Article(id=1241035550849814990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407420, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721664000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815532648, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815532648, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815532648, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815532648, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241035543589483182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='24', pageStart='4417', pageEnd='4608', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815530917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815686426, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241036195896029478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241036195896029479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4435, endPage=4439, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241035551688675842, articleId=1241035550849814990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study on blood and urine biomarkers and primary glaucoma, columnId=null, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the association between blood and urine biomarkers and genetic risks of primary glaucoma using Mendelian randomization analysis.

Methods

This study utilized summary data from large - scale genome-wide association studies to extract eligible instrumental variables and primarily employed the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method for analysis. The results were validated through Cochran’s Q statistic, MR - Egger regression intercept, MR - PRESSO, and the leave - one - out method.

Results

MR analysis showed that the total protein (IVW: OR=1.399, 95% CI: 1.000-1.958, P=0.049), glycated hemoglobin (IVW: OR=0.650, 95% CI: 0.512-0.824, P<0.001), and glucose (IVW: OR=0.587, 95% CI: 0.368-0.938, P=0.026) were causally related to primary glaucoma. Reverse MR analysis further found a causal relationship between primary angle - closure glaucoma and total protein (IVW: OR=0.990, 95% CI: 0.980-0.999, P=0.045), indicating a bidirectional causal relationship between total protein and primary angle - closure glaucoma. The results were validated without finding heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy.

Conclusion

Total protein may be a potential risk factor for primary angle - closure glaucoma, while glycated hemoglobin and glucose may serve as protective factors against primary open -angle glaucoma. Total protein and albumin are potential biomarkers for primary angle -closure glaucoma. This study provides information on biomarkers that can be further investigated, offering new insights and strategies for the early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and prevention of glaucoma.

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目的

利用孟德尔随机化分析探讨血液及尿液生物标志物与原发性青光眼遗传风险之间的关联。

方法

本研究使用了大规模全基因组关联分析的汇总数据,筛选出合适的工具变量,主要采用逆方差加权法进行分析。通过Cochran Q统计量、MR-Egger回归的截距项、MR-PRESSO以及leave-one-out法对结果进行了验证。

结果

MR分析结果显示,总蛋白(IVW:OR=1.399,95% CI:1.000~1.958,P=0.049)、糖化血红蛋白(IVW:OR=0.650,95% CI:0.512~0.824,P<0.001)和葡萄糖(IVW:OR=0.587,95% CI:0.368~0.938,P=0.026)均与原发性青光眼之间存在因果关系。反向MR分析进一步发现原发性闭角型青光眼与总蛋白之间存在因果关系(IVW:OR=0.990,95% CI:0.980~0.999,P=0.045)。总蛋白和原发性闭角型青光眼之间存在双向因果关系。所得结果通过验证,未发现异质性与水平多效性。

结论

总蛋白可能是原发性闭角型青光眼的潜在危险因素,糖化血红蛋白和葡萄糖可能是原发性开角型青光眼的保护因素。总蛋白和白蛋白是原发性闭角型青光眼的的潜在生物标志物。本研究提供了可进一步研究的生物标志物信息,为青光眼的早期诊断、个性化治疗和预防提供了新的见解与策略。

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刘龙,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MX0L2Ujy9OPkJ5jv751VHg==, magXml=elE3X7ODnVbpZ4fi+0w5KA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=D0CVmRegHhkhaE0JKTlxuA==, pdfFileSize=638168, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=eUMevZ2K/KwjqLPkrXCBhw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=P7+UzqkAgOYYvHO3fL4jAg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

郝天琦(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:孟德尔随机化

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郝天琦(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:孟德尔随机化

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American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2023, 245: 193-201., articleTitle=Association between glycemic traits and primary Open-Angle glaucoma: a mendelian randomization study in the Japanese population, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241069986588971023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, awardId=202403021211145, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省基础研究计划面上项目(202403021211145), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241069982101066595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069982109455205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, companyId=1241069982101066595, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Health Statistics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069982122038119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, companyId=1241069982101066595, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山西医科大学卫生统计学教研室,太原 030000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241069982222701419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069982231090028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, companyId=1241069982222701419, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.重大疾病风险评估山西省重点实验室)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241069985435538373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The sensitivity analysis results of the “leave - one-out” of the association betweenbiomarkers and primary glaucoma, figureFileSmall=Vy+50HldD+XREBPzwetJfw==, figureFileBig=EKkuAZAY3MdjheLLRhs/Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069985552978892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, language=CN, label=图1, caption=“leave-one-out”法对生物标记物与原发性青光眼两样本孟德尔随机化的敏感性分析结果

注:图A为天冬氨酸转氨酶与丙氨酸转氨酶之比率与PACG;图B为总蛋白与PACG;图C为糖化血红蛋白与POAG;图D为葡萄糖与POAG;图E为PACG与总蛋白;图F为PACG与白蛋白。POAG与睾酮和POAG与钙没有足够的工具变量进行“leave-one-out”分析。

, figureFileSmall=Vy+50HldD+XREBPzwetJfw==, figureFileBig=EKkuAZAY3MdjheLLRhs/Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069985703973845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Forest plot of MR analysis results of the association between biomarkers and primary glaucoma, figureFileSmall=TRMmrhQh/PrdjjYacEIHdg==, figureFileBig=Z4lWhXRQvwGkMcXWujhIHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069985821414367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, language=CN, label=图2, caption=生物标志物与原发性青光眼之间关联的MR分析结果森林图, figureFileSmall=TRMmrhQh/PrdjjYacEIHdg==, figureFileBig=Z4lWhXRQvwGkMcXWujhIHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069985917883364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Forest plot of MR analysis results of the association between primary glaucoma and biomarkers, figureFileSmall=Eo0D3NCfr/vsjHUaFdfLcA==, figureFileBig=Jroq+fBU88zDbs/PkmqxxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069986056295404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, language=CN, label=图3, caption=原发性青光眼与生物标志物之间关联的MR分析结果森林图, figureFileSmall=Eo0D3NCfr/vsjHUaFdfLcA==, figureFileBig=Jroq+fBU88zDbs/PkmqxxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069986182124534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Evaluation results of instrumental variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露结局SNP数FQ检验PGlobal TestPMg-Egger
截距项P
天冬氨酸转移酶与丙氨酸转移酶之比率PACG27265.2040.7560.8420.461
总蛋白PACG31857.1750.7530.7940.771
糖化血红蛋白POAG328104.1630.4390.4380.050
葡萄糖POAG14371.3610.0710.0820.050
PACGa总蛋白322.1350.847NA0.773
PACGa白蛋白322.1350.389NA0.536
POAGb睾酮223.2330.267NANA
POAGb223.3330.309NANA
), ArticleFig(id=1241069986337312770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035550849814990, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

工具变量评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露结局SNP数FQ检验PGlobal TestPMg-Egger
截距项P
天冬氨酸转移酶与丙氨酸转移酶之比率PACG27265.2040.7560.8420.461
总蛋白PACG31857.1750.7530.7940.771
糖化血红蛋白POAG328104.1630.4390.4380.050
葡萄糖POAG14371.3610.0710.0820.050
PACGa总蛋白322.1350.847NA0.773
PACGa白蛋白322.1350.389NA0.536
POAGb睾酮223.2330.267NANA
POAGb223.3330.309NANA
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血液及尿液生物标记物与原发性青光眼双向孟德尔随机化研究
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郝天琦 1 , 刘龙 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(24): 4435-4439
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(24): 4435-4439
血液及尿液生物标记物与原发性青光眼双向孟德尔随机化研究
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郝天琦1, 刘龙1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.山西医科大学卫生统计学教研室,太原 030000
  • 2.重大疾病风险评估山西省重点实验室
  • 郝天琦(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:孟德尔随机化

通讯作者:

刘龙,E-mail:
A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study on blood and urine biomarkers and primary glaucoma
Tian-qi HAO1, Long LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • Department of Health Statistics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407420
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目的

利用孟德尔随机化分析探讨血液及尿液生物标志物与原发性青光眼遗传风险之间的关联。

方法

本研究使用了大规模全基因组关联分析的汇总数据,筛选出合适的工具变量,主要采用逆方差加权法进行分析。通过Cochran Q统计量、MR-Egger回归的截距项、MR-PRESSO以及leave-one-out法对结果进行了验证。

结果

MR分析结果显示,总蛋白(IVW:OR=1.399,95% CI:1.000~1.958,P=0.049)、糖化血红蛋白(IVW:OR=0.650,95% CI:0.512~0.824,P<0.001)和葡萄糖(IVW:OR=0.587,95% CI:0.368~0.938,P=0.026)均与原发性青光眼之间存在因果关系。反向MR分析进一步发现原发性闭角型青光眼与总蛋白之间存在因果关系(IVW:OR=0.990,95% CI:0.980~0.999,P=0.045)。总蛋白和原发性闭角型青光眼之间存在双向因果关系。所得结果通过验证,未发现异质性与水平多效性。

结论

总蛋白可能是原发性闭角型青光眼的潜在危险因素,糖化血红蛋白和葡萄糖可能是原发性开角型青光眼的保护因素。总蛋白和白蛋白是原发性闭角型青光眼的的潜在生物标志物。本研究提供了可进一步研究的生物标志物信息,为青光眼的早期诊断、个性化治疗和预防提供了新的见解与策略。

原发性青光眼  /  生物标志物  /  孟德尔随机化  /  因果推断
Objective

To investigate the association between blood and urine biomarkers and genetic risks of primary glaucoma using Mendelian randomization analysis.

Methods

This study utilized summary data from large - scale genome-wide association studies to extract eligible instrumental variables and primarily employed the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method for analysis. The results were validated through Cochran’s Q statistic, MR - Egger regression intercept, MR - PRESSO, and the leave - one - out method.

Results

MR analysis showed that the total protein (IVW: OR=1.399, 95% CI: 1.000-1.958, P=0.049), glycated hemoglobin (IVW: OR=0.650, 95% CI: 0.512-0.824, P<0.001), and glucose (IVW: OR=0.587, 95% CI: 0.368-0.938, P=0.026) were causally related to primary glaucoma. Reverse MR analysis further found a causal relationship between primary angle - closure glaucoma and total protein (IVW: OR=0.990, 95% CI: 0.980-0.999, P=0.045), indicating a bidirectional causal relationship between total protein and primary angle - closure glaucoma. The results were validated without finding heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy.

Conclusion

Total protein may be a potential risk factor for primary angle - closure glaucoma, while glycated hemoglobin and glucose may serve as protective factors against primary open -angle glaucoma. Total protein and albumin are potential biomarkers for primary angle -closure glaucoma. This study provides information on biomarkers that can be further investigated, offering new insights and strategies for the early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and prevention of glaucoma.

Primary glaucoma  /  Biomarkers  /  Mendelian randomization  /  Causal inference
郝天琦, 刘龙. 血液及尿液生物标记物与原发性青光眼双向孟德尔随机化研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (24) : 4435 -4439 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407420
Tian-qi HAO, Long LIU. A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study on blood and urine biomarkers and primary glaucoma[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (24) : 4435 -4439 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407420
原发性青光眼是一种以视神经损害和视野缺损为特征的慢性、进行性眼病,是全球成年人失明的主要原因之一[1]。尽管原发性青光眼的发病机制尚未完全明确,但遗传因素在其发生和发展中起着重要作用[2]。近年来,基因组关联研究(Genome-Wide Association Studies,GWAS)识别出了多个与原发性青光眼风险相关的基因变异[3]。这些发现不仅深化了我们对原发性青光眼病理机制的理解,也为疾病的早期诊断和个性化治疗提供了新的视角[4]
血液及尿液中的生物标志物是反映机体生理和病理状态的重要指标[5]。通过分析这些生物标志物,可以更全面地了解原发性青光眼的发病机制。例如,血液中的丙氨酸转氨酶(Alanine transaminase,ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)和γ-谷氨酰转移酶(gamma-Glutamyl transferase,GGT)等肝功能指标,已被发现与代谢综合征和心血管疾病相关,而这些疾病与原发性青光眼存在一定的关联[6]。血清白蛋白和总蛋白等营养状态标志物,也可能通过影响机体的代谢和炎症状态,间接影响原发性青光眼的发生和发展。
孟德尔随机化(Mendelian Randomization,MR)是一种利用单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)作为暴露相关工具变量(instrumental variables,IVs)来评估因果关系的研究方法[7]。由于基因在受精时随机分配,因此基于基因变异的研究能够有效避免传统观察性研究中的混杂偏倚和反向因果性问题[8]。近年来,MR研究在探索复杂疾病的因果关系中显示出重要价值。例如,通过MR研究,我们可以评估特定生物标志物(如血脂、血糖、炎症因子等)与原发性青光眼之间的因果关系,从而揭示潜在的致病机制。
本研究旨在通过分析血液及尿液中的多种生物标志物,结合孟德尔随机化方法,探讨这些生物标志物与原发性青光眼遗传风险之间的关联。通过这些研究,希望能揭示原发性青光眼的一部分遗传机制,为疾病的早期诊断和个性化治疗提供理论支持,并为未来的原发性青光眼研究提供新的思路和方法。
本研究基于大规模全基因组关联研究(GWAS)汇总数据集。在所有这些相应的原始研究中,所有受试者都给予了知情同意,由于本研究只使用了摘要级统计数据,因此不需要额外的伦理批准。血液及尿液生物标记物数据来自Sinnott-Armstrong等人[9]对35项血清和尿液代谢物进行的全基因组关联估计,该研究包括363 228名欧洲成年人,使用液相色谱和气相色谱分离结合串联质谱分析血清和尿液,最终成功获得35个血液及尿液生物标记物。这35种生物标记物进一步被分为7类,分别为肝功能指标、肾功能和代谢指标、脂代谢和心血管健康指标、糖代谢和糖尿病指标、电解质和矿物质指标、蛋白质代谢和营养指标、激素和其他指标。
原发性青光眼选择原发性闭角型青光眼(Primary angle-closure glaucoma,PACG)和原发性开角型青光眼(Primary open-angle glaucoma,POAG)两个亚型。原发性开角型和闭角型青光眼数据均来自英国生物银行(UK Biobank,UKB)队列[10],共456 348名参与者。
在MR研究中使用的遗传变异必须满足三个关键假设:(1)相关性:遗传变异与暴露因素密切相关;(2)独立性:遗传变异与混杂因素无关;(3)排他性:遗传变异仅通过风险因素影响结果,而不是通过其他因果途径影响结果[11]。本研究经过全基因组显著性阈值P<5×10-8对SNPs进行筛选,然而筛到的SNPs数量有限,可研究样本极少,因此我们选择以P<1×10-5为阈值筛选与暴露性状显著相关的SNPs作为IVs以获得更为全面的研究结果[12]。其次,为去除连锁不平衡(linkage disequilibrium,LD),我们将IVs的连锁不平衡参数r2阈值设为0.001,遗传距离窗口设为10 000 kb。最终,从结局变量中提取上述筛选出的SNP数据。除此之外采用F检验进行评估,剔除F值小于10的SNP以消除弱工具变量对结果的影响。
使用Cochran Q评估工具变量的异质性检验评估,P<0.05表明IVs存在异质性,反之P>0.05,不存在异质性。用MR-Egger法的截距项检验多个IVs是否存在水平多效性,如果该截距项的P值大于0.05,说明不存在水平多效性。采用留一法(leave-one-out)进行敏感性分析来验证结果的稳健性。该方法通过逐个剔除SNP并计算剩余合并产生的效应,进而明确单一SNP对结局的效应。
本研究使用R(版本4.4.0)进行孟德尔随机化分析,使用的软件包为“TwoSampleMR”(版本0.6.2)。主要采用逆方差加权法(inverse-variance-weighted,IVW)分析血液及尿液生物标记物和原发性青光眼的因果关系,检验水准α=0.05。MR-Egger回归法、加权中位数法(weighted median,WM)作为补充分析。此外,本研究还进行了孟德尔随机化多效残差和离群值检验(Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier,MR - PRESSO),其通过去除离群值对水平多效性进行校正,并检验离群值校正前后因果估计值的显著差异来检测水平多效性[13]。最后,当暴露(血液及尿液生物标志物)对结局(原发性青光眼)存在显著的因果效应时,将暴露和结局交换,并使用与正向MR分析相同的步骤进行MR分析,进一步探索原发性青光眼对血液及尿液生物标志物是否存在显著因果关联。
根据工具变量选择方法,选择出的工具变量F统计量均大于10,表明不存在弱工具变量问题。使用逆方差加权(IVW)法进行Cochran Q检验,结果显示工具变量间无异质性(P>0.05)。MR-Egger回归截距检测结果显示无水平多效性(P>0.05),MR-PRESSO结果显示未发现异常值。见表1。为了增强结果的可靠性,我们进行了进一步的敏感性分析。通过留一法(leave-one-out method),最终确定单个SNP对因果关系的影响较小,见图1
以血液及尿液生物标记物为暴露,以PACG为结局,IVW方法显示2种生物标记物与PACG之间存在显著因果关系。天冬氨酸转氨酶与丙氨酸转氨酶之比率与PACG患病呈负相关,(IVW:OR=0.673,95% CI:0.470~0.964,P=0.031);总蛋白与PACG患病呈正相关,(IVW:OR=1.399,95% CI:1.000~1.958,P=0.049)。以POAG为结局时,IVW方法同样显示2种生物标记物与POAG间存在显著因果关系。糖化血红蛋白(IVW:OR=0.650,95% CI:0.512~0.824,P<0.001)和葡萄糖(IVW:OR=0.587,95% CI:0.368~0.938,P=0.026)与POAG患病均呈负相关。见图2
以原发性青光眼为暴露,以正向MR分析中显著的四种生物标志物(天冬氨酸转氨酶与丙氨酸转氨酶之比率、总蛋白、糖化血红蛋白、葡萄糖)为结局,仅发现PACG患病与总蛋白之间存在负相关,(IVW:OR=0.990,95% CI:0.980~0.999,P=0.045)。其余之间均不存在因果关系。
此外,我们还以原发性青光眼为暴露,以其它生物标志物为结局进行了MR分析。IVW方法显示POAG患病与睾酮呈正相关,(IVW:OR=1.020,95% CI:1.006~1.034,P=0.006);与钙呈负相关,(IVW:OR=0.986,95% CI:0.974~0.999,P=0.036)。PACG患病与白蛋白(IVW:OR=0.990,95% CI:0.980~0.999,P=0.034)呈负相关。见图3
本研究通过MR分析对血液及尿液生物标记物与原发性青光眼进行因果评估,通过敏感性分析排除混杂因素,最终确定了生物标记物与原发性青光眼之间的多对因果关系。
其中PACG和总蛋白之间存在着复杂的双向因果关系,即总蛋白增加PACG的发病风险以及PACG与总蛋白的负相关。这一双向因果关系提示在眼科疾病研究中我们需要更加深入地理解蛋白质在疾病机制中的作用。总蛋白水平的变化可能直接影响青光眼的病理过程。异常的蛋白质水平可能对视神经细胞的健康产生显著影响,从而增加青光眼的风险[14]。此外,炎症在青光眼发展中的关键作用已经得到广泛认可。炎症标志物水平的升高与青光眼的严重程度密切相关[15],总蛋白水平的变化可能反映了炎症状态的不同程度。从基因角度来看,基因变异可能同时影响总蛋白水平和青光眼风险,这种基因背景可能解释了我们观察到的双向因果关系。代谢功能障碍也可能在总蛋白水平和青光眼之间起到媒介作用。代谢紊乱通过影响血液中的蛋白质水平,间接促进青光眼的发展[16]。代谢综合征与青光眼发病率之间的显著关联进一步支持了代谢功能障碍在青光眼发病中的作用[17]。视觉系统的神经保护和神经退行性变过程中的蛋白质变化也可能是解释这一关系的关键因素。特定蛋白质水平的改变与视神经损伤和保护机制密切相关[18],因此,未来青光眼治疗可能会以这些蛋白质为潜在靶点。
研究发现,糖化血红蛋白和葡萄糖水平与POAG之间存在负相关性,这与一些先前的正相关结果不一致。这种差异可能归因于研究人群、方法或受试者的青光眼和糖尿病特定阶段的差异。较低的葡萄糖水平可能在POAG的背景下具有保护作用[19]。糖化终产物的形成已被证明与多种眼部病理有关,包括糖尿病性视网膜病变和白内障形成[20]。糖化终产物可诱导氧化应激和炎症,这些因素是青光眼进展的已知贡献者。因此,维持较低的葡萄糖水平可能会减轻这些有害过程,从而减少POAG的风险或严重程度。这些发现强调了进一步研究以澄清糖代谢在青光眼中的作用的重要性。此外,天冬氨酸转氨酶与丙氨酸转氨酶之比率与PACG之间也存在负相关关系。此比率是反映肝功能的酶指标,其异常提示肝脏损伤和代谢紊乱[21]。这一发现可能暗示肝功能状态与青光眼之间存在潜在的关联机制。肝脏在全身代谢和解毒过程中发挥关键作用,其功能异常可能通过影响全身性代谢和炎症状态,间接影响眼部健康,促进PACG的发生和发展。
反向MR分析中还发现,PACG与白蛋白之间存在负相关关系,这表明白蛋白水平的降低可能在PACG的发生和发展中扮演重要角色。白蛋白是血浆中的主要蛋白质之一,具有抗氧化、抗炎和维持血管内皮功能的作用[22]。低水平的白蛋白可能导致眼部微环境的改变,增加氧化应激和炎症反应,从而促进青光眼的病程进展[23]。据此,我们推测总蛋白和白蛋白的检测可以作为评估青光眼风险的一个指标。对于蛋白质水平异常的患者,应考虑通过改善营养状况和抗炎治疗来降低青光眼的风险。对于POAG,我们发现其与睾酮和钙分别为正相关和负相关。这些发现为青光眼的预防和治疗提供了新的思路。对于高风险人群,如具有高睾酮水平或低钙水平的人群,应进行定期眼科检查,以便早期发现和干预青光眼[24]。通过控制血糖水平,可以降低青光眼的发病风险[25]。因此,对于糖尿病患者,应加强血糖管理,以预防青光眼的发生。
虽然本研究揭示了多种生物标记物与青光眼之间的关联,但这些结果仍需通过更多的前瞻性研究和临床试验来验证。未来研究应进一步探讨这些生物标记物在青光眼发病过程中的具体机制,以及如何通过干预这些生物标记物来预防和治疗青光眼。此外,由于满足严格阈值的IVs数量极少,因此我们采用相对宽松的阈值来筛选IVs。不同种族和年龄段人群中生物标记物与青光眼的关系可能存在差异,未来研究应考虑这些因素的影响。
综上所述,本研究通过MR分析揭示了多种生物标记物与青光眼之间的潜在因果关系,这些发现为青光眼的早期检测、预防和治疗提供了新的视角和策略,为血液及尿液生物标记物和青光眼之间的复杂相互作用提供了新的见解。这些见解对开发更有效的预防和治疗策略至关重要。
  • 山西省基础研究计划面上项目(202403021211145)
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2024年第51卷第24期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407420
  • 接收时间:2024-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-23
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山西省基础研究计划面上项目(202403021211145)
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    1.山西医科大学卫生统计学教研室,太原 030000
    2.重大疾病风险评估山西省重点实验室

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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