯、二甲苯和氨的危险商均小于1,说明苯、甲苯、二甲苯和氨在四类公共场所空气中的慢性非致癌风险较低。但甲醛在四类场所内空气中的危险商都有出现大于1的情况,其中美容院内空气中甲醛的危险商的P25MP75均大于1,宾馆(酒店)内空气中甲醛的危险商的M大于1,健身房内空气中的甲醛的危险商只有P75大于1,说明甲醛在宾馆(酒店)、美容院和健身房内空气中有慢性非致癌风险,在美容院空气中的慢性非致癌风险较高,应引起关注。见表4
石家庄市四类公共场所中美容院内空气中的甲醛存在较高的致癌和慢性非致癌风险。甲醛的危险商在四类公共场所内空气中都有超过不良反应阈值,与河南省鹤壁市调查结果一致[14]。在四类公共场所内空气中甲醛的致癌风险都大于10-6,与济南市和鹤壁市调查结果一致[14-15]
石家庄市四类公共场所中,宾馆、理发店和健身房内空气中苯的致癌风险值有一半在10-6~10-4区间内,高于北京市的调查结果[16]。美容院内空气中的苯存在较高的致癌风险。
石家庄市理发店和美容院空气中氨的慢性非致癌风险较低,与昆山市美容院和理发店的调查结果一致[17]。但这两类公共场所空气中的氨均存在超标现象,应多加关注这两类公共场所内空气氨的含量。
由此可见,石家庄市美容院内空气中化学污染物的危害较为严重。随着人们对于自我管理越来越重视,各类美容项目层出不穷,由于各种美容项目具有周期性,需要连续进行,所以美容院通常是顾客频繁反复光顾的场所。而大量使用的化妆品和护肤品等都会挥发化学物质,美容院相较于其他三类公共场所,空间通常较为狭小,通风系统相对较弱,会使污染物无法及时排出,长时间积聚在空气中不仅刺鼻还对人体的健康产生不利影响。因此应加强对此类较小公共场所的关注,更好的完善其监督管理制度,保障工作人员和顾客的健康。
本研究存在一定的局限性,室内空气中化学污染物的样本只是对石家庄市室内四个主城区进行采样,并没有采集周围县区内的样本,因此在进行健康风险评估时,不能全面地代表石家庄市的真实情况。本研究还存在一些不确定性,暴露参数来源于美国环境保护署的推荐值,存在地域差异,可能会造成健康风险评估结果的误差。
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2024年第51卷第23期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407076
  • 接收时间:2024-07-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-12-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-06
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    1.华北理工大学公共卫生学院,河北 唐山 063210
    2.石家庄市疾病预防控制中心公共卫生监测与评价所,河北 石家庄 050011
    3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康研究基地(石家庄),河北 石家庄 050011
    4.河北省疑难病原研究重点实验室,河北 石家庄 050011

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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