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Article(id=1241035553362203244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404487, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714233600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815533246, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815533246, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815533246, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815533246, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241035543589483182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='24', pageStart='4417', pageEnd='4608', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815530917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815686426, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241036195896029478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241036195896029479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4480, endPage=4484, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241035553777439367, articleId=1241035553362203244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Exposure risk assessment of acrylamide among 2-5 aged children in kindergartens in three regions of China using the dual meal method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the levels of acrylamide in 2-5 years old children of three regions in China and assess the exposure risk.

Methods

The survey was conducted on 31 healthy children aged 2-5 years old in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang and Sichuan Province. We collected the whole food consumed by the children during the survey period using the dual meal method, analyzed the acrylamide exposure level. Then the margin of exposure (MOE) assessment was used to evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks by using BMDL10 (0.31 mg/(kg·bw·d)) and NOAEL (0.2 mg/(kg·bw·d)) as toxicity reference points.

Results

This survey investigated 13 girls and 18 boys in three regions of China, aged between 26 to 58 months, with the weight range of 11.0 to 20.0 kg and the height range of 87.0 to 115.1 cm. A total of 187 food samples were collected, including 96 mixed diet samples, 61 liquid dairy product samples, and 30 infant formula samples. The average levels of acrylamide from the three types of samples were 9.54 μg/kg, 0.80 μg/kg, and 1.03 μg/kg. The average exposure levels were 0.624 μg/(kg bw·d), 0.04 μg/(kg bw·d), and 0.04 μg/(kg bw·d).The high exposure levels of acrylamide (P95) increased to 2.974 μg/(kg bw·d), 0.234 μg/(kg bw·d), and 0.13 μg/(kg bw·d). The number of average MOE and high MOE (P95) for non-carcinogenic risk of acrylamide are 299 and 67, while the number of average MOE and high MOE (P95) for carcinogenic risk are 463 and 104.

Conclusion

The number of MOE for both non carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of acrylamide in the diet of 31 young children are less than 10 000, and the number of MOE for high non carcinogenic risks is less than 100. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to the health risks caused by dietary intake of acrylamide in young children.

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目的

了解中国三地幼儿园2～5岁儿童丙烯酰胺膳食暴露水平并评估其暴露风险。

方法

以黑龙江、四川、广西三地31名2～5岁健康儿童为调查对象，采用双份饭法收集调查对象在调查期间的全部入口食物，测定丙烯酰胺含量，计算暴露量，以BMDL10为0.31 mg/(kg bw·d）和NOAEL为0.2 mg/(kg bw·d)作为毒性参考点，用暴露边界法（MOE）分别评估致癌和非致癌暴露风险。

结果

本次研究共调查13名女生和18名男生，年龄在26～58个月，体重（11.0～20.0） kg，身高（87.0～115.1） cm。共收集187份食物样本，包括96份混合膳食样本，61份液态乳制品样本和30份婴儿配方粉样本。三类样本中丙烯酰胺的平均含量分别是9.54 μg/kg, 0.80 μg/kg, and 1.03 μg/kg平均暴露量分别为0.624 μg/(kg bw·d)、0.04 μg/(kg bw·d)、0.04 μg/(kg bw·d)，丙烯酰胺高暴露量（P95）分别上升至2.974 μg/(kg bw·d)、0.234 μg/(kg bw·d)、0.13 μg/(kg bw·d)。31名幼儿全部膳食平均暴露量为0.67 μg/(kg bw·d) ,高暴露量（P95）为2.99 μg/(kg bw·d)。丙烯酰胺非致癌风险的平均MOE值和高MOE值（P95）分别为299和67，致癌效应的平均MOE值和高MOE值（P95）分别为463和104。

结论

31名幼儿膳食中丙烯酰胺非致癌和致癌风险的MOE值均小于10 000，非致癌风险高MOE值小于100，因此，需重点关注幼儿人群因膳食摄入丙烯酰胺导致的健康风险。

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周萍萍，E-mail:；
张军，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=h2rGN3tcPRdEzXl/7OIl+A==, magXml=dXSBld/5V4BuPwg37K4JLw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=09gmqEl2iK/uUTt/UrhdBA==, pdfFileSize=584120, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=k35DGgM11go0FtDO4nMYwA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

孙婷（1982—），女，硕士，副主任技师，研究方向：食品安全风险监测与评估

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孙婷（1982—），女，硕士，副主任技师，研究方向：食品安全风险监测与评估

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Statistical analysis of the risk assessment of dietary acrylamide exposure in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069998995731380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=24, issue=3, pageStart=289, pageEnd=292, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［16］, rfOrder=24, authorNames=蒋琦, 黄琼, 张永慧, journalName=中国食品卫生杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蒋琦，黄琼，张永慧．总膳食研究在人群膳食暴露评估中的应用［J］．中国食品卫生杂志, 2012, 24(3): 289-292., articleTitle=总膳食研究在人群膳食暴露评估中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069999108977595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=24, issue=3, pageStart=289, pageEnd=292, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［16］, rfOrder=25, authorNames=Jiang Q, Huang Q, Zhang YH, journalName=Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiang Q, Huang Q, Zhang YH. 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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Advances on the application of total dietary study in food safety risk assessment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069999226418109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=5, pageStart=467, pageEnd=472, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［17］, rfOrder=26, authorNames=秦璐昕, 刘弘, 罗宝章, journalName=环境与职业医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=秦璐昕，刘弘，罗宝章，等．2009～2016年上海市居民油炸焙烤类食品中丙烯酰胺暴露的健康风险评估［J］．环境与职业医学, 2021, 38(5): 467-472., articleTitle=2009～2016年上海市居民油炸焙烤类食品中丙烯酰胺暴露的健康风险评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069999348052929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=5, pageStart=467, pageEnd=472, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［17］, rfOrder=27, authorNames=Qin LX, Liu H, Luo BZ, journalName=Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qin LX, Liu H, Luo BZ, et al. Health risk assessment of acrylamide contamination in fried and baked foods from 2009 to 2016 in Shanghai residents［J］. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2021, 38(5): 467-472. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Health risk assessment of acrylamide contamination in fried and baked foods from 2009 to 2016 in Shanghai residents, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069999482270662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=20, issue=1, pageStart=41, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［18］, rfOrder=28, authorNames=周宇, 朱圣陶, journalName=中国食品卫生杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周宇，朱圣陶．11种油炸及烘烤食品中丙烯酰胺含量检测［J］．中国食品卫生杂志, 2008, 20(1): 41-43., articleTitle=11种油炸及烘烤食品中丙烯酰胺含量检测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069999591322572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=20, issue=1, pageStart=41, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［18］, rfOrder=29, authorNames=Zhou Y, Zhu ST, journalName=Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou Y, Zhu ST. Determinationof acrylamide in 11 kinds of fried and baked foods［J］. Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, 2008, 20(1): 41-43. 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Dietary consumption of different food samples for populations aged 2-5 years

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食品类别均值P50P95
混合膳食922.4863.41511.6
液态乳177.8131.6472.7
婴幼儿配方奶粉146.4120.0420.1
全部膳食1136.41149.11808.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241069993861903095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2～5岁幼儿不同食物样本人均消费量（g/ d）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别均值P50P95
混合膳食922.4863.41511.6
液态乳177.8131.6472.7
婴幼儿配方奶粉146.4120.0420.1
全部膳食1136.41149.11808.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241069994012898047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Contamination levels of acrylamide in different dietary samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别检测份数检出份数检出率
（%）		含量/μg/kg
均值P50P75P95最大值范围
混合膳食966264.589.543.4411.2450.0470.080.50～70.08
液态乳制品611422.950.800.500.505.768.270.50～8.27
婴幼儿配方奶粉301343.331.030.500.5310.7018.270.50～18.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241069994109367045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同膳食样本中丙烯酰胺污染水平（μg/kg）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别检测份数检出份数检出率
（%）		含量/μg/kg
均值P50P75P95最大值范围
混合膳食966264.589.543.4411.2450.0470.080.50～70.08
液态乳制品611422.950.800.500.505.768.270.50～8.27
婴幼儿配方奶粉301343.331.030.500.5310.7018.270.50～18.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241069994214224648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Dietary exposure assessment of acrylamide for populations aged 2-5 years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别全部幼儿膳食暴露量
均值P50P95
混合膳食0.620.392.97
乳制品0.040.020.23
婴幼儿配方奶粉0.040.010.13
全部膳食0.670.442.99
), ArticleFig(id=1241069994344248084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2~5岁幼儿每日丙烯酰胺膳食暴露量（μg/(kg bw·d)）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别全部幼儿膳食暴露量
均值P50P95
混合膳食0.620.392.97
乳制品0.040.020.23
婴幼儿配方奶粉0.040.010.13
全部膳食0.670.442.99
), ArticleFig(id=1241069994457494297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The Margin of exposure (MOE) of Carcinogenic and Non Carcinogenic Risk of Acrylamide in the dietary of 2-5 years old children

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险类别平均MOE高MOE
非致癌风险29967
致癌风险463104
), ArticleFig(id=1241069994612683557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035553362203244, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2～5岁幼儿膳食中丙烯酰胺的致癌和非致癌性风险暴露限值（MOE）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险类别平均MOE高MOE
非致癌风险29967
致癌风险463104
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采用双份饭法对中国三地幼儿园2～5岁儿童丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露风险评估
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孙婷 1 , 隋海霞 2 , 郭培玉 1 , 周林 1 , 邢婉玥 1 , 张军 1 , 周萍萍 2
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024,51(24): 4480-4484
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现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024, 51(24): 4480-4484
采用双份饭法对中国三地幼儿园2～5岁儿童丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露风险评估
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孙婷1, 隋海霞2, 郭培玉1, 周林1, 邢婉玥1, 张军1 , 周萍萍2
作者信息
  • 1.济南市疾病预防控制中心，250021
  • 2.国家食品安全风险评估中心

    • 孙婷（1982—），女，硕士，副主任技师，研究方向：食品安全风险监测与评估

通讯作者:

周萍萍，E-mail:；
张军，E-mail:
Exposure risk assessment of acrylamide among 2-5 aged children in kindergartens in three regions of China using the dual meal method
Ting SUN1, Hai-xia SUI2, Pei-yu GUO1, Lin ZHOU1, Wan-yue XING1, Jun ZHANG1 , Ping-ping ZHOU2
Affiliations
  • Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404487
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摘要
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目的

了解中国三地幼儿园2～5岁儿童丙烯酰胺膳食暴露水平并评估其暴露风险。

方法

以黑龙江、四川、广西三地31名2～5岁健康儿童为调查对象，采用双份饭法收集调查对象在调查期间的全部入口食物，测定丙烯酰胺含量，计算暴露量，以BMDL10为0.31 mg/(kg bw·d）和NOAEL为0.2 mg/(kg bw·d)作为毒性参考点，用暴露边界法（MOE）分别评估致癌和非致癌暴露风险。

结果

本次研究共调查13名女生和18名男生，年龄在26～58个月，体重（11.0～20.0） kg，身高（87.0～115.1） cm。共收集187份食物样本，包括96份混合膳食样本，61份液态乳制品样本和30份婴儿配方粉样本。三类样本中丙烯酰胺的平均含量分别是9.54 μg/kg, 0.80 μg/kg, and 1.03 μg/kg平均暴露量分别为0.624 μg/(kg bw·d)、0.04 μg/(kg bw·d)、0.04 μg/(kg bw·d)，丙烯酰胺高暴露量（P95）分别上升至2.974 μg/(kg bw·d)、0.234 μg/(kg bw·d)、0.13 μg/(kg bw·d)。31名幼儿全部膳食平均暴露量为0.67 μg/(kg bw·d) ,高暴露量（P95）为2.99 μg/(kg bw·d)。丙烯酰胺非致癌风险的平均MOE值和高MOE值（P95）分别为299和67，致癌效应的平均MOE值和高MOE值（P95）分别为463和104。

结论

31名幼儿膳食中丙烯酰胺非致癌和致癌风险的MOE值均小于10 000，非致癌风险高MOE值小于100，因此，需重点关注幼儿人群因膳食摄入丙烯酰胺导致的健康风险。

丙烯酰胺  /  膳食暴露  /  双份饭法  /  风险评估
Objective

To analyze the levels of acrylamide in 2-5 years old children of three regions in China and assess the exposure risk.

Methods

The survey was conducted on 31 healthy children aged 2-5 years old in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang and Sichuan Province. We collected the whole food consumed by the children during the survey period using the dual meal method, analyzed the acrylamide exposure level. Then the margin of exposure (MOE) assessment was used to evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks by using BMDL10 (0.31 mg/(kg·bw·d)) and NOAEL (0.2 mg/(kg·bw·d)) as toxicity reference points.

Results

This survey investigated 13 girls and 18 boys in three regions of China, aged between 26 to 58 months, with the weight range of 11.0 to 20.0 kg and the height range of 87.0 to 115.1 cm. A total of 187 food samples were collected, including 96 mixed diet samples, 61 liquid dairy product samples, and 30 infant formula samples. The average levels of acrylamide from the three types of samples were 9.54 μg/kg, 0.80 μg/kg, and 1.03 μg/kg. The average exposure levels were 0.624 μg/(kg bw·d), 0.04 μg/(kg bw·d), and 0.04 μg/(kg bw·d).The high exposure levels of acrylamide (P95) increased to 2.974 μg/(kg bw·d), 0.234 μg/(kg bw·d), and 0.13 μg/(kg bw·d). The number of average MOE and high MOE (P95) for non-carcinogenic risk of acrylamide are 299 and 67, while the number of average MOE and high MOE (P95) for carcinogenic risk are 463 and 104.

Conclusion

The number of MOE for both non carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of acrylamide in the diet of 31 young children are less than 10 000, and the number of MOE for high non carcinogenic risks is less than 100. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to the health risks caused by dietary intake of acrylamide in young children.

Acrylamide  /  Dietary exposure  /  Dual meal method  /  Risk assessment
孙婷, 隋海霞, 郭培玉, 周林, 邢婉玥, 张军, 周萍萍. 采用双份饭法对中国三地幼儿园2～5岁儿童丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (24) : 4480 -4484 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404487
Ting SUN, Hai-xia SUI, Pei-yu GUO, Lin ZHOU, Wan-yue XING, Jun ZHANG, Ping-ping ZHOU. Exposure risk assessment of acrylamide among 2-5 aged children in kindergartens in three regions of China using the dual meal method[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (24) : 4480 -4484 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404487
正文
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丙烯酰胺（acrylamide）是一种有毒性的不饱和酰胺，1994年被国际癌症研究机构（International Agency for Research on Cancer，IARC）列为2A类潜在致癌物[1]。2002年，STADLER和他的瑞典团队首次揭示出在高温煮食时也会产生较多的丙烯酰胺，对人体健康构成隐患[2]。2011年The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)指出丙烯酰胺为危险性管理中优先控制的食品污染物[3]。2016年美国FDA发布减少食品中丙烯酰胺的行业指南[4]，2017年欧盟颁布法规Commission Regulation(EU) 2017/2158，规定了食品中丙烯酰胺的基准剂量水平[5]。JECFA基于不同国家人群的消费数据评估得出，儿童膳食中丙烯酰胺的平均摄入量为4 μg/kg bw[3]。我国的膳食调查显示，中国居民的摄入量为0.319 μg/(kg bw·d)[6]，低于JECFA公布的一般人群摄入量（1.0 μg/(kg bw·d)）[3]，但在高摄入人群中丙烯酰胺潜在的膳食暴露风险仍旧不可轻视，并且一般人群摄入丙烯酰胺的水平并没有明显的减少趋势[7]。
我国目前缺乏关于儿童群体在丙烯酰胺膳食暴露方面的研究报道，因此本研究采用双份饭法调查我国三个地区2～5岁儿童膳食中丙烯酰胺的污染情况，并据以估算中国儿童群体因食用受到丙烯酰胺污染的膳食所面临的健康风险程度。
1 对象与方法
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1.1 研究对象
此调查运用了分三步的分层抽样方法选取研究对象，首先，第一阶段，选择南部省份（广西）的一个城市，选择经济发展水平和人口规模相近的北方省份（黑龙江）和中部省份（四川）的一个城市作为调查区。第二阶段，从每个城市随机选择一个区。然后，从每个地区随机选择两个托儿所。第三阶段，从6所入读的托儿所随机抽取31名2～5岁健康儿童。本次调查已通过医学伦理学审查（审查批准号为2019014）。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 双份饭研究
选择广西壮族自治区、黑龙江省、四川省的三个城市，每个城市选择2个城市幼儿园，每个调查点各选择10个幼儿（实际广西壮族自治区选择11个\\黑龙江省和四川省选择各10个幼儿），男女各半，共调查31名幼儿。采用连续3天24小时的双份饭法进行调查，其中1天为周六或周日，另外2天为工作日。需要收集调查对象在调查期间的全部入口食物。吃什么，采什么；吃多少，采多少；留等质等量另一份，由调查员收集、称重、记录和混匀，供测定样品中丙烯酰胺含量[8]。通过问卷调查获得幼儿基本情况和三天膳食记录。
在调查期间，由受过培训的调查人员收集了参与者在托儿所消耗的每日膳食摄入量，包括早餐、午餐和零食，一式两份。晚餐保持孩子平时的日常饮食习惯，做好每天的食物摄入日记，并尽可能准确地复制家里的实际膳食摄入量。
每个参与者的每日重复饮食样本分为正常混合饮食、液体乳制品、婴幼儿配方奶粉，液体乳制品和婴幼儿配方奶粉根据是否食用进行收集作为单独的复合样品收集。
收集三天的食物消耗数据，进行称重记录。然后进行食物混样的制备：幼儿每天消费的所有食品取其混匀后重量的10%，制成混合样品，取200 g，分成10小份并贴标签，每份样品20 g，放入冰箱-80 ℃保存，进行留样和检测[9]。
1.2.2 双份饭样品中丙烯酰胺检测
在进行该研究期间，选用了结合高效液相色谱和质谱技术（LC/MS）对实验样本中的丙烯酰胺浓度进行测量，其检出限（LOD）为5.0 μg/kg[10]。在数据分析的初级阶段，根据WHO全球环境监测系统/食品污染监测与评估规划(GEMS/FOOD) 第二次会议“食品中低水平污染物可信评鉴”中对未检出数据的指导性意见，当未检出数据占所有数据的比例≤60%时，利用中限估计，对未检出的数据赋予1/2LOD值进行统计计算；当>60%时，利用上限估计赋予LOD 值进行统计[11]。
1.2.3 暴露评估
根据调查期间调查对象每日所有食物摄入量及其丙烯酰胺含量，计算每人每日丙烯酰胺暴露量。计算公式为:
其中，Expi表示消费者i的所有重复膳食样本中消费者i的膳食丙烯酰胺的暴露量，μg/(kg bw·d)；Fik表示消费者i对食物k第i天的个人消费水平；Cik表示消费者i的重复食品样品k中丙烯酰胺浓度，mg/kg；BWi表示消费者i的个体体重，kg；n是消费者i消耗的食物数量[12]。
通过以上公式计算每位调查对象食物丙烯酰胺暴露量，分别计算暴露量在平均数、第50个百分位、第95个百分位数据和最大值，进行统计分析。
1.2.4 风险特征描述
丙烯酰胺的关键健康效应分为致癌效应和非致癌效应。丙烯酰胺对人体主要造成神经系统方面的非致癌危害。不论是对人类还是动物，高浓度的丙烯酰胺接触会导致中枢神经失调，并且在长期暴露于少量丙烯酰胺的环境下，也可能诱发外周神经的不正常，有时还会并发中枢神经损害[13]。鉴于收集到的关于人体因丙烯酰胺引发神经系统毒性的数据有限，对于风险评估，常基于对啮齿类动物研究结果进行。这些研究结果表明丙烯酰胺无神经毒副作用的安全摄入量（NOAEL），即0.2 mg/(kg bw·d)[14]。在分析丙烯酰胺的癌变风险与非癌性危害时，通常采用风险暴露量（margin of exposure，MOE）进行风险特征描述。
目前丙烯酰胺无健康指导值。本研究采纳了JECFA推荐的以神经系统形态改变为终点为（NOAEL）为0.2 mg/(kg bw·d)作为为非致癌作用的毒理效应起始阈值，这是根据已知的毒理学资料，并考虑从动物外推到人类的种属间和人类种属内的差异，其MOE<100则需重点考虑健康风险。在致癌性方面，以诱发雌性大鼠乳腺肿瘤发生率的BMDL10(0.31 mg/(kg bw·d)) 作为致癌效应的毒性起始点，综合考虑从动物外推到人类的种属间以及人类种属内的差异(安全系数100) ，致癌过程的性质、剂量-反应曲线上的起始点(低于起始点的剂量效应关系以及低于该剂量水平不会增加癌症发病率的情况存在不确定性，安全系数为100)，其MOE<10000时健康风险优先关注[3]。MOE具体计算公式为:
综上所述，若丙烯酰胺的非致癌性风险边界暴露指数（MOE）低于100，则需优先考虑其引发的非致癌作用（即对神经系统造成的形态变化）的风险。而当丙烯酰胺的致癌性风险MOE低于10 000时，由其导致的致癌性危害（如哈氏腺和乳腺肿瘤）应被优先关注[15]。
1.3 统计学分析
运用EXCEL 2010与SPSS 20.0版本的统计分析工具来完成数据的整理及分析。
2 结果
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2.1 2~5岁幼儿人口学特征
本次双份饭研究共调查13名女生和18名男生，年龄在26～58个月之间，平均男生41.3个月，女生41.9个月，体重（11.0～20.0） kg（男生平均体重15.92 kg，女生平均体重15.94 kg），身高（87.0～115.1） cm（男生平均身高98.98 cm，女生平均身高99.40 cm）。
2.2 食物消费量
31名幼儿共收集187份食物样本，其中96份混合膳食样本，61份液态乳制品样本，30份婴儿配方奶粉样本。通过对幼儿人群每日膳食消费量进行计算，对每日食用量的描述性统计见表1。
2.3 不同膳食样本中丙烯酰胺污染特征
不同食物样本中丙烯酰胺污染水平见表2。其中混合膳食样本检出率最高（64.58%），其次为婴幼儿配方粉（43.33%）、液态乳制品（22.95%）。各类膳食样本中丙烯酰胺平均污染水平为1.03 μg/kg～9.54 μg/kg，中位数为（0.5～3.44） μg/kg，含量范围为（0.5～70.08） μg/kg。丙烯酰胺在各类食品中平均污染水平依次为混合膳食>婴幼儿配方乳粉>液态乳制品，具体见表2。
2.4 丙烯酰胺膳食暴露评估
2岁至5岁的儿童在其摄入的所有膳食中，丙烯酰胺的平均暴露量为0.67 μg/(kg bw·d)，高暴露量（P95）高达2.99 μg/(kg bw·d)。其中混合膳食丙烯酰胺平均暴露量为0.62 μg/(kg bw·d)，高暴露量(P95)为2.97 μg/(kg bw·d)，液态乳制品和婴幼儿配方粉中丙烯酰胺平均暴露量为0.04 μg/kg bw，高暴露量(P95)分别为0.23 μg/(kg bw·d)和0.13 μg/(kg bw·d)。具体见表3。
2.5 幼儿人群膳食丙烯酰胺的风险特征描述
针对丙烯酰胺对神经系统的非致癌作用潜在危险，依照动物实验导致神经病理反应的无观察到效应剂量（NOAEL）为0.2 mg/(kg bw·d)来估算，结合幼儿群体的平均膳食暴露量0.67 μg/(kg bw·d)与高膳食暴露量2.99 μg/(kg bw·d)，计算得出全部膳食的幼儿平均MOE为299，而对于幼儿全部膳食高暴露量的MOE为67。评估表明幼儿膳食中丙烯酰胺高暴露量的MOE小于100，存在健康风险，需要优先关注。具体MOE值见表4。
对于丙烯酰胺的致癌效应（乳腺肿瘤）等风险，根据引起动物乳腺瘤的BMDL为0.31 mg/(kg bw·d)来估算推算幼儿人群全部膳食平均MOE为463，高消费量的MOE为104。评估表明，平均暴露量和高暴露量的丙烯酰胺MOE均小于10 000，均存在健康风险，需要重点关注。
3 讨论与建议
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该项调查对中国2～5岁儿童群体膳食的丙烯酰胺暴露风险进行了研究。在各种膳食暴露分析方法中，如模型膳食、单个食物的选择性研究、总膳食研究等，双份饭研究是最准确的膳食摄入量评估方法，双份饭研究是指在一定调查时间内，收集被调查者所食用的所有食物样本，以进行实验室检测并据此评估其膳食摄入量。因为投入的人力、物质资源相当庞大，这一研究方法只能在较小群体（通常指20至30人）中实施。对于每个调查对象来说，它如实的反映了调查对象在此期间的膳食消费情况（个体暴露），考虑了食物烹调、加工的损失和污染，所得摄入量数据接近人体的实际摄入[16]。
经过评估全球17个国家居民膳食的丙烯酰胺平均摄入量表明，普通人群每日平均暴露量介于0.3～2.0 μg/(kg bw·d)之间，而90至97.5百分位数的高摄入群体的每日暴露量介于（0.6～3.5） μg/(kg bw·d) [3]。本次研究通过双份饭法，收集中国三个地区31位2～5岁儿童膳食的丙烯酰胺平均摄入量数据，为0.67 μg/(kg bw·d)。与国内第六次总膳食研究报告对比，成年中国男性丙烯酰胺的日摄入水平为0.175 μg/(kg bw·d)[17]，按体重计，儿童丙烯酰胺摄入量为成人的2～3倍[3]，上述三地幼童的膳食中丙烯酰胺摄入状况与总膳食研究成果接近。国际食品法典委员会（JECFA）基于全球摄入数据，推断全人类日平均摄取约为1 μg/(kg bw·d)，高摄入消费者则大约为4 μg/(kg bw·d) [3]，这一范围同样适用于儿童。本研究结果显示，我国2～5岁儿童膳食高消费人群的丙烯酰胺虽然存在一定风险，但摄入量远远小于JECFA的评估。
本次研究存在不确定性，一是对于未检出数据比例大于60%的数据均赋予LOD 值进行统计，这在一定程度上会高估暴露水平；二是只考虑膳食摄入因素，尚未考虑其他途径摄入的丙烯酰胺，例如环境暴露途径、吸烟途径等；三是调查人群来自我国北部、中部、南部三个城市幼儿园，没有考虑农村地区幼儿人群的膳食暴露评估；四是2011年，JECFA第七十二次会议确定丙烯酰胺的毒性分离点分别是动物试验结果引起神经病理性改变的NOAEL 值为0.2 mg/(kg bw·d)，丙烯酰胺诱导大鼠乳腺肿瘤的基准剂量下限BMDL10为0.31 mg/(kg bw·d)，诱导小鼠哈德氏腺肿瘤的基准剂量下限BMDL10为0.18 mg/(kg bw·d)。本研究采用的JECFA推导的NOAEL值为0.2 mg/(kg bw·d)作为非致癌效应的毒性起始点，采纳了大鼠乳腺肿瘤发生率的BMDL10作为致癌效应的毒性起始点，对双份饭数据进行膳食暴露评估，存在一定的不确定性。
研究数据表明，含丙烯酰胺量较高的食品主要是油炸的薯制品，其平均浓度约为0.78 mg/kg，最高含量为3.21 mg/kg；谷物类油炸食品平均含量为0.15 mg/kg，最高含量为0.66 mg/kg；谷物类烘烤食品平均含量为0.13 mg/kg，最高含量为0.59 mg/kg[18]。幼儿群体作为一个重要的消费人群，婴幼儿配方食品、乳粉中丙烯酰胺膳食暴露水平较低，混合膳食丙烯酰胺暴露量导致致癌效应及非致癌的MOE均较低，因此做到合理膳食，尤其减少薯片薯条、油炸食品等丙烯酰胺量较高的食品种类摄入量，遵循中国学龄儿童膳食指南中膳食种类、数量原则，保证优质蛋白、蔬菜、水果每日摄入量，创造健康的饮食结构和习惯。建议食品加工业者改良其生产技术与环境，尽量降低食品中丙烯酰胺污染水平。同时，建议政府部门继续加强重点食品中丙烯酰胺的风险监测，组织开展幼儿人群摄入丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露评估，尽快制定安全可行的食品安全标准来降低丙烯酰胺的污染水平。
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2024年第51卷第24期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404487
  • 接收时间：2024-04-28
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-04-28
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    1.济南市疾病预防控制中心，250021
    2.国家食品安全风险评估中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
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Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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