Article(id=1241035550862406569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407362, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721318400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815532651, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815532651, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815532651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815532651, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241035543589483182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='24', pageStart='4417', pageEnd='4608', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815530917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815686426, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241036195896029478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241036195896029479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4465, endPage=4472, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241035551252476861, articleId=1241035550862406569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Causal association between dietary intake and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a two-sample Mendelian randomization, columnId=null, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

The exact causal association between dietary intake and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is unclear, and this study used two-sample, two-way Mendelian randomization (MR) to conduct causal association analyses between them.

Methods

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci associated with dietaryintake were extracted from the pooled data of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as instrumental variables (IV). Causal associations between dietary intake and ADHD were analyzed using the TwoSampleMR package in R software. The main methods used included inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR Egger and weighted median tests. Cochran’Q, MR-Egger, and the "leave-one-out" method were used for heterogeneity test, pleiotropy test, and sensitivity analysis, respectively.

Results

The IVW results showed that avocado (OR=0.309, 95% CI: 0.132-0.719), celery (OR=0.503, 95%CI: 0.380-0.905), mutton/lamb (OR=0.349, 95% CI: 0.170-0.715), shellfish (OR=0.083, 95% CI: 0.011-0.638), grapefruit (OR=0.175, 95% CI: 0.043-0.711) and oily fish (OR=0.687, 95% CI: 0.492-0.960) were negatively associated with the development of ADHD, and naan bread (OR=4.109, 95% CI: 1.079-15.648), average weekly intake of spirits (OR=3.320, 95% CI: 1.419-7.767), intake of artificial sweetener added to cereal (OR=5.064, 95% CI: 1.507-17.017), and standard Tea (OR=1.004, 95% CI: 1.002-1.007) were positively associated with the development of ADHD.

Conclusion

Increased intake of avocado, celery, mutton/lamb, shellfish, grapefruit, and oily fish reduced the risk of ADHD, whereas increased intake of naan bread, average weekly spirits intake, Intake of artificial sweetener added to cereal, and standard tea raised the risk of ADHD.

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目的

饮食摄入与注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的确切因果关联尚不明确,本研究采用两样本、双向孟德尔随机化(MR)进行二者的因果关联分析。

方法

从全基因组关联研究(GWAS)的汇总数据中提取与饮食摄入相关的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点作为工具变量(IV)。使用R软件中的TwoSampleMR包对饮食摄入与ADHD之间的因果关联进行分析。所采用的主要方法包括逆方差加权法(IVW)、MR Egger和加权中位数法。采用Cochran Q、MR-Egger和“留一法”分别进行异质性检验、多效性检验、敏感性分析。

结果

IVW结果显示牛油果(OR=0.309,95% CI:0.132~0.719)、芹菜(OR=0.503,95% CI:0.380~0.905)、羊肉/羔羊肉(OR=0.349,95% CI:0.170~0.715)、贝类(OR=0.083,95% CI:0.011~0.638)、葡萄柚(OR=0.175,95% CI:0.043~0.711)和油性鱼(OR=0.687,95% CI:0.492~0.960)与ADHD的发生呈负相关,馕饼(OR=4.109,95% CI:1.079~15.648)、每周平均烈性酒摄入(OR=3.320,95% CI:1.419~7.767)、麦片中人工甜味添加剂(OR=5.064,95% CI:1.507~17.017)和标准茶(OR=1.004,95% CI:1.002~1.007)与ADHD的发生呈正相关。

结论

增加牛油果、芹菜、羊肉/羔羊肉、贝类、葡萄柚和油性鱼的摄入降低了ADHD的发生风险,而增加馕饼、每周烈性酒摄入、人工甜味添加剂和标准茶的摄入提高了ADHD的发生风险。

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王俊宏,E-mail:
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张蔷(1996—),女,博士在读,研究方向:儿童神经精神疾病临床研究及防治

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张蔷(1996—),女,博士在读,研究方向:儿童神经精神疾病临床研究及防治

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张蔷(1996—),女,博士在读,研究方向:儿童神经精神疾病临床研究及防治

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Metabolism Open, 2020, 8: 100072., articleTitle=Aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose- influence on the metabolism of Escherichia coli, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241070003198423069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550862406569, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=22, issue=18, pageStart=9863, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Markus V, Share O, Shagan MRO, journalName=International Journal of Molecular Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Markus V, Share O, Shagan MRO, et al. Inhibitory effects of artificial sweeteners on bacterial quorum sensing[J]. 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注:A:暴露因素为牛油果;B:暴露因素为馕饼;C:暴露因素为芹菜;D:暴露因素为羊肉/羔羊肉;E:暴露因素为贝类;F:暴露因素为每周平均烈性酒摄入;G:暴露因素为葡萄柚;H:暴露因素为油性鱼;I:暴露因素为麦片中人工甜味添加剂;J:暴露因素为标准茶。

, figureFileSmall=+yk+GyYZhG5w8+Xl7t++jw==, figureFileBig=9JTK6MtOeBtGlqK1MFulWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069991563424450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550862406569, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Results of sensitivity analyses of dietary intake and ADHD Leave-one-out method, figureFileSmall=Tx/V+6Jdbl5ywvzHkyAlJA==, figureFileBig=S7i4MY7FIdi+XE+VGHRfSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069991701836483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550862406569, language=CN, label=图3, caption=饮食摄入与ADHD 留一法敏感性分析结果

注:A:暴露因素为牛油果;B:暴露因素为馕饼;C:暴露因素为芹菜;D:暴露因素为羊肉/羔羊肉;E:暴露因素为贝类;F:暴露因素为每周平均烈性酒摄入;G:暴露因素为葡萄柚;H:暴露因素为油性鱼;I:暴露因素为麦片中人工甜味添加剂;J:暴露因素为标准茶。

, figureFileSmall=Tx/V+6Jdbl5ywvzHkyAlJA==, figureFileBig=S7i4MY7FIdi+XE+VGHRfSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069991852831432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550862406569, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Dietary intake and ADHD Reverse MR results, figureFileSmall=f+Ggt7IRN5ZlTee+cqqNGQ==, figureFileBig=VP2hbp+gegaNosAphyClfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069991974466256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550862406569, language=CN, label=图4, caption=饮食摄入与ADHD 反向MR结果, figureFileSmall=f+Ggt7IRN5ZlTee+cqqNGQ==, figureFileBig=VP2hbp+gegaNosAphyClfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069992079323864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550862406569, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information of the GWAS summary statistics in the two-sample MR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露/结局GWAS ID数据来源数据发表年份种族样本量SNP数
牛油果ukb-b-12236IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 94635
馕饼ukb-b-13281IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 94430
芹菜ukb-b-14145IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 94928
羊肉/羔羊肉ukb-b-14179IEU open GWAS2018欧洲460 006166
贝类ukb-b-143IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 93958
每周平均烈性酒摄入ukb-b-1707IEU open GWAS2018欧洲326 56573
葡萄柚ukb-b-18758IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 94434
油性鱼ukb-b-2209IEU open GWAS2018欧洲460 443213
麦片中人工甜味添加剂ukb-b-3143IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 94932
标准茶ukb-b-3291IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 94930
ADHD36702997PGC2022欧洲38 691-
), ArticleFig(id=1241069993606050528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550862406569, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两样本MR研究中GWAS数据信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露/结局GWAS ID数据来源数据发表年份种族样本量SNP数
牛油果ukb-b-12236IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 94635
馕饼ukb-b-13281IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 94430
芹菜ukb-b-14145IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 94928
羊肉/羔羊肉ukb-b-14179IEU open GWAS2018欧洲460 006166
贝类ukb-b-143IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 93958
每周平均烈性酒摄入ukb-b-1707IEU open GWAS2018欧洲326 56573
葡萄柚ukb-b-18758IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 94434
油性鱼ukb-b-2209IEU open GWAS2018欧洲460 443213
麦片中人工甜味添加剂ukb-b-3143IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 94932
标准茶ukb-b-3291IEU open GWAS2018欧洲64 94930
ADHD36702997PGC2022欧洲38 691-
), ArticleFig(id=1241069993744462572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550862406569, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests of dietary intake and ADHD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露因素SNP数异质性检验多效性检验
IVWMR EggerMR EggerMR Presso
Cochran QPCochran QPinterceptsePP
牛油果42.4960.4760.9330.6270.0200.0160.3380.523
馕饼53.8280.4303.3900.3350.0100.0160.5780.498
芹菜41.9640.5800.1650.921-0.0230.0170.3120.581
羊肉/羔羊肉1929.5680.042a29.5620.030a-0.0010.0110.9540.062
贝类42.0920.5532.0850.3530.0030.0380.9390.614
每周平均烈性酒摄入813.8950.0539.8260.132-0.0410.0260.1660.106
葡萄柚40.7860.8530.2820.8690.0420.0600.5510.869
油性鱼3131.9810.36831.3210.3500.0070.0090.4410.388
麦片中人工甜味添加剂30.4800.7870.4220.516-0.0090.0350.850-
标准茶42.6020.4572.5520.2790.0140.0700.8610.559
), ArticleFig(id=1241069993849320181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550862406569, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

饮食摄入与ADHD的异质性和多效性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露因素SNP数异质性检验多效性检验
IVWMR EggerMR EggerMR Presso
Cochran QPCochran QPinterceptsePP
牛油果42.4960.4760.9330.6270.0200.0160.3380.523
馕饼53.8280.4303.3900.3350.0100.0160.5780.498
芹菜41.9640.5800.1650.921-0.0230.0170.3120.581
羊肉/羔羊肉1929.5680.042a29.5620.030a-0.0010.0110.9540.062
贝类42.0920.5532.0850.3530.0030.0380.9390.614
每周平均烈性酒摄入813.8950.0539.8260.132-0.0410.0260.1660.106
葡萄柚40.7860.8530.2820.8690.0420.0600.5510.869
油性鱼3131.9810.36831.3210.3500.0070.0090.4410.388
麦片中人工甜味添加剂30.4800.7870.4220.516-0.0090.0350.850-
标准茶42.6020.4572.5520.2790.0140.0700.8610.559
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饮食摄入与注意缺陷多动障碍的因果关联:两样本孟德尔随机化
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张蔷 1 , 周康宁 1 , 袁振华 1 , 刘苗苗 1 , 刘拓 2 , 王俊宏 1
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024,51(24): 4465-4472
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现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024, 51(24): 4465-4472
饮食摄入与注意缺陷多动障碍的因果关联:两样本孟德尔随机化
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张蔷1, 周康宁1, 袁振华1, 刘苗苗1, 刘拓2, 王俊宏1
作者信息
  • 1.北京中医药大学东直门医院儿科,北京 101700
  • 2.中国中医科学院中药研究所
  • 张蔷(1996—),女,博士在读,研究方向:儿童神经精神疾病临床研究及防治

通讯作者:

王俊宏,E-mail:
Causal association between dietary intake and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a two-sample Mendelian randomization
Qiang ZHANG1, Kang-ning ZHOU1, Zhen-hua YUAN1, Miao-miao LIU1, Tuo LIU2, Jun-hong WANG1
Affiliations
  • Department of Pediatrics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Bejjing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 101700, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407362
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目的

饮食摄入与注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的确切因果关联尚不明确,本研究采用两样本、双向孟德尔随机化(MR)进行二者的因果关联分析。

方法

从全基因组关联研究(GWAS)的汇总数据中提取与饮食摄入相关的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点作为工具变量(IV)。使用R软件中的TwoSampleMR包对饮食摄入与ADHD之间的因果关联进行分析。所采用的主要方法包括逆方差加权法(IVW)、MR Egger和加权中位数法。采用Cochran Q、MR-Egger和“留一法”分别进行异质性检验、多效性检验、敏感性分析。

结果

IVW结果显示牛油果(OR=0.309,95% CI:0.132~0.719)、芹菜(OR=0.503,95% CI:0.380~0.905)、羊肉/羔羊肉(OR=0.349,95% CI:0.170~0.715)、贝类(OR=0.083,95% CI:0.011~0.638)、葡萄柚(OR=0.175,95% CI:0.043~0.711)和油性鱼(OR=0.687,95% CI:0.492~0.960)与ADHD的发生呈负相关,馕饼(OR=4.109,95% CI:1.079~15.648)、每周平均烈性酒摄入(OR=3.320,95% CI:1.419~7.767)、麦片中人工甜味添加剂(OR=5.064,95% CI:1.507~17.017)和标准茶(OR=1.004,95% CI:1.002~1.007)与ADHD的发生呈正相关。

结论

增加牛油果、芹菜、羊肉/羔羊肉、贝类、葡萄柚和油性鱼的摄入降低了ADHD的发生风险,而增加馕饼、每周烈性酒摄入、人工甜味添加剂和标准茶的摄入提高了ADHD的发生风险。

饮食摄入  /  注意缺陷多动障碍  /  因果关联  /  孟德尔随机化
Objective

The exact causal association between dietary intake and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is unclear, and this study used two-sample, two-way Mendelian randomization (MR) to conduct causal association analyses between them.

Methods

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci associated with dietaryintake were extracted from the pooled data of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as instrumental variables (IV). Causal associations between dietary intake and ADHD were analyzed using the TwoSampleMR package in R software. The main methods used included inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR Egger and weighted median tests. Cochran’Q, MR-Egger, and the "leave-one-out" method were used for heterogeneity test, pleiotropy test, and sensitivity analysis, respectively.

Results

The IVW results showed that avocado (OR=0.309, 95% CI: 0.132-0.719), celery (OR=0.503, 95%CI: 0.380-0.905), mutton/lamb (OR=0.349, 95% CI: 0.170-0.715), shellfish (OR=0.083, 95% CI: 0.011-0.638), grapefruit (OR=0.175, 95% CI: 0.043-0.711) and oily fish (OR=0.687, 95% CI: 0.492-0.960) were negatively associated with the development of ADHD, and naan bread (OR=4.109, 95% CI: 1.079-15.648), average weekly intake of spirits (OR=3.320, 95% CI: 1.419-7.767), intake of artificial sweetener added to cereal (OR=5.064, 95% CI: 1.507-17.017), and standard Tea (OR=1.004, 95% CI: 1.002-1.007) were positively associated with the development of ADHD.

Conclusion

Increased intake of avocado, celery, mutton/lamb, shellfish, grapefruit, and oily fish reduced the risk of ADHD, whereas increased intake of naan bread, average weekly spirits intake, Intake of artificial sweetener added to cereal, and standard tea raised the risk of ADHD.

Dietary intake  /  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder  /  Causal association  /  Mendelian randomization
张蔷, 周康宁, 袁振华, 刘苗苗, 刘拓, 王俊宏. 饮食摄入与注意缺陷多动障碍的因果关联:两样本孟德尔随机化. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (24) : 4465 -4472 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407362
Qiang ZHANG, Kang-ning ZHOU, Zhen-hua YUAN, Miao-miao LIU, Tuo LIU, Jun-hong WANG. Causal association between dietary intake and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a two-sample Mendelian randomization[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (24) : 4465 -4472 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407362
注意缺陷多动障碍(Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是一种精神障碍疾病,以与年龄不相称的多动、冲动和(或)注意力缺陷为临床特点,同时影响儿童的社交、学习和家庭功能。ADHD的发病年龄较早,可以持续到成年,儿童发病率约为7.2%[1]。ADHD常伴发其他精神障碍,如药物使用障碍、工作残疾和自杀行为等,影响患者的整个生命周期。目前对ADHD发病机制的认识尚不明确。
饮食是一种易于获取和改变的影响因素,大量研究提示饮食模式和儿童及青少年的心理健康密切相关。饮食节律的紊乱会提高青少年抑郁的发生风险,同时高糖、高碳水、高脂肪、辛辣饮食、能量饮料摄入频率较高等都会给儿童和青少年带来较大的心理压力[2-3]。ADHD患儿较正常儿童更容易有不健康的饮食习惯[4]。同时饮食是影响肠道菌群的主要因素,而肠道菌群通过神经、体液和免疫系统与中枢神经系统的交互作用,影响神经功能和认知行为,和ADHD的发病密切相关[5-6]。同时也有学者提出膳食炎症指数,认为饮食中的促炎因子可以影响人体的炎症,而近年来神经炎症与ADHD的发病也尤为密切[7-8]。在多项meta研究中表明,童年和青少年时期富含水果、蔬菜、豆类和鱼类健康的饮食模式降低ADHD的发病风险,相反红肉、精制谷物、加工肉类和氢化脂肪酸以及糖摄入增加等不健康饮食会增加ADHD的发病风险[9-10]。有研究提出高脂饮食可以诱导ADHD样症状,而可可碱可以改善ADHD症状[11-12]。此外,营养补充剂的摄入如不饱和脂肪酸(omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-3 PUFAs)和维生素D可以显著降低ADHD儿童注意力不集中和多动/冲动的总分[13-14]。尽管目前已经有研究证实了饮食摄入和ADHD有着密切的关系,但主要集中在膳食模式与ADHD的关系,或以营养补充剂、肠道微生物为目标的生物制剂或消除饮食为干预措施的干预性研究[15],而具体的饮食和ADHD的因果关联尚不明确,仍有待进一步研究。
孟德尔随机化(Mendelian Randomization,MR)利用等位基因在减数分裂时随机分配给后代的原理,模拟随机对照试验进行因果推断。它将随机分配到人群中的遗传变异作为观察研究中的工具变量(instrumental variable,IVs),并通过建立IVs与暴露和终点之间的关联来揭示暴露和终点之间的因果关系,有效避免了不同混杂因素对暴露和结果的影响[16]。因此本研究采用全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association studies,GWAS)数据,对饮食摄入和ADHD进项两样本、双向MR分析,进一步探索二者的明确因果关联。
本研究以176种饮食摄入因素作为暴露因子,与暴露因子显著相关的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNPs)作为IVs,ADHD作为结局变量。使用R软件(V4.2.2)中的TwoSampleMR包对176种饮食摄入因素与ADHD之间的双向因果关联进行分析。为了确保研究结果的可信度,本研究进行了异质性检验、多效性检验和敏感性分析。在进行MR分析时,必须遵守以下假设,即:(1)相关性假设:IV和暴露变量之间存在强相关性;(2)独立性假设:IV独立于其他观察到的暴露因素;(3)排他性假设:IV除通过暴露以外,不通过其他因素对结局造成影响。
本研究的176种饮食摄入因素GWAS数据来自英国生物库(UK Biobank),所有汇总统计数据可从IEU OPEN GWAS Project获得(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/datasets/),包括饮品22种(饮用水、含酒精饮品、含咖啡因饮品、果汁等)、蔬菜水果51种、肉类18种、主食和谷物34种、奶制品12种、甜食和零食32种、其他7种(甜味剂、糖等)摄入,由于暴露因素较多,仅列出统计结果有意义的暴露因素信息,具体如表1。本研究的ADHD GWAS数据来自精神病基因组学联盟(PGC)的一项GWAS荟萃分析。这些数据来自38 691名ADHD患者和186 843名对照,包括丹麦综合精神病研究(iPSYCH)队列、冰岛deCODE队列和PGC汇总的10个欧洲队列[17],具体如表1。以上数据均来自欧洲群体,所有队列研究均已获得参与者的知情同意。
为了确保获得足够数量且具有强统计学意义的独立IVs,本研究进行如下筛选:(1)P<1×10-5,筛选具有全基因组显著性SNP,以确保与暴露的强关联;(2)使用千人组计划欧洲人群参考面板对初步筛选出的SNPs进行去连锁不平衡分析,R2 < 0.001,kb > 10 000,消除连锁不平衡,以获得独立IVs;(3)F值≥10,排除弱IV,F=R2×(N-2)/(1-R2),R2=2×EAF×(1-EAF)×(β2/var),其中N为暴露样本量,R2为该IV可以解释的变异比例,R2越大表示该SNP对表型的解释能力越强,β为等位基因的效应值,var=1。最终获得相互独立且与176种饮食摄入因素显著相关的SNPs作为最终的IVs。
本研究采用TwoSampleMR包中的逆方差加权(Inverse variance weighted,IVW)、MR Egger、加权中值法(Weighted median,Wm)、3种方法对饮食摄入和ADHD之间的因果关系进行双向MR分析。其中IVW方法作为两样本MR的主要分析方法,其他2种方法作为补充分析,以增强研究的稳健性。若IVs具有异质性,则采用IVW随机效应模型(Inverse variance weighted multiplicative random effects,IVW mre)进行MR分析。结果以95%置信区间(CI)的优势比(OR)表示,P<0.05被认为存在因果关系。我们采用MR-Presso进行离群值检验,若检测到异常值,则将其移除并将剩余的SNP进行重新分析;采用Cochran Q检验评估异质性,P<0.05为存在异质性;采用MR-Egger和MR-Presso进行多效性检验,P<0.05存在多校性;采用留一法进行敏感性分析,评估单个SNP对合并的IVW估计值的影响,增加结果的稳健性。
本研究中所涉及的暴露因素为176种饮食摄入,根据严格的筛选标准,选择与暴露因素相关的SNP作为IVs。排除连锁不平衡并且保留F≥10的SNPs。由于暴露因素较多,仅列出统计结果有意义的筛选后SNP个数,具体如表1
本研究发现10种饮食摄入(牛油果、馕饼、芹菜、羊肉/羔羊肉、贝类、每周平均烈性酒摄入、葡萄柚、油性鱼、麦片中人工甜味添加剂和标准茶)与ADHD具有因果关联,IVW结果显示牛油果、芹菜、羊肉/羔羊肉、贝类、葡萄柚和油性鱼与ADHD的发生呈负相关,馕饼、每周平均烈性酒摄入、麦片中人工甜味添加剂和标准茶与ADHD的发生呈正相关。其余两种算法的效应方向与IVW基本一致,提示IVW的分析结果具有良好的稳健性。见图1。根据MR结果绘制散点图,展示3种分析方法回归线,见图2
本研究使用Cochran’s Q检验中IVW和MR Egger方法对暴露因素(牛油果、馕饼、芹菜、羊肉/羔羊肉、贝类、燕麦、每周平均烈性酒摄入、葡萄柚、油性鱼、麦片中人工甜味添加剂、标准茶)相关的SNPs进行异质性、多效性和敏感性分析。牛油果、馕饼、芹菜、贝类、燕麦、每周平均烈性酒摄入、葡萄柚、油性鱼、麦片中添加人工甜味剂、标准茶未观察到显著异质性,见表2。在与羊肉/羔羊肉(IVW,P=0.042;MR Egger,P=0.030)相关的SNPs中观察到异质性,因此MR分析使用IVW mre方法。MR Egger intercept、MR Presso分析未观察到水平多效性(麦片中人工甜味添加剂SNP数为3个,不进行MR Presso分析),见表1。留一法敏感性分析结果提示的因果推断具有稳健性,见图3
本研究以ADHD为暴露因素,10种饮食摄入为结局(牛油果、馕饼、芹菜、羊肉/羔羊肉、贝类、燕麦、干果、每周平均烈性酒摄入、葡萄柚、油性鱼、麦片中添加人工甜味剂、标准茶)进行反向MR分析,进行用于反向MR分析的强IVs筛选后进行MR分析。其中ADHD对贝类、每周平均烈性酒摄入的MR IVW分析结果提示P<0.05,但IVW、WM、MR Egger 3种分析方法OR值效应方向不同,因此ADHD对上述10种饮食摄入不具有因果关系,见图4
本研究利用GWAS数据,采用两样本、双向MR分析,揭示不同饮食摄入因素与ADHD发生的因果关系。本研究发现增加牛油果、芹菜、羊肉/羔羊肉、贝类、葡萄柚和油性鱼的摄入可以降低ADHD的发生风险,而增加馕饼、每周平均烈性酒摄入、麦片中人工甜味添加剂和标准茶的摄入可以增加ADHD的发生风险。
牛油果油营养成分丰富,含有多种单不饱和脂肪酸包括(棕榈油酸、亚油酸、油酸等),其中油酸含量最高,在所有脂肪酸中占比高达55.56%[18-19]。此外牛油果中还含有少量植物甾醇、生育酚等有益活性物质[20]。在动物实验中,口服牛油果对海马神经元具有减轻氧化应激损伤的作用[21-22]。芹菜中含有芹菜素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、芹菜苷、绿原酸、芹菜素等酚类物质,其中对芹菜素的研究较多,可参与调节核转录因子κB、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/雷帕霉素靶等炎症的信号通路,抑制巨噬细胞、胶质细胞活化,具有抗炎的作用[23-25]。在ADHD模型鼠中,星形胶质细胞氧化应激加剧了神经炎症和小胶质细胞活化[26],芹菜和牛油果的摄入可能有助于减轻氧化应激损伤、减少炎症反应从而起到对ADHD产生保护作用。
贝类、油性鱼(三文鱼、鲱鱼、沙丁鱼等)富含丰富蛋白质、必需氨基酸、脂肪、维生素和矿物质,其中脂肪主要以n-3 PUFAs,如二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)[27-28]。DHA和EPA是从饮食中获得的脂肪酸,是孕期及哺乳期补充的重要营养素之一,参与神经发育的重要代谢过程。多项研究证实了n-3 PUFAs可以促进神经和认知的发育,抗炎维持神经系统稳态的作用,也有研究指出n-3 PUFAs含量越高、海马体积越大[29-32]。海马是认知功能的重要脑区,与ADHD的发病密切相关。补充n-3 PUFAs,尤其是EPA可以明显降低ADHD的评分,与本研究结果相符[13]
目前对葡萄柚、羊肉/羔羊肉的研究相对较少。葡萄柚中富含多种黄酮类物质包括芸香苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷等,相关研究提示增加葡萄柚的摄入可以降低神经系统疾病的死亡率[33-34]。羊肉是饮食摄入重要的蛋白质和脂肪的来源,更多的研究集中在包括猪肉、牛肉在内的红肉与血脂水平或消化道癌症相关性[35-36],尚缺乏和中枢神经系统疾病的研究,因此羊肉摄入对ADHD的保护作用的具体机制还有待挖掘。
每周平均烈性酒摄入是指每周会摄入1-2次以上烈性酒(白兰地、伏特加等)的暴露因素,认为是ADHD患病的危险因素。同时本研究也纳入了啤酒、红酒、香槟酒、苹果酒等其他含酒精饮料的摄入以及每月平均1-3次烈性酒摄入为暴露因素,但是MR分析结果均未提示是ADHD的危险因素。脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)对突触可塑性和认知记忆尤为重要,酒精可以通过影响BDNF的合成引起认知功能下降等精神障碍,既往研究表明ADHD中存在BDNF及其下游信号的改变[37-38]。还有研究表明酒精可以破坏血脑屏障完整性,使通透性增加,从而引起炎症、氧化应激反应,损伤海马的认知功能[39-40]。本研究反向MR分析中IVW分析方法提示ADHD是每周平均烈性酒摄入的危险因素,但是与MR Egger方法分析的结果方向不一致,说明结果不具有稳健性。而在一项已经发表的MR研究中,提示ADHD患者也会有酒精依赖的风险[41],说明ADHD和酒精可能存在双向因果关系,与本研究中产生的差异可能是与使用的数据库不同有关。
本研究中标准茶包括阿萨姆、大吉岭等标准的英式红茶,不涵盖中药凉茶、绿茶、在茶中添加糖、奶等。茶叶中含有咖啡碱、茶碱、可可碱等嘌呤类生物碱,茶氨酸和茶多酚等物质,本研究提示标准茶的摄入是ADHD的危险因素。在一项病例对照研究中,也得出了ADHD患儿茶摄入较对照组更多,和本研究的结论一致[4]。然而既往研究中认为茶中的有效物质如茶氨酸、茶多酚等可以通过减少氧化应激损伤、减轻神经炎症、调节神经递质等,起到精神刺激作用和神经保护的特性,似乎与本研究的结论相悖[42]。因此,茶的摄入与神经系统的相关生理病理机制还有待进一步明确,与ADHD的相关研究还需要深入开展。
麦片中人工甜味添加剂是ADHD的危险因素之一,而麦片作为暴露因素时,未观察到和ADHD的显著因果关系。人工甜味剂是糖替代品,甜味高于蔗糖几百倍的化合物,常见的有阿斯巴甜、甜蜜素、糖精、安赛蜜、三氯蔗糖和纽甜等[43]。人工甜味剂的摄入增多会导致糖脂代谢紊乱,增加脑卒中、糖尿病、心血管疾病等的患病率,而与精神系统疾病的关系尚未有研究提出[44-45]。人工甜味剂摄入可以扰乱正常的肠道菌群,对革兰氏阴性菌有明显抑制作用、促进大肠杆菌的生长[46-47],是否会通过菌-肠-脑轴进一步影响神经系统还有待进一步研究。
馕饼摄入是ADHD的危险因素,馕饼是面包的一种,通常指印度式面包,本研究也同时观察了面包和其他面包种类(大蒜面包、法棍面包、切片面包等)和ADHD的因果关系,但并未观察到显著的因果关系,猜测可能是由于烹饪方式的差别引起的。
综上,本研究采用两样本、双向MR分析方法,发现牛油果、芹菜、羊肉/羔羊肉、贝类、葡萄柚和油性鱼是ADHD的保护因素,而馕饼、每周烈性酒摄入、人工甜味添加剂和标准茶是ADHD的危险因素。本研究的创新在于为指导儿童和ADHD患儿的饮食选择提供了理论支撑,也为后期深入研究ADHD的饮食治疗方案提供了新的思路。同时本研究也具有一定的局限性,仅纳入欧洲群体的GWAS数据,导致研究的结论的可推广性降低。此外本研究是GWAS数据进一步分析的结果,基于数据分析选择的工具变量,无法获得性别、年龄等详细数据进行分层分析,可能导致研究结果产生偏移。同时这10种饮食摄入因素是如何影响ADHD的机制尚不清楚,还需要更广泛深入的研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82274581)
  • 首都卫生发展科研专项项目(首发2020-2Z-4196)
  • 北京中医药大学基本科研业务费揭榜挂帅项目(2023-JYB-JBZD-011)
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2024年第51卷第24期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407362
  • 接收时间:2024-07-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-19
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82274581)
首都卫生发展科研专项项目(首发2020-2Z-4196)
北京中医药大学基本科研业务费揭榜挂帅项目(2023-JYB-JBZD-011)
作者信息
    1.北京中医药大学东直门医院儿科,北京 101700
    2.中国中医科学院中药研究所

通讯作者:

王俊宏,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407362
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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