Article(id=1241035545745355454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719936000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815531431, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815531431, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815531431, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815531431, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241035543589483182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='24', pageStart='4417', pageEnd='4608', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815530917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815686426, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241036195896029478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241036195896029479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241035543589483182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4440, endPage=4447, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241035546202534602, articleId=1241035545745355454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Epidemiological characteristics and influential factors of hand, foot and mouth disease rein fection in Xining City, Qinghai Province, 2008-2023, columnId=null, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics, influential factors, and the risk of reinfection in patients with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Xining, Qinghai, 2008-2023, and to provide scientific evidence for preventing HFMD reinfection in Xining and Qinghai-Tibet plateau regions.

Methods

The incidence data of HFMD in Xining from May 1, 2008 to December 31, 2023 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention to establish a database of cases of HFMD reinfection by filtering and organizing. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the reinfection cases, and the Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to assess the cumulative hazard probability of HFMD reinfection after initial infection, and Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the risk of HFMD reinfection through both univariate and multivariate perspectives.

Results

A total of 493 HFMD reinfection cases were reported in Xining 2008-2023, the reinfection incidence was 2.67% (493/18 472), and the cumulative risk for the reinfection was 3.00%. 486(98.58%) cases were infected twice, and 7 cases (1.42%) were infected three times. The Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrated that the cumulative risk of reinfection increased sharply within 30 months after the first infection, and with 74.44% of cases reinfected within 30 months. The Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis revealed that the risk of HFMD reinfection was lower in males compared to females (HR=0.822, 95% CI: 0.684-0.988), in children aged ≥3 years compared to those aged <3 years(HR=0.586, 95% CI: 0.445-0.771). The risk of HFMD reinfection was higher in kindergarten children (HR=5.551, 95% CI: 2.278-13.525) and scattered children (HR=6.897, 95% CI: 2.769-17.184) compared to other population groups, and in children residing in urban areas (HR=1.531, 95% CI: 1.222-1.917) compared to those in rural areas.

Conclusion

The reinfection rate of HFMD is relatively high in Xining. People living in urban areas, initially infected with enterovirus 71(EV71), boys under the age of 3, and scattered children have higher risk of HFMD reinfection. Targeted intervention measures ought to be implemented for these high-risk groups in order to effectively mitigate the reinfection incidence of HFMD.

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目的

分析2008—2023年青海省西宁市手足口病再感染病例的流行病学特征、危险因素,为西宁市及青藏高原地区手足口病再感染防控提供科学依据。

方法

从中国疾病预防控制信息系统中导出2008年5月1日—2023年12月31日期间西宁市手足口病的病例信息,通过对数据进行筛选和整理,以形成手足口病再感染病例的数据库。采用描述性流行病学方法分析再感染病例流行病学特征;采用Kaplan-Meier法探究病例首次感染后的再感染累积风险;采用Cox比例风险回归模型对手足口病再感染风险进行单因素和多因素综合分析。

结果

2008—2023年西宁市手足口病再感染病例累计报告493人,再感染率为2.67%(493/18 472),再感染累积发生风险为3.00%,486人(98.58%)感染2次,7人(1.42%)感染3次。Kaplan-Meier曲线显示,首次感染后30个月内,再感染风险随急剧增长,30个月内再感染的病例占74.44%。Cox 比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,女性(HR=0.822,95% CI:0.684~0.988)相较于男性、≥ 3岁人群(HR=0.586,95% CI: 0.445~0.771)相较于<3岁人群发生手足口病再感染风险小;幼托儿童(HR=5.551,95% CI:2.278~13.525)和散居儿童(HR=6.897,95% CI:2.769~17.184)相较于其他人群、城市地区(HR=1.531,95% CI:1.222~1.917)相较于农村地区发生手足口病再感染风险更大。

结论

西宁市手足口病的再感染较高,首次感染为肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)的<3岁城市地区男童、散居儿童再次感染手足口病的风险更高,应对上述人群采取干预措施,以降低手足口病再次感染的发生率。

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孙妍兰,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=903JiBXL4zfZz8B+EvMOuQ==, magXml=G3F6m/e+73sYWZQIclMmxQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Bueu4gyO2mZd56icfzDx6g==, pdfFileSize=972844, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=uMqmLEeXjZkRbkTFouPpIw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gjJCECwU8NOHy0XjwXtIsw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李翠华(1998—),硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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李翠华(1998—),硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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Viruses, 2021, 13(5): 720., articleTitle=Cross-Antigenicity between EV71 Sub-Genotypes: implications for vaccine efficacy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069994549768991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=21, issue=2, pageStart=151, pageEnd=155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=36, authorNames=刘莹莹, 于秋丽, 苏通, journalName=中华疾病控制杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘莹莹,于秋丽,苏通,等.2011—2015年河北省手足口病流行特征及病原特征分析[J].中华疾病控制杂志, 2017, 21(2): 151-155., articleTitle=2011—2015年河北省手足口病流行特征及病原特征分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069994713346858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=21, issue=2, pageStart=151, pageEnd=155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Liu YY, Yu QL, Su T, journalName=Chinese Journal of Disease Control & Prevention, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu YY, Yu QL, Su T, et al. Epidemiology and etiology of hand-foot-mouth disease in Hebei Province, 2011-2015[J]. Chinese Journal of Disease Control & Prevention, 2017, 21(2): 151-155. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Epidemiology and etiology of hand-foot-mouth disease in Hebei Province, 2011-2015, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241069994843370289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=13, issue=4, pageStart=502, pageEnd=508, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Javadi M, Nejati A, Yousefi M, journalName=Iranian Journal of Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Javadi M, Nejati A, Yousefi M, et al. First seroepidemiological investigation of human enterovirus 71 in Iran[J]. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 2021, 13(4): 502-508., articleTitle=First seroepidemiological investigation of human enterovirus 71 in Iran, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241069981660672081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069981673254995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, companyId=1241069981660672081, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Public Health, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069981681643605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, companyId=1241069981660672081, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.青海大学医学院公共卫生系,青海 西宁 810001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241069981765529694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241069981769723998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, companyId=1241069981765529694, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西宁市疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241069985557180713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Time distribution of HFMD reinfection in Xining, Qinghai, 2008-2023, figureFileSmall=jyyTJ/YDg06a20J4opDrWQ==, figureFileBig=pqB2NFOksANSKwv2iMWxBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069985678815541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2008—2023年青海省西宁市手足口病再感染时间分布, figureFileSmall=jyyTJ/YDg06a20J4opDrWQ==, figureFileBig=pqB2NFOksANSKwv2iMWxBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069985783673150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Time intervals between initial infections and secondary infections of HFMD in Xining, Qinghai, 2008-2023, figureFileSmall=B2pM2M0bK1peDq14J8cZDA==, figureFileBig=eoqY4zzc86H16gbJ5uJCPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069985896919369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2008—2023 年青海省西宁市手足口病第1次感染到第2次感染间隔时间分布, figureFileSmall=B2pM2M0bK1peDq14J8cZDA==, figureFileBig=eoqY4zzc86H16gbJ5uJCPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069986039525714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cumulative risk for HFMD reinfection in Xining, Qinghai, 2008-2023, figureFileSmall=YpRWW3P8HzUatpX5c91M/w==, figureFileBig=ddUjZQmhxf38MEqaSlGjbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069986207297891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2008—2023年青海省西宁市手足口病再感染的累积风险

注:A、B、C、D、E分别为性别、年龄组(岁)、地区、人群分类、实验室结果等分层的手足口病再感染累积风险Kaplan-Meier曲线图。

, figureFileSmall=YpRWW3P8HzUatpX5c91M/w==, figureFileBig=ddUjZQmhxf38MEqaSlGjbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241069986379264367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reinfection of HFMD in Xining, Qinghai, 2008-2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份(年)总感染人数单次感染人数再感染人数再感染率(%)
累积人数(例数)第2次第3次
20084124120000.00
20092 0091 99019(38)1900.95
20103 2733 169104(209)10413.18
201146242834(68)3407.36
201243441618(37)1814.15
20131 2521 22626(52)2602.08
20141 5501 49060(121)6013.87
201572169823(46)2303.19
201656454915(30)1502.66
201766665115(30)1502.25
20181 7521 70349(99)4912.80
20191 5771 53641(83)4112.60
20202262233(6)301.33
20211 5681 53434(69)3412.17
202278744(8)405.13
20231 9281 88048(97)4812.49
合计18 47217 979493(993)49372.67
), ArticleFig(id=1241069986513482105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2008—2023年青海省西宁市手足口病再感染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份(年)总感染人数单次感染人数再感染人数再感染率(%)
累积人数(例数)第2次第3次
20084124120000.00
20092 0091 99019(38)1900.95
20103 2733 169104(209)10413.18
201146242834(68)3407.36
201243441618(37)1814.15
20131 2521 22626(52)2602.08
20141 5501 49060(121)6013.87
201572169823(46)2303.19
201656454915(30)1502.66
201766665115(30)1502.25
20181 7521 70349(99)4912.80
20191 5771 53641(83)4112.60
20202262233(6)301.33
20211 5681 53434(69)3412.17
202278744(8)405.13
20231 9281 88048(97)4812.49
合计18 47217 979493(993)49372.67
), ArticleFig(id=1241069986622534021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution characteristics of single infection cases and reinfection cases of HFMD in Xining, Qinghai, 2008-2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征单次感染
n(%)
再感染
n(%)
再感染率
(%)
χ2P
性别4.8790.027
男性10 559(58.73)314(63.69)2.89
女性7 420(41.27)179(36.31)2.36
年龄组(岁)74.444<0.001
<37 005(38.96)287(58.22)3.94
≥310 974(61.04)206(41.78)1.84
人群分类75.019<0.001
托幼儿童7 481(41.61)157(31.85)2.06
散居儿童8 904(49.52)331(67.14)3.58
其他1 594(8.87)5(1.01)0.31
地区4.2810.039
农村4 297(23.90)98(19.88)2.23
城市13 682(76.10)395(80.12)2.81
实验室结果11.9720.007
未知15 609(86.82)438(88.84)2.73
EV71559(3.11)24(4.87)4.12
Cox A16740(4.12)14(2.84)1.86
其他肠道病毒1 071(5.96)17(3.45)1.56
严重程度a
重症4(0.02)0(0.00)0.00
轻症17 975(99.98)493(100.00)2.67
), ArticleFig(id=1241069986844832140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2008—2023年青海省西宁市手足口病单次感染病例与再感染病例分布特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征单次感染
n(%)
再感染
n(%)
再感染率
(%)
χ2P
性别4.8790.027
男性10 559(58.73)314(63.69)2.89
女性7 420(41.27)179(36.31)2.36
年龄组(岁)74.444<0.001
<37 005(38.96)287(58.22)3.94
≥310 974(61.04)206(41.78)1.84
人群分类75.019<0.001
托幼儿童7 481(41.61)157(31.85)2.06
散居儿童8 904(49.52)331(67.14)3.58
其他1 594(8.87)5(1.01)0.31
地区4.2810.039
农村4 297(23.90)98(19.88)2.23
城市13 682(76.10)395(80.12)2.81
实验室结果11.9720.007
未知15 609(86.82)438(88.84)2.73
EV71559(3.11)24(4.87)4.12
Cox A16740(4.12)14(2.84)1.86
其他肠道病毒1 071(5.96)17(3.45)1.56
严重程度a
重症4(0.02)0(0.00)0.00
轻症17 975(99.98)493(100.00)2.67
), ArticleFig(id=1241069986979049879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis of HFMD reinfection risk in Xining, Qinghai, 2008-2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单因素分析多因素分析
病例数
(例)
HR值(95% CI)P病例数
(例)
HR值(95% CI)P
性别18 47218 472
男性(参考组)
女性0.826(0.688~0.992)0.0410.822(0.684~0.988)0.037
年龄组(岁)18 47218 472
<3(参考组)
≥30.477(0.399~0.571)<0.0010.586(0.445~0.771)<0.001
人群分类18 47218 472
其他(参考组)
幼托儿童5.811(2.385~14.155)<0.0015.551(2.278~13.525)<0.001
散居儿童10.061(4.160~24.333)<0.0016.897(2.769~17.184)<0.001
地区18 47218 472
农村(参考组)
城市1.265(1.014~1.578)0.0371.531(1.222~1.917)<0.001
实验室结果a2 425-
EV71(参考组)
Cox A160.438(0.227~0.848)0.014--
其他肠道病毒0.590(0.316~1.102)0.098--
), ArticleFig(id=1241069987079713187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241035545745355454, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2008—2023年青海省西宁市手足口病再感染风险的Cox 比例风险回归模型分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单因素分析多因素分析
病例数
(例)
HR值(95% CI)P病例数
(例)
HR值(95% CI)P
性别18 47218 472
男性(参考组)
女性0.826(0.688~0.992)0.0410.822(0.684~0.988)0.037
年龄组(岁)18 47218 472
<3(参考组)
≥30.477(0.399~0.571)<0.0010.586(0.445~0.771)<0.001
人群分类18 47218 472
其他(参考组)
幼托儿童5.811(2.385~14.155)<0.0015.551(2.278~13.525)<0.001
散居儿童10.061(4.160~24.333)<0.0016.897(2.769~17.184)<0.001
地区18 47218 472
农村(参考组)
城市1.265(1.014~1.578)0.0371.531(1.222~1.917)<0.001
实验室结果a2 425-
EV71(参考组)
Cox A160.438(0.227~0.848)0.014--
其他肠道病毒0.590(0.316~1.102)0.098--
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2008—2023年青海省西宁市手足口病再感染病例流行病学特征及危险因素分析
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李翠华 1, 2 , 孙妍兰 1, 2 , 史永凯 2
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(24): 4440-4447
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(24): 4440-4447
2008—2023年青海省西宁市手足口病再感染病例流行病学特征及危险因素分析
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李翠华1, 2, 孙妍兰1, 2 , 史永凯2
作者信息
  • 1.青海大学医学院公共卫生系,青海 西宁 810001
  • 2.西宁市疾病预防控制中心
  • 李翠华(1998—),硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

通讯作者:

孙妍兰,E-mail:
Epidemiological characteristics and influential factors of hand, foot and mouth disease rein fection in Xining City, Qinghai Province, 2008-2023
Cui-hua LI1, 2, Yan-lan SUN1, 2 , Yong-kai SHI2
Affiliations
  • Department of Public Health, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407056
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目的

分析2008—2023年青海省西宁市手足口病再感染病例的流行病学特征、危险因素,为西宁市及青藏高原地区手足口病再感染防控提供科学依据。

方法

从中国疾病预防控制信息系统中导出2008年5月1日—2023年12月31日期间西宁市手足口病的病例信息,通过对数据进行筛选和整理,以形成手足口病再感染病例的数据库。采用描述性流行病学方法分析再感染病例流行病学特征;采用Kaplan-Meier法探究病例首次感染后的再感染累积风险;采用Cox比例风险回归模型对手足口病再感染风险进行单因素和多因素综合分析。

结果

2008—2023年西宁市手足口病再感染病例累计报告493人,再感染率为2.67%(493/18 472),再感染累积发生风险为3.00%,486人(98.58%)感染2次,7人(1.42%)感染3次。Kaplan-Meier曲线显示,首次感染后30个月内,再感染风险随急剧增长,30个月内再感染的病例占74.44%。Cox 比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,女性(HR=0.822,95% CI:0.684~0.988)相较于男性、≥ 3岁人群(HR=0.586,95% CI: 0.445~0.771)相较于<3岁人群发生手足口病再感染风险小;幼托儿童(HR=5.551,95% CI:2.278~13.525)和散居儿童(HR=6.897,95% CI:2.769~17.184)相较于其他人群、城市地区(HR=1.531,95% CI:1.222~1.917)相较于农村地区发生手足口病再感染风险更大。

结论

西宁市手足口病的再感染较高,首次感染为肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)的<3岁城市地区男童、散居儿童再次感染手足口病的风险更高,应对上述人群采取干预措施,以降低手足口病再次感染的发生率。

手足口病  /  再感染  /  流行病学特征  /  影响因素  /  Cox比例风险回归模型
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics, influential factors, and the risk of reinfection in patients with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Xining, Qinghai, 2008-2023, and to provide scientific evidence for preventing HFMD reinfection in Xining and Qinghai-Tibet plateau regions.

Methods

The incidence data of HFMD in Xining from May 1, 2008 to December 31, 2023 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention to establish a database of cases of HFMD reinfection by filtering and organizing. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the reinfection cases, and the Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to assess the cumulative hazard probability of HFMD reinfection after initial infection, and Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the risk of HFMD reinfection through both univariate and multivariate perspectives.

Results

A total of 493 HFMD reinfection cases were reported in Xining 2008-2023, the reinfection incidence was 2.67% (493/18 472), and the cumulative risk for the reinfection was 3.00%. 486(98.58%) cases were infected twice, and 7 cases (1.42%) were infected three times. The Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrated that the cumulative risk of reinfection increased sharply within 30 months after the first infection, and with 74.44% of cases reinfected within 30 months. The Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis revealed that the risk of HFMD reinfection was lower in males compared to females (HR=0.822, 95% CI: 0.684-0.988), in children aged ≥3 years compared to those aged <3 years(HR=0.586, 95% CI: 0.445-0.771). The risk of HFMD reinfection was higher in kindergarten children (HR=5.551, 95% CI: 2.278-13.525) and scattered children (HR=6.897, 95% CI: 2.769-17.184) compared to other population groups, and in children residing in urban areas (HR=1.531, 95% CI: 1.222-1.917) compared to those in rural areas.

Conclusion

The reinfection rate of HFMD is relatively high in Xining. People living in urban areas, initially infected with enterovirus 71(EV71), boys under the age of 3, and scattered children have higher risk of HFMD reinfection. Targeted intervention measures ought to be implemented for these high-risk groups in order to effectively mitigate the reinfection incidence of HFMD.

Hand, foot and mouthdisease  /  Reinfection  /  Epidemiological characteristic  /  Influential factor  /  Cox proportional hazards regression model
李翠华, 孙妍兰, 史永凯. 2008—2023年青海省西宁市手足口病再感染病例流行病学特征及危险因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (24) : 4440 -4447 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407056
Cui-hua LI, Yan-lan SUN, Yong-kai SHI. Epidemiological characteristics and influential factors of hand, foot and mouth disease rein fection in Xining City, Qinghai Province, 2008-2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (24) : 4440 -4447 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407056
手足口病是以肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A组16型(coxsackievirus 16,Cox A16)为主要病原体,以传染性强、传播迅速快、传播途径多样化以及人群隐性感染率较高为主要特点。多发于5岁以下儿童,严重的情况下会导致患儿童死亡[1-2],由于不同型别病毒之间交叉保护效果极差,因此可以导致儿童重复感染,使得公众的健康受到严重威胁。手足口病于2008年5月2日被卫生部纳入法定传染病丙类管理[3],现如今越来越多的研究结果表明手足口病的再感染率具有明显的地区差异,青海省西宁市地处青藏高原,地理环境特殊,而目前关于青藏高原地区手足口病再感染研究未见报道。为进一步了解青藏高原地区手足口病再感染流行特征,本研究选取2008年5月至2023年12月西宁市手足口病监测数据进行分析,采用Cox 比例风险回归模型,以再感染(结局)与前一次感染发病日期到后一次感染发病日期的间隔时间(生存时间)为因变量,探讨再感染的可能危险因素,为西宁市及青藏高原地区手足口病再感染防控提供科学依据。
从中国疾病预防控制信息系统中按已审核、发病日期、现住地址导出手足口病报告卡。发病日期选择为2008年5月1日至2023年12月31日。收集病例的姓名、性别、出生日期、家庭现住地址、发病日期、人群分类、病原学监测结果和重症情况等信息。
当病例前一次感染被诊断为手足口病重症病例,且与后一次感染发病日期间隔大于60天时判定为再感染病例;当病例前一次感染被诊断为手足口病轻症病例,且与后一次感染发病日期间隔大于25天时判定为再感染病例。
首先根据所制定的再感染病例定义,将符合定义的病例筛选出来,然后再将满足以下任一条件筛选病例,以建立准确的再感染病例数据库。(1)当病例报告卡片中填写有病例的身份证号码,通过对比发现病例身份证号码、姓名(含同音字和形近字)相同时,则可判定为再感染病例;(2)当病例报告卡片中没有填写病例的身份证号码,通过对比发现病例姓名(含同音字和形近字)、出生日期、性别相同,家长姓名、家庭现住址、联系方式三项之中有一项相同时,则可判定为再感染病例。
使用Excel 2016软件对原始数据库进行整理并绘制图表,借助SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。再感染率=再感染涉及人数/报告病例涉及总人数×100%,其中,再感染涉及人数=再感染报告病例数-2次感染病例数-3次感染病例数×2;报告病例涉及总人数=报告总病例数-2次感染病例数-3次感染病例数×2。计数资料采用比率及构成比、计量资料则采用中位数及四分位数间距等对手足口病进行流行病学特征描述。将首次感染手足口病病例的性别、年龄、人群分类、地区、实验室结果等进行分层后,经Schoenfeld残差法判定本研究适宜构建Cox 比例风险回归模型。采用Kaplan-Meier法以估算病例在首次感染后发生再感染的累积风险,并借助Log-rank检验评估不同分组间的再感染风险差异是否有统计学意义。与此同时,应用Cox 比例风险回归模型进行病例在首次感染后手足口病后再次感染风险的单因素、多因素分析。检验水准α=0.05。
2008—2023年西宁市累计报告手足口病病例18 972例,年平均发病率为80.25/10万。病例涉及总人数为18 472(18 972-486-7×2=18 472)人,再感染病例993例,涉及493人,再感染率为2.67%(493/18 472),2008年再感染率最低,为0.95%,2011年最高,为7.36%,不同年份间再感染率的差异具有统计学意义(χ2=97.083,P<0.001)。再感染病例中,2次感染486人(98.58%),3次感染7人(1.42%)。见表1。2008—2023年西宁市手足口病发病趋势呈明显的双峰分布特征,单次感染、第1次感染和第2次感染发病时间分布规律基本一致,且发病高峰分布情况也基本吻合,6月或7月构成每年的发病主高峰,10月或11月构成每年的发病次高峰。见图1
单次感染和再感染男女性别比分别为1.42∶1、1.75∶1,男性再感染率为2.89%,女性再感染率为2.36%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.879,P=0.027)。单次感染病例和再感染病例的年龄中位数分别为3.38(1.99,4.95)岁、2.48(1.56,3.36)岁。<3岁儿童再感染率为3.94%,≥3岁儿童再感染率为1.84%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=74.444,P<0.001)。幼托儿童、散居儿童和其他人群的再感染率分别为2.06%、3.58%和0.31%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=75.019,P<0.001)。居住在农村病例和城市病例的再感染率分别为2.23%、2.81%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.281,P=0.039)。再感染病例中首次感染实验室结果为EV71、Cox A16和其他肠道病毒的再感染率分别为4.12%、1.86%和1.56%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.972,P=0.007)。单次感染病例中有4人为重症病例,再感染病例中无重症病例。见表2
再感染病例每两次发病间隔为0~161月,第1次感染和第2次感染间隔时间中位数为13(9,31.5) 月,第2次感染和第3次感染间隔中位数为26(8,37) 月。17.44%(86/493)的病例在6月内再感染,30.02%(148/493)的病例在7~12月再感染,26.98%(133/493)的病例在13~30月再感染,18.86%(93/493)的病例在13~60月再感染,6.69%(133/493)的病例在60月以后再感染。见图2
Kaplan-Meier曲线显示,手足口病再感染累积风险为3.00%,在30个月内手足口病再感染风险随着时间呈线性快速上升,同时分析结果显示男性、<3岁、散居儿童、城市地区、首次感染EV71的人群再感染风险较高。见图3
Cox比例风险回归模型的单因素、多因素分析结果均显示,病例的性别、年龄、人群分类、生活地区对手足口病再感染风险有显著影响。女性(HR=0.822,95% CI:0.684~0.988)相较于男性、≥3岁人群(HR=0.586,95% CI:0.445~0.771)相较于<3岁人群发生手足口病再感染风险小;幼托儿童(HR=5.551,95% CI:2.278~13.525)和散居儿童(HR=6.897,95% CI:2.769~17.184)相较于其他人群、城市地区(HR=1.531,95% CI:1.222~1.917)相较于农村地区发生手足口病再感染风险大。
2008—2023年西宁市手足口病再感染率为2.67%,略高于2008—2019年陕西省的2.21%[6]、2009—2022年湖北省荆州市的1.99%[7],低于2008—2020年四川省雅安市的3.78%[8]、2012—2017年广东省广州市的3.07%[9]、2017—2022年浙江省衢州市的6.23%[5]。再次感染程度存在明显差异,其原因可能是由于再次感染病例的定义和研究分析的时间跨度不同[10],也可能与地理位置、经济发展程度、人口密度、卫生条件等因素有关[11],同时也提示西宁市手足口病再感染率处于较高水平,开展再感染风险研究显得至关重要。
本研究发现,2008—2023年西宁市手足口病发病时间存在明显的季节性,第1次、第2次和单次感染季节基本一致,与既往研究结果基本一致[12]。西宁市手足口病发病主高峰分布在5—7月,与陕西省汉中市[13]和湖南省郴州市[14]分布在4—7月不同,2021年Jiang 等[15]的研究结果均表明在气温高、相对湿度大的情况下手足口病病毒更容易传播,而西宁市由于地理环境特殊,在每年5月气温才慢慢上升,所以这可能是导致发病时间分布有差异的原因。2020年和2022年发病特征与其他年份不同,均是由于受到疫情的影响,使得病例的就医行为发生改变[16],症状较轻者选择居家自愈,隐性感染病例未能被及时发现,同时在此期间聚集活动减少,降低了传播风险和患病的可能,所以报告病例数远低于往年的报告病例数。从再感染间隔时间来看,第1次感染和第2次感染间隔时间中位数为13月,与陕西省[6]和重庆市[17]的研究结果相近;第2次感染和第3次感染间隔中位数为26月,但高于安徽省合肥市[18]的研究结果,差异出现可能与其研究时间范围相对较小有关。
全球手足口病暴发的主要病原体为EV71,因此降低手足口病的重症率和疾病负担可以通过降低EV71发病率实现[19-20]。本研究结果显示,首次感染为EV71的病例的再感染风险高于首次感染为Cox A16或其他肠道病毒的病例,与湖北省荆州市[7]、浙江省衢州市[5]的研究结果不一致,原因分析可能与西宁市主要开展EV71 检测有关,可能低估了首次感染为非EV71的再感染风险;与此同时由于不同型别肠道病毒之间可能不存在交叉免疫[21],表明手足口病患者存在的再次感染风险可能源自不同的病毒型别。此外本研究发现首次感染其他肠道病毒后,再次感染其他肠道病毒的发生率较高,然而目前关于其他肠道病毒的具体分型数据相对缺乏。因此,为了更准确地了解不同肠道病毒之间的交叉免疫机制,建议未来进一步加强手足口病的病原学分型检测,以推动多价疫苗的研发,从而有效降低由其他肠道病毒引起的重复感染风险。
Cox比例风险回归模型的单变量和多变量分析显示男性、<3岁、散居儿童、城市地区的人群均属于手足口病再感染的危险因素,这与其他研究结果相似[5,11]。 男生发生再感染的风险大于女生,猜测可能是归因于男生性格相对更为活泼,户外活动的频率更高,从而增加了暴露与接触病原体的可能性[22]。≥3 岁儿童与<3岁儿童相比,表现出更低的再感染风险,Javadi 等[23]的研究结果表明随着儿童年龄的逐渐增长,儿童机体对肠道病毒的免疫水平也不断增强。此外,由于在一般情况下散居儿童年龄相对更小,免疫水平低下,散居儿童相较于幼托儿童以及其他人群出现再感染的风险更高。与此同时,本研究发现,城市地区儿童再感染风险高于农村地区儿童,这可能与城市地区人口流动频繁以及居民的就诊意识高[11],更易于手足口病传播和病例的发现有关。
本研究存在局限性。首先,本研究推测手足口病再感染率差异与当地经济发展程度、地理位置、人口密度、卫生条件等因素有关,但缺乏数据支持,后期将收集上述相关数据,开展进一步研究。其次,本研究的手足口病再感染病例中确诊病例占11.16%,而第1次感染和第2次感染均为确诊病例仅占3.25%,且监测哨点以采集EV71感染病例血清标本为主,Cox A16 感染病例较少,其他肠道病毒未开展进一步分型检测,这可能会导致由于确诊病例中病原学检测率不均衡而使结果存在偏倚。
综上所述,2008—2023年西宁市手足口病再感染疫情较为严峻,在首次感染30个月内再感染风险随时间呈线性上升,首次感染为EV71的<3岁城市地区男童、散居儿童再感染手足口病的风险更高。提高儿童家长及托幼机构老师的手足口病防病意识,患过手足口病后仍然不能掉以轻心,同时在流行季加强托幼机构晨午检、因病缺课追踪及消毒隔离等工作,尽量避免再次感染的发生。此外,疾控机构应加强病原学分型检测以及EV71疫苗推广力度,从而实现有效降低手足口病再感染的发生率。
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2024年第51卷第24期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407056
  • 接收时间:2024-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-03
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    1.青海大学医学院公共卫生系,青海 西宁 810001
    2.西宁市疾病预防控制中心

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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