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Article(id=1241035552041006056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408457, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724947200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815532932, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815532932, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815532932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815532932, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241035543589483182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='24', pageStart='4417', pageEnd='4608', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815530917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815686426, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241036195896029478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241036195896029479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4580, endPage=4584, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241035552414298116, articleId=1241035552041006056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis on the reasons of late diagnosis among HIV/AIDS cases, Chengdu, columnId=null, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the reasons of late HIV diagnosis in Chengdu, and to provide scientific basis for promoting early detection.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was used, and the questionnaires were conducted among HIV/AIDS cases in 9 districts in Chengdu. The socio-demographic data, AIDS knowledge awareness, health seeking habits, testing behavior and other information were collected. The chi-square test and binary Logistic regression model were used to analyze the influencing factors. In-depth interviews were conducted, and the sample size was determined according to the principle of "information saturation".

Results

A total of 757 HIV/AIDS cases were investigated, of which 258 (34.1%) were found late diagnosis. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of late diagnosis was higher in age group 30-49 years old (aOR=3.350, 95% CI: 1.725-6.506) and ≥50 years old (aOR=3.913, 95% CI: 1.876-8.161) than 18-29 years old. Passive detection (aOR=2.002, 95% CI: 1.098-3.649) had a higher risk of late diagnosis than active detection. High school education or higher (aOR=0.472, 95% CI: 0.289-0.770) had a lower risk of late diagnosis than middle school education or lower. Among the 258 late diagnosis cases, 218 (84.5%) never had the idea of HIV testing in the past, mainly because they had not heard of AIDS (106 cases/48.6%) and felt that AIDS was far away from them (82 cases/37.6%). Among the 40 cases who had ever considering taking an HIV test, 17 (42.5%) did not take, mainly because they were worried about their privacy being exposed (12 cases/70.6%), worried about what others think during the test process (7 cases/41.2%), and worried about being discriminated against if they tested positive (7 cases/41.2%). In-depth interviews were conducted on 16 patients with late diagnosis. The reasons for late diagnosis mainly included: never heard of AIDS, serious misunderstanding of AIDS cognition, lack of risk perception awareness, and fluke mentality.

Conclusion

In order to effectively reduce the level of late HIV diagnosis, it is necessary to promote high-quality AIDS health education, improve the awareness of AIDS knowledge and risk perception after high risk behaviors, and encourage people with high risk behaviors to take the initiative to receive HIV testing as soon as possible. Building a supportive social environment to avoid giving up active testing for fear of discrimination is also essential.

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目的

了解成都市HIV/AIDS病例晚发现原因，为降低晚发现水平，促进病例早期发现提供科学依据。

方法

采用横断面调查，对成都市9个区（市）县的HIV/AIDS病例进行问卷调查，收集其社会人口学资料、艾滋病知识知晓情况、医疗卫生服务利用情况、检测行为等信息，采用χ2检验和二分类非条件logistic回归模型对晚发现影响因素进行分析。根据“信息饱和”原则确定样本量，对晚发现病例开展深入访谈。

结果

共计调查757名HIV/AIDS病例，其中晚发现病例有258人（34.1%）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，相比于18~29岁年龄组，30~49岁（aOR=3.350，95% CI：1.725~6.506）和≥50岁（aOR=3.913，95% CI：1.876~8.161）年龄组晚发现风险更高；相比于怀疑自己有感染风险后主动检测发现者，被动检测发现者（aOR=2.002，95% CI：1.098~3.649）晚发现风险更高；相比于文化程度为初中及以下者，高中及以上者（aOR=0.472，95% CI：0.289~0.770）晚发现风险更低。258名晚发现感染者中，有218人（84.5%）在感染前从未有过去做HIV检测的想法，主要原因为没有听说过艾滋病（106人/48.6%）和觉得艾滋病离自己很遥远（82人/37.6%）。曾经有过去做HIV检测想法的40名晚发现感染者中，17人（42.5％）没有进行HIV检测，主要原因是担心隐私被暴露（12人/70.6%）、担心检测过程中他人的眼光（7人/41.2%）、担心检测阳性被歧视（7人/41.2%）。通过对16名晚发现感染者进行深入访谈，晚发现原因主要包括：从来没听说过艾滋病、对艾滋病认知存在严重误区、风险感知意识不足和存在侥幸心理。

结论

为有效降低HIV/AIDS病例晚发现水平，应高质量推进艾滋病宣传教育，提升艾滋病知识知晓水平和发生高危行为后的风险感知能力，促进有过高风险行为的人群尽快主动进行HIV检测。还应构建支持性的社会环境，避免出现发生高危行为后因担心歧视而放弃主动检测。

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王亮，E-mail:
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何世娇（1991—），女，硕士，主管医师，研究方向：艾滋病预防与控制

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Study on HIV high risk behavior intervention in rural Guangxi based on IMB model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069994214224649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=1, pageStart=7, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［12］, rfOrder=21, authorNames=赵媛, 刘玉芬, 单多, journalName=中国健康教育, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵媛，刘玉芬，单多，等．全国艾滋病综合防治示范区利用传统与新媒体开展艾滋病防治宣传教育现状分析［J］．中国健康教育, 2023, 39(1): 7-11., articleTitle=全国艾滋病综合防治示范区利用传统与新媒体开展艾滋病防治宣传教育现状分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069994289722127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=1, pageStart=7, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［12］, rfOrder=22, authorNames=Zhao Y, Liu YF, Shan D, journalName=Chinese Journal of Health Education, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao Y, Liu YF, Shan D, et al. 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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Traditional and new media application in HIV/AIDS prevention and control health education activities inChina comprehensive AIDS response program, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069994386191125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=6, pageStart=727, pageEnd=729, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［13］, rfOrder=23, authorNames=唐璇, 苏云鹏, 何梅, journalName=中国艾滋病性病, refType=null, unstructuredReference=唐璇，苏云鹏，何梅，等．移动互联网自媒体平台在艾滋病防治中的应用［J］．中国艾滋病性病, 2023, 29(6): 727-729., articleTitle=移动互联网自媒体平台在艾滋病防治中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069994474271516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=6, pageStart=727, pageEnd=729, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［13］, rfOrder=24, authorNames=Tang X, Su YP, He M, journalName=Chinese Journal of AIDS & STD, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang X, Su YP, He M, et al. Role of Mobile Internet self-media platforms in AIDS prevention and control［J］. Chinese Journal of AIDS & STD, 2023, 29(6): 727-729. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Role of Mobile Internet self-media platforms in AIDS prevention and control, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069994604294948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=362, pageEnd=371, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［14］, rfOrder=25, authorNames=Pitpitan EV, Kalichman SC, Eaton LA, journalName=Annals of Behavioral Medicine : a Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pitpitan EV, Kalichman SC, Eaton LA, et al. AIDS-related stigma, HIV testing, and transmission risk among patrons of informal drinking places in Cape Town, South Africa［J］. Annals of Behavioral Medicine : a Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 2012, 43(3): 362-371., articleTitle=AIDS-related stigma, HIV testing, and transmission risk among patrons of informal drinking places in Cape Town, South Africa, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069994730124075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=23, issue=11, pageStart=1118, pageEnd=1126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［15］, rfOrder=26, authorNames=Collins S, Namiba AGL, Sparrowhawk A, journalName=HIV Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Collins S, Namiba AGL, Sparrowhawk A, et al. Late diagnosis of HIV in 2022: Why so little change?［J］. HIV Medicine, 2022, 23(11): 1118-1126., articleTitle=Late diagnosis of HIV in 2022: Why so little change?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069994847564593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=5, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［16］, rfOrder=27, authorNames=石超明, 赵丽明, 廖婷, journalName=医学与社会, refType=null, unstructuredReference=石超明，赵丽明，廖婷．困难、困境及对策:任重道远的中国反艾滋病歧视［J］．医学与社会, 2012, 25(1): 5-8., articleTitle=困难、困境及对策:任重道远的中国反艾滋病歧视, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069994977588021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=5, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［16］, rfOrder=28, authorNames=Shi CM, Zhao LM, Liao T, journalName=Medicine and Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi CM, Zhao LM, Liao T.Difficulties,dilemma and countermeasures : there is a quite long way ahead for China’s Anti-AIDS discrimination［J］. Medicine and Society, 2012, 25(1): 5-8. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Difficulties,dilemma and countermeasures : there is a quite long way ahead for China’s Anti-AIDS discrimination, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241069989923451456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, awardId=2021253, language=CN, fundingSource=成都市卫生健康委员会医学科研课题(2021253), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241069982470172818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069982478561427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, companyId=1241069982470172818, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV Prevention and Control,Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069982482755733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, companyId=1241069982470172818, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=成都市疾病预防控制中心性病艾滋病防制科，四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241069989357220350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Analysis of influencing factors for late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量调查人数
（构成比/%）		晚发现人数
（占比/%）		单因素分析多因素分析
χ2值P值aOR（95% CI）P值
性别
男605（79.9）204（33.7）0.1770.674-
女152（20.1）54（35.5）-
年龄（岁）
18~29133（17.6）20（15.0）27.141<0.0011.00
30~49204（26.9）72（35.3）3.350（1.725~6.506）<0.001
≥50420（55.5）166（39.5）3.913（1.876~8.161）<0.001
婚姻状况
未婚240（31.7）69（28.7）4.4990.105-
已婚有配偶325（42.9）120（36.9）-
离异/丧偶/分居192（25.4）69（35.9）-
文化程度
初中及以下497（65.7）180（36.2）0.9370.0871.00
高中及以上260（34.3）78（30.0）0.472（0.289~0.770）0.006
个人月收入（元）
<3 000410（54.2）154（37.6）6.5580.0871.00
3 000~4 999177（23.4）57（32.2）1.277（0.776~2.101）0.336
≥5 000170（22.5）47（27.6）1.068（0.645~1.767）0.799
是否了解艾滋病的传播途径和预防措施
了解476（62.9）142（29.8）10.3100.0011.00
不了解281（37.1）116（41.3）1.330（0.920~1.923）0.129
感染途径
同性传播159（21.0）36（22.6）11.7260.0011.00
异性传播598（79.0）222（37.1）0.828（0.442~1.550）0.555
通常在什么情况下会前往医疗机构就诊
感觉轻微不舒服时629（83.1）209（33.2）1.2090.271-
感觉非常不舒服时128（16.9）49（38.3）-
通常选择哪种医疗机构就诊
私人诊所222（29.3）84（37.8）2.5980.458-
社区卫生服务中心/乡镇卫生院209（27.6）72（34.4）-
区级及以上医疗机构292（38.6）92（31.5）-
民营医疗机构34（4.5）10（29.4）-
是否怀疑自己有感染风险，主动寻求HIV检测被发现
是130（17.2）23（17.7）18.766<0.0011.00
否627（82.8）235（37.5）2.002（1.098~3.649）0.011
), ArticleFig(id=1241069989462077963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HIV/AIDS病例晚发现影响因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量调查人数
（构成比/%）		晚发现人数
（占比/%）		单因素分析多因素分析
χ2值P值aOR（95% CI）P值
性别
男605（79.9）204（33.7）0.1770.674-
女152（20.1）54（35.5）-
年龄（岁）
18~29133（17.6）20（15.0）27.141<0.0011.00
30~49204（26.9）72（35.3）3.350（1.725~6.506）<0.001
≥50420（55.5）166（39.5）3.913（1.876~8.161）<0.001
婚姻状况
未婚240（31.7）69（28.7）4.4990.105-
已婚有配偶325（42.9）120（36.9）-
离异/丧偶/分居192（25.4）69（35.9）-
文化程度
初中及以下497（65.7）180（36.2）0.9370.0871.00
高中及以上260（34.3）78（30.0）0.472（0.289~0.770）0.006
个人月收入（元）
<3 000410（54.2）154（37.6）6.5580.0871.00
3 000~4 999177（23.4）57（32.2）1.277（0.776~2.101）0.336
≥5 000170（22.5）47（27.6）1.068（0.645~1.767）0.799
是否了解艾滋病的传播途径和预防措施
了解476（62.9）142（29.8）10.3100.0011.00
不了解281（37.1）116（41.3）1.330（0.920~1.923）0.129
感染途径
同性传播159（21.0）36（22.6）11.7260.0011.00
异性传播598（79.0）222（37.1）0.828（0.442~1.550）0.555
通常在什么情况下会前往医疗机构就诊
感觉轻微不舒服时629（83.1）209（33.2）1.2090.271-
感觉非常不舒服时128（16.9）49（38.3）-
通常选择哪种医疗机构就诊
私人诊所222（29.3）84（37.8）2.5980.458-
社区卫生服务中心/乡镇卫生院209（27.6）72（34.4）-
区级及以上医疗机构292（38.6）92（31.5）-
民营医疗机构34（4.5）10（29.4）-
是否怀疑自己有感染风险，主动寻求HIV检测被发现
是130（17.2）23（17.7）18.766<0.0011.00
否627（82.8）235（37.5）2.002（1.098~3.649）0.011
), ArticleFig(id=1241069989562741271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of the characteristics of testing behavior among late diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量例数（%）
未感染之前是否曾有去做HIV检测的想法
是40（15.5）
否218（84.5）
没有过HIV检测想法的原因（单选）
没有听说过艾滋病106（48.6）
觉得艾滋病离自己很遥远82（37.6）
身体没有症状，没觉得有什么异常19（8.7）
侥幸心理，偶尔一次行为不会感染11（5.0）
有想法但没有去做检测的原因（可多选）
不知道去哪里检测4（23.5）
检测地点距离较远2（11.8）
担心检测过程中他人的眼光7（41.2）
担心隐私被泄露12（70.6）
担心检测费用高2（11.8）
担心检测阳性被歧视7（41.2）
担心检测阳性影响家庭关系2（11.8）
), ArticleFig(id=1241069989684376098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035552041006056, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

晚发现HIV/AIDS病例检测行为特征分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量例数（%）
未感染之前是否曾有去做HIV检测的想法
是40（15.5）
否218（84.5）
没有过HIV检测想法的原因（单选）
没有听说过艾滋病106（48.6）
觉得艾滋病离自己很遥远82（37.6）
身体没有症状，没觉得有什么异常19（8.7）
侥幸心理，偶尔一次行为不会感染11（5.0）
有想法但没有去做检测的原因（可多选）
不知道去哪里检测4（23.5）
检测地点距离较远2（11.8）
担心检测过程中他人的眼光7（41.2）
担心隐私被泄露12（70.6）
担心检测费用高2（11.8）
担心检测阳性被歧视7（41.2）
担心检测阳性影响家庭关系2（11.8）
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成都市HIV/AIDS病例晚发现原因分析
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何世娇 , 何勤英 , 刘芳 , 段振华 , 代珍 , 施雅莹 , 王亮
现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2024,51(24): 4580-4584
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现代预防医学 | 疾病预防控制 2024, 51(24): 4580-4584
成都市HIV/AIDS病例晚发现原因分析
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何世娇, 何勤英, 刘芳, 段振华, 代珍, 施雅莹, 王亮
作者信息
  • 成都市疾病预防控制中心性病艾滋病防制科，四川 成都 610041

    • 何世娇（1991—），女，硕士，主管医师，研究方向：艾滋病预防与控制

通讯作者:

王亮，E-mail:
Analysis on the reasons of late diagnosis among HIV/AIDS cases, Chengdu
Shi-jiao HE, Qin-ying HE, Fang LIU, Zhen-hua DUAN, Zhen DAI, Ya-ying SHI, Liang WANG
Affiliations
  • Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV Prevention and Control,Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408457
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摘要
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目的

了解成都市HIV/AIDS病例晚发现原因，为降低晚发现水平，促进病例早期发现提供科学依据。

方法

采用横断面调查，对成都市9个区（市）县的HIV/AIDS病例进行问卷调查，收集其社会人口学资料、艾滋病知识知晓情况、医疗卫生服务利用情况、检测行为等信息，采用χ2检验和二分类非条件logistic回归模型对晚发现影响因素进行分析。根据“信息饱和”原则确定样本量，对晚发现病例开展深入访谈。

结果

共计调查757名HIV/AIDS病例，其中晚发现病例有258人（34.1%）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，相比于18~29岁年龄组，30~49岁（aOR=3.350，95% CI：1.725~6.506）和≥50岁（aOR=3.913，95% CI：1.876~8.161）年龄组晚发现风险更高；相比于怀疑自己有感染风险后主动检测发现者，被动检测发现者（aOR=2.002，95% CI：1.098~3.649）晚发现风险更高；相比于文化程度为初中及以下者，高中及以上者（aOR=0.472，95% CI：0.289~0.770）晚发现风险更低。258名晚发现感染者中，有218人（84.5%）在感染前从未有过去做HIV检测的想法，主要原因为没有听说过艾滋病（106人/48.6%）和觉得艾滋病离自己很遥远（82人/37.6%）。曾经有过去做HIV检测想法的40名晚发现感染者中，17人（42.5％）没有进行HIV检测，主要原因是担心隐私被暴露（12人/70.6%）、担心检测过程中他人的眼光（7人/41.2%）、担心检测阳性被歧视（7人/41.2%）。通过对16名晚发现感染者进行深入访谈，晚发现原因主要包括：从来没听说过艾滋病、对艾滋病认知存在严重误区、风险感知意识不足和存在侥幸心理。

结论

为有效降低HIV/AIDS病例晚发现水平，应高质量推进艾滋病宣传教育，提升艾滋病知识知晓水平和发生高危行为后的风险感知能力，促进有过高风险行为的人群尽快主动进行HIV检测。还应构建支持性的社会环境，避免出现发生高危行为后因担心歧视而放弃主动检测。

HIV/AIDS  /  晚发现  /  原因调查
Objective

To analyze the reasons of late HIV diagnosis in Chengdu, and to provide scientific basis for promoting early detection.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was used, and the questionnaires were conducted among HIV/AIDS cases in 9 districts in Chengdu. The socio-demographic data, AIDS knowledge awareness, health seeking habits, testing behavior and other information were collected. The chi-square test and binary Logistic regression model were used to analyze the influencing factors. In-depth interviews were conducted, and the sample size was determined according to the principle of "information saturation".

Results

A total of 757 HIV/AIDS cases were investigated, of which 258 (34.1%) were found late diagnosis. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of late diagnosis was higher in age group 30-49 years old (aOR=3.350, 95% CI: 1.725-6.506) and ≥50 years old (aOR=3.913, 95% CI: 1.876-8.161) than 18-29 years old. Passive detection (aOR=2.002, 95% CI: 1.098-3.649) had a higher risk of late diagnosis than active detection. High school education or higher (aOR=0.472, 95% CI: 0.289-0.770) had a lower risk of late diagnosis than middle school education or lower. Among the 258 late diagnosis cases, 218 (84.5%) never had the idea of HIV testing in the past, mainly because they had not heard of AIDS (106 cases/48.6%) and felt that AIDS was far away from them (82 cases/37.6%). Among the 40 cases who had ever considering taking an HIV test, 17 (42.5%) did not take, mainly because they were worried about their privacy being exposed (12 cases/70.6%), worried about what others think during the test process (7 cases/41.2%), and worried about being discriminated against if they tested positive (7 cases/41.2%). In-depth interviews were conducted on 16 patients with late diagnosis. The reasons for late diagnosis mainly included: never heard of AIDS, serious misunderstanding of AIDS cognition, lack of risk perception awareness, and fluke mentality.

Conclusion

In order to effectively reduce the level of late HIV diagnosis, it is necessary to promote high-quality AIDS health education, improve the awareness of AIDS knowledge and risk perception after high risk behaviors, and encourage people with high risk behaviors to take the initiative to receive HIV testing as soon as possible. Building a supportive social environment to avoid giving up active testing for fear of discrimination is also essential.

HIV/AIDS  /  Late diagnosis  /  Reason analysis
何世娇, 何勤英, 刘芳, 段振华, 代珍, 施雅莹, 王亮. 成都市HIV/AIDS病例晚发现原因分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (24) : 4580 -4584 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408457
Shi-jiao HE, Qin-ying HE, Fang LIU, Zhen-hua DUAN, Zhen DAI, Ya-ying SHI, Liang WANG. Analysis on the reasons of late diagnosis among HIV/AIDS cases, Chengdu[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (24) : 4580 -4584 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408457
正文
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艾滋病是一种病死率高、严重威胁人类健康的传染病，是全球关注的公共卫生问题。HIV感染者晚发现会增加治疗成本和传播风险，加剧疾病防控难度[1]。近年来，在大力推进艾滋病扩大检测的背景下，HIV感染者的晚发现情况仍然不容乐观，2009—2017年我国医疗机构报告的HIV感染者晚发现比例达68.4%[2]。既往针对HIV/AIDS病例晚发现影响因素的研究，主要结合艾滋病监测信息系统中的现有数据开展分析[3-5]，本研究通过问卷调查和深入访谈，从医疗卫生服务利用、艾滋病知识知晓水平、检测发现过程等多维度开展成都市HIV晚发现原因调查，以期为降低HIV感染者晚发现水平，促进早发现提供科学依据。
1 对象与方法
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1.1 研究对象
成都市按照经济水平、距离中心城区的远近分为主城区、近郊区和远郊区。本研究采用分层抽样方法，选取主城区（锦江区、成华区、金牛区）、近郊区（郫都区、新都区、龙泉驿区）、远郊区（都江堰市、彭州市、金堂县）共9个区（市）县开展问卷调查。纳入标准：①2021年6月1日至12月31日间艾滋病监测信息系统中新报告的现住址在上述9个区（市）县的HIV/AIDS病例；②年龄≥18岁；③接受基层医疗卫生机构（社区卫生服务中心/卫生院）的常规艾滋病随访服务。排除标准：①开展现场调查时不在本地；②听力或语言表达有障碍者。本研究经成都市疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会批准（编号：202303），所有调查对象均在调查前签署了知情同意书。
1.2 调查内容与方法
采用问卷调查和深入访谈全面了解晚发现的原因。调查内容包括基本人口学特征、医疗卫生服务利用情况、艾滋病基础知识、检测发现过程等。2020年成都市新报告HIV/AIDS晚发现比例为38.72%，取P=0.39，Zα/2=1.96，ε=0.1，根据横断面研究样本量计算公式：，故需要调查601例。考虑到部分病例因转出或死亡等原因无法参与调查，在原有估算的样本量基础上再增加20%，确定研究对象至少为721例。根据既往疫情数据预估，所选取9个区（市）县新报告病例数可满足样本量要求。
深入访谈根据“信息饱和”原则确定样本量，共纳入16名晚发现的艾滋病感染者，访谈提纲内容主要包括人口学特征、对艾滋病的认知和自认为晚发现的原因。深入访谈原始资料由录音笔现场录音收集，将录音转录后列出分析的主题，反复阅读访谈文本，对访谈对象的观点和看法进行归纳整理。所有调查员均在调查开始前进行过统一培训。
晚发现HIV/AIDS病例的定义：诊断时CD4计数<200个/μL或诊断时处于艾滋病阶段[6]。
1.3 统计分析
采用EpiData 3.1软件建立数据库并录入数据，SPSS 26.0软件进行数据统计分析。分析晚发现相关因素时，单因素分析采用χ2检验，多因素分析采用二分类非条件logistic 回归分析，将单因素分析中P<0.1的自变量纳入多因素分析中，检验水准α= 0.05。
2 结果
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2.1 调查对象基本情况
共调查757名HIV感染者，其中男性占79.9%（605人）；50岁及以上中老年人群占55.5%（420人）；已婚有配偶者占42.9%（325人）；初中及以下文化程度占65.7%（497人）；月收入<3 000 元者占54.2%（410人）；异性传播占79.0%（598人）；通常选择区级及以上医疗机构就诊人群占38.6%（292人）；主动寻求HIV检测被发现者占17.2%（130人）；晚发现病例占34.1%（258人）。
2.2 晚发现影响因素分析
单因素分析结果显示：年龄、是否了解艾滋病的传播途径和预防措施、感染途径、是否怀疑自己有感染风险主动寻求HIV检测与晚发现相关，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示：30岁及以上年龄段、非主动寻求HIV检测被发现者晚发现风险更高；文化程度为高中及以上者晚发现风险更低。见表1。
2.3 晚发现HIV/AIDS病例检测行为特征分析
258名晚发现感染者中，84.5%在感染前从未有过去做HIV检测的想法，主要原因为没有听说过艾滋病和觉得艾滋病离自己很遥远。没有听说过艾滋病的病例中，有98人（92.5%）为50岁及以上中老年人群。曾经有过去做HIV检测想法的40名晚发现患者中，42.5%没有进行HIV检测，主要原因是担心隐私被暴露、担心检测过程中他人的眼光和担心检测阳性被歧视。见表2。
2.4 晚发现原因深入访谈
2.4.1 访谈对象人口学特征
共访谈16名晚发现的艾滋病感染者，男性13人，女性3人；年龄在38—75岁之间，50岁及以上13人，50岁以下3人；已婚有配偶有10人，丧偶2人，未婚4人；初中及以下9人，高中或中专5人，大专及以上2人；异性传播14人，同性传播2人。
2.4.2 晚发现原因
（1）从来没听说过艾滋病。16人中，有6人从来没听说过艾滋病。“从来没听说过这个病，对这个病没有概念”（农民，75岁，男性，肺癌住院时检测发现）。“不知道找小姐会感染艾滋病，从来没听过艾滋病”（搬运工，50岁，男性，肺部感染就诊时检测发现）。
（2）对艾滋病认知存在误区。有4人听说过艾滋病，但以为只有外国人和吸毒者才会得艾滋病，也不清楚传播途径和预防措施，而且以为感染了一定会有症状。“不觉得自己会得病，一直以为艾滋病是国外的病，根本不晓得中国人还会得艾滋病”（无业，59岁，女性，不明原因发热就诊时检测发现）。“以为艾滋病是吸毒的人才会得的疾病，跟自己没关系”（农民，63岁，女性，糖尿病住院时检测发现）。“我文化程度有点低，光晓得艾滋病艾滋病，哪个样子得的不晓得”（农民，65岁，男性，带状疱疹就诊时检测发现）。“以前以为感染了应该会有症状嘛，自己身体很好，几年都没去过医院，就没想着去查”（农民，56岁，男性，基本公共卫生服务老年人体检时检测发现）。
（3）有一定的认知水平，但风险感知能力不足。有3人清楚艾滋病的传播途径，知道高风险行为有感染风险，但觉得离自己比较遥远。“知道这个病会通过性行为传播，但没有想过自己会得”（餐厅帮厨，56岁，男性，出现皮疹就医发现）。“基本上晓得是性传播，但从来没想过自己会得这个病”（建筑工人，58岁，男性，体重突然下降就医检测发现）。“听说过艾滋病，但完全没想过老公会得这个病，也没有想过会传染给自己”（农民，66岁，女性，感染者配偶检测发现）。
（4）觉得有感染风险，但心存侥幸。有3人自诉发生过高危行为后会担心感染，但还是存在侥幸心理。“知道耍小姐有可能遭，但每次都安慰自己应该不会那么倒霉”（超市员工，49岁，男性，突然晕厥就医时检测发现）。“自己平时注重安全措施，偶尔没戴套就觉得不会感染”（宠物店老板，38岁，男性，反复发作的口腔感染就诊时检测发现）。“我一般还是会采取安全措施，发生了无套性行为后也会担心感染，但还是心存侥幸吧，从来没去检测过”（公司职员，39岁，男性，性病感染就诊时检测发现）。
3 讨论
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本研究发现，年龄较大、文化程度较低人群艾滋病晚发现风险高，与云南省[3]、广西省[4]研究结果一致。老年感染者的晚发现风险更高，可能原因是老年人身体机能下降，患病后疾病进展更快，或者老年人将HIV感染的症状误认为是正常的衰老表现而延误诊断[7]。文化程度较低者晚发现风险更高，可能与低文化程度者对艾滋病的认知水平低及检测意识弱有关。相比怀疑自己有感染风险后主动寻求检测发现者，在医疗机构就诊时被动检测发现者晚发现风险更高，这与刘毅等人研究结果一致[8]，提示高危行为发生后进行主动检测对于降低晚发现比例具有重要意义，但本研究也显示，有84.5%的晚发现感染者在确诊前从未有过主动去做HIV检测的想法，其中近50%的感染者没有听说过艾滋病，近40%的感染者觉得艾滋病离自己很遥远。定性访谈发现，部分晚发现的感染者对艾滋病没有认知或者存在严重的认知误区，另一部分感染者具备一定的艾滋病知识，但风险感知能力缺乏，还有部分感染者觉得自己有感染风险，但存在侥幸心理。结合问卷调查和深入访谈的分析，提示目前公众对艾滋病的认知情况依然不容乐观。因此，为解决晚发现问题，艾滋病宣传教育存在的痛点和难点是亟需去正视和解决的。目前的艾滋病宣传教育工作面临诸多挑战，宣传覆盖面不足，宣传手段和形式相对单一，难以引起公众关注[9]。因此，要创新宣传教育模式，高质量推进艾滋病宣传教育。既往有研究发现基于基于健康信念模式的面对面一对一社区干预[10]和同伴教育[11]能有效提高中老年人群艾滋病知识水平。此外，还应充分利用互联网新媒体平台开展全民健康教育[12-13]，提升公众艾滋病知晓水平和风险感知能力，增强发生高危行为后主动寻求HIV检测的意识。
研究结果还显示，曾经有过有去做HIV检测想法的晚发现患者中，42.5%的人最终没有进行HIV检测，主要原因是担心隐私被暴露、担心检测过程中他人的眼光和担心检测阳性被歧视，可见对艾滋病的歧视和污名化也会造成部分感染者放弃主动检测，使病情进展到晚期状态[14]。即使在对艾滋病毒有高度认识的群体中，如在英国的同性恋和双性恋男性中，由于担心歧视不敢检测，仍有超过三分之一的艾滋病毒感染者在晚期被诊断出来[15]。艾滋病歧视一直是我国艾滋病防治面临的严峻挑战[16]，因此，需要构建支持性的社会环境，改变对HIV感染的固有偏见，切实消除影响HIV感染者接受检测的心理障碍，才能更好地提高个体对HIV检测服务的依从性。
本研究存在局限性：由于部分处于极晚期的病例，在确证后很快死亡，无法对其完成调查，还有部分病例出现严重并发症在医院住院接受治疗，未纳入本次调查，晚发现比例有一定程度低估。
综上所述，问卷访谈显示年龄、文化程度和是否主动检测发现为晚发现的主要影响因素，深入访谈提示晚发现感染者的艾滋病认知水平和风险感知能力普遍偏低。为有效降低HIV/AIDS病例晚发现水平，应创新艾滋病健康教育模式，高质量推进艾滋病宣传教育，提升艾滋病知识知晓水平和发生高危行为后的风险感知能力，促进有过高风险行为的人群尽快主动进行HIV检测。此外，还应构建支持性的社会环境，避免出现因担心歧视而放弃主动检测。
基金
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  • 成都市卫生健康委员会医学科研课题(2021253)
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参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第51卷第24期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408457
  • 接收时间：2024-08-30
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-08-30
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成都市卫生健康委员会医学科研课题(2021253)
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    成都市疾病预防控制中心性病艾滋病防制科，四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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