Article(id=1241034445583601813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241034441380917539, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730563200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815269131, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815269131, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815269131, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815269131, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241034441380917539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='11', pageStart='1921', pageEnd='2112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815268130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815340947, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241034746873049765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241034441380917539, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241034746873049766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241034441380917539, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1992, endPage=1996, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241034445902368933, articleId=1241034445583601813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Prospective cohort study on the relationship between hemoglobin levels in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the relationship between hemoglobin (Hb) levels in early pregnancy and the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

Following the principle of informed consent, data were collected from pregnant women who underwent prenatal care and delivery at ten hospitals and fifteen community health service centers in Kunshan,Jiangsu Province, from August 2019 to June 2021. This included demographic information, medical and family history, reproductive history, physical examinations, and laboratory test results. GDM was diagnosed based on the results of the oral glucose tolerance test during pregnancy. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression analysis was employed to explore the dose-response relationship between Hb levels and the risk of GDM. Based on the RCS results, Hb levels were categorized into two groups: Hb ≤ 138.4 g/L and Hb > 138.4 g/L. Logistic regression was then used to analyze the relationship between early pregnancy Hb levels and the risk of GDM, calculating the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) to assess the strength of the association.

Results

Totally 9 045 women with singleton pregnancy were included in this study, with an incidence of GDM of 14.72% (n=1 331). The RCS regression results indicated a linear relationship between early pregnancy Hb levels and the risk of GDM (overall trend test: P=0.013, non-linear test: P=0.396). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that women with Hb > 138.4 g/L had a higher risk of GDM compared to those with Hb ≤ 138.4 g/L, with an adjusted OR of 1.214 (95%CI: 1.021-1.445).

Conclusion

Elevated Hb level in early pregnancy is a risk factor for the development of GDM.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ce QI, Wen JIANG, Xi-yin HU, Xin-yang ZHENG, Chu-yi XIAO, Yu-zhu WANG, Pei FENG, Hong-mei LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241034446502154436, articleId=1241034445583601813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=孕早期血红蛋白水平与妊娠期糖尿病关系的前瞻性队列研究, columnId=1228016570031604578, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=儿少卫生与妇幼保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨孕早期血红蛋白(Hb)水平与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)发生的关系。

方法

根据知情同意原则,收集2019年8月—2021年6月在江苏省昆山市10家医院和15个社区卫生服务中心进行产检建卡及分娩孕妇的资料,包括人口学信息、疾病史和家族史、生育史、体格检查及实验室检查资料等。根据孕期口服糖耐量试验的结果对GDM进行诊断。利用限制性立方样条(RCS)回归探索Hb与GDM发病风险的剂量反应关系,根据RCS的结果将Hb分成两类,即Hb≤138.4g/L和Hb>138.4g/L,并采用logistic回归分析孕早期Hb水平与GDM发病风险的关系,计算优势比OR值及其95%可信区间(95%CI)衡量关联度大小。

结果

本次分析纳入9 045例单胎妊娠妇女,GDM的发病率为14.72%(n=1 331)。RCS回归结果表明孕早期Hb水平与GDM的危险呈线性关系(总趋势检验:P=0.013,非线性检验:P= 0.396)。多因素logistic回归显示,与孕早期Hb≤138.4g/L者相比,Hb>138.4g/L者GDM发病风险更高,调整后的OR= 1.214(95%CI:1.021~1.445)。

结论

妊娠早期高Hb水平是GDM发病的危险因素。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
冯佩与李红美为共同通信作者。冯佩,E-mail:
李红美,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=hvTxbg9IkPGhtZDIzzZv8g==, magXml=hRnFoyXzxYPEWO1qwhR3Mg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=1r2eCwlQj3Ovo8F8JEPZKQ==, pdfFileSize=650589, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=zeKdGHN5O/9lJ8c5VFc78A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=d7PyBtLu1bZflvIlHgA+hg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

祁策(2004—),男,本科在读,研究方向:慢性病流行病学,

, authorsList=祁策, 姜文, 胡曦尹, 郑欣阳, 肖楚一, 王玉珠, 冯佩, 李红美)}, authors=[Author(id=1241050825569653664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241050825716454315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050825569653664, language=EN, stringName=Ce QI, firstName=Ce, middleName=null, lastName=QI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241050825867449270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050825569653664, language=CN, stringName=祁策, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123, bio={"content":"

祁策(2004—),男,本科在读,研究方向:慢性病流行病学,

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

祁策(2004—),男,本科在读,研究方向:慢性病流行病学,

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241050823665439624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823673828234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823682216843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123)])]), Author(id=1241050826047804351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241050826228159428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050826047804351, language=EN, stringName=Wen JIANG, firstName=Wen, middleName=null, lastName=JIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241050826685338573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050826047804351, language=CN, stringName=姜文, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241050823665439624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823673828234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823682216843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123)])]), Author(id=1241050826903442392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241050827369010144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050826903442392, language=EN, stringName=Xi-yin HU, firstName=Xi-yin, middleName=null, lastName=HU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241050827540976622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050826903442392, language=CN, stringName=胡曦尹, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241050823665439624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823673828234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823682216843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123)])]), Author(id=1241050827654222841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241050827826188291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050827654222841, language=EN, stringName=Xin-yang ZHENG, firstName=Xin-yang, middleName=null, lastName=ZHENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241050827935240203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050827654222841, language=CN, stringName=郑欣阳, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241050823665439624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823673828234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823682216843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123)])]), Author(id=1241050828061069333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241050829239668768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050828061069333, language=EN, stringName=Chu-yi XIAO, firstName=Chu-yi, middleName=null, lastName=XIAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241050829654904878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050828061069333, language=CN, stringName=肖楚一, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241050823665439624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823673828234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823682216843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123)])]), Author(id=1241050829776539701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241050829965283396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050829776539701, language=EN, stringName=Yu-zhu WANG, firstName=Yu-zhu, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241050830162415699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050829776539701, language=CN, stringName=王玉珠, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241050823665439624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823673828234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823682216843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123)])]), Author(id=1241050830334382178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=fengpei316@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241050830573457522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050830334382178, language=EN, stringName=Pei FENG, firstName=Pei, middleName=null, lastName=FENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241050830921584769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050830334382178, language=CN, stringName=冯佩, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.昆山市妇幼保健院 群体保健科,江苏 昆山 215300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241050825213137813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050825217332118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050825213137813, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.昆山市妇幼保健院 群体保健科,江苏 昆山 215300)])]), Author(id=1241050831089356937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, orderNo=7, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lihongmei@suda.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241050831227768986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050831089356937, language=EN, stringName=Hong-mei LI, firstName=Hong-mei, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241050831412318373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, authorId=1241050831089356937, language=CN, stringName=李红美, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241050823665439624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823673828234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823682216843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1241050831806582969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Hemoglobin), Keyword(id=1241050832075018440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=Gestational diabetes mellitus), Keyword(id=1241050832175681743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=Restricted cubic spline), Keyword(id=1241050832284733657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=血红蛋白), Keyword(id=1241050832448311524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=妊娠期糖尿病), Keyword(id=1241050832586723564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=限制性立方样条)], refs=[Reference(id=1241050836076384612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Sulhariza HZ, Zalilah MS, Geeta A, journalName=Front Nutr, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sulhariza HZ, Zalilah MS, Geeta A. Maternal hemoglobin change from early pregnancy to second trimester is associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study[J].Front Nutr, 2023, 10: 1197485., articleTitle=Maternal hemoglobin change from early pregnancy to second trimester is associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050836202213744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=763, pageEnd=793, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Sweeting A, Wong J, Murphy HR, journalName=Endocrine Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sweeting A, Wong J, Murphy HR, et al. A clinical update on gestational diabetes mellitus[J]. Endocrine Reviews, 2022, 43(5):763-793., articleTitle=A clinical update on gestational diabetes mellitus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050836361597301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=183, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Wang H, Li N, Chivese T, journalName=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang H, Li N, Chivese T, et al. IDF diabetes Atlas: estimation of global and regional gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence for 2021 by international association of diabetes in pregnancy study group's criteria[J]. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2022, 183:109050., articleTitle=IDF diabetes Atlas: estimation of global and regional gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence for 2021 by international association of diabetes in pregnancy study group's criteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050836680364413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=10, issue=1, pageStart=154, pageEnd=162, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Gao CH, Sun X, Lu L, journalName=Journal of Diabetes Investigation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao CH, Sun X, Lu L, et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 2019, 10(1): 154-162., articleTitle=Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050836932022668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=377, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Ye WR, Luo C, Huang J, journalName=BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ye WR, Luo C, Huang J, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis[J].BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 2022, 377: e067946., articleTitle=Gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050837221429649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=38, issue=7, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Bonora E, Trombetta M, Dauriz M, journalName=Diabetes-Metabolism: Research and Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bonora E, Trombetta M, Dauriz M, et al. Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes:Expression, aggregation and predominance. Verona Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Study 10[J]. Diabetes-Metabolism: Research and Reviews, 2022, 38(7): e3558., articleTitle=Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes:Expression, aggregation and predominance. Verona Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Study 10, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050837540196760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=56, issue=4, pageStart=272, pageEnd=278, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Taneera J, Mahgoub E, Qannita R, journalName=Horm Metab Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Taneera J, Mahgoub E, Qannita R, et al. β-Thalassemia and diabetes mellitus: current state and future directions[J]. Horm Metab Res, 2024, 56(4): 272-278., articleTitle=β-Thalassemia and diabetes mellitus: current state and future directions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050837695386012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=342, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Moon DO, journalName=International Journal of Molecular Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Moon DO.NADPH dynamics: linking insulin resistance and β-Cells ferroptosis in diabetes mellitus[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, 25(1): 342., articleTitle=NADPH dynamics: linking insulin resistance and β-Cells ferroptosis in diabetes mellitus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050837871546795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Deng L, Mo MQ, Zhong J, journalName=PeerJ, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deng L, Mo MQ, Zhong J, et al. Iron overload induces islet β cell ferroptosis by activating ASK1/P-P38/CHOP signaling pathway[J].PeerJ, 2023, 11: e15206., articleTitle=Iron overload induces islet β cell ferroptosis by activating ASK1/P-P38/CHOP signaling pathway, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050838077067701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=48, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Li Y, Wang F, Huang XM, journalName=Nutrition & Diabetes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Y, Wang F, Huang XM, et al. First-trimester hemoglobin, haptoglobin genotype, and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in a retrospective study among Chinese pregnant women[J].Nutrition & Diabetes, 2024, 14(1): 48., articleTitle=First-trimester hemoglobin, haptoglobin genotype, and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in a retrospective study among Chinese pregnant women, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050838215479741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=104, issue=10, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Yang X, Wang G, Jiang R, journalName=Medicine(Baltimore), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang X, Wang G, Jiang R, et al. Impact of hemoglobin level on the association between lipid metabolism and gestational diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study[J]. Medicine(Baltimore), 2025, 104(10): e41778., articleTitle=Impact of hemoglobin level on the association between lipid metabolism and gestational diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050838441972162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Akash MSH, Noureen S, Rehman K, journalName=Front Med(Lausanne), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Akash MSH, Noureen S, Rehman K, et al. Investigating the biochemical association of gestational diabetes mellitus with dyslipidemia and hemoglobin[J]. Front Med(Lausanne), 2023, 10: 1242939., articleTitle=Investigating the biochemical association of gestational diabetes mellitus with dyslipidemia and hemoglobin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050838588772812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=115, issue=null, pageStart=38, pageEnd=46, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Hayashi I, Sakane N, Suganuma A, journalName=Nutrition Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hayashi I, Sakane N, Suganuma A, et al. Association of a proinflammatory diet and gestational diabetes mellitus with maternal anemia and hemoglobin levels during pregnancy: a prospective observational case-control study[J]. Nutrition Research, 2023, 115: 38-46., articleTitle=Association of a proinflammatory diet and gestational diabetes mellitus with maternal anemia and hemoglobin levels during pregnancy: a prospective observational case-control study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050838769127887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=4, pageStart=608, pageEnd=617, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Sun YX, Guo Y, Xu H, journalName=Journal of Hypertension, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun YX, Guo Y, Xu H, et al. The relationship between arginine vasopressin gene polymorphisms and plasma copeptin and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a nested case-control study[J]. Journal of Hypertension, 2023, 41(4): 608-617., articleTitle=The relationship between arginine vasopressin gene polymorphisms and plasma copeptin and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a nested case-control study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050839201141208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=18, issue=4, pageStart=448, pageEnd=457, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Cao WH, Wang H, Zhao SM, journalName=Primary Care Diabetes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao WH, Wang H, Zhao SM, et al. Long-term risk of overweight in offspring of Chinese women with gestational diabetes defined by IADPSG's but not by WHO's criteria[J]. Primary Care Diabetes, 2024, 18(4): 448-457., articleTitle=Long-term risk of overweight in offspring of Chinese women with gestational diabetes defined by IADPSG's but not by WHO's criteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050839725429216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=171, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Kim HY, Kim J, Noh E, journalName=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim HY, Kim J, Noh E, et al. Prepregnancy hemoglobin levels and gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnancy[J]. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2021, 171: 108608., articleTitle=Prepregnancy hemoglobin levels and gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnancy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050840216162791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=18, issue=null, pageStart=565, pageEnd=581, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Xia L, Yang Z, Mu Q, journalName=Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xia L, Yang Z, Mu Q, et al. Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis[J].Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2025,18: 565-581., articleTitle=Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050840392323568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=15, issue=null, pageStart=3767, pageEnd=3775, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Wu K, Ke HH, Gong W, journalName=Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu K, Ke HH, Gong W, et al. Impact of Pre-Pregnancy hemoglobin level on the association between Pre-Pregnancy body mass index and gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study in a single center in China[J]. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2022, 15: 3767-3775., articleTitle=Impact of Pre-Pregnancy hemoglobin level on the association between Pre-Pregnancy body mass index and gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study in a single center in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050840530735610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=57, issue=null, pageStart=469, pageEnd=474, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Sedigheh N, Hajieh S, Javad Z, journalName=Clin Nutr ESPEN, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sedigheh N, Hajieh S, Javad Z, et al. Hemoglobin at the first visit of pregnancy and developing gestational diabetes mellitus: Results of a prospective registry cohort study[J]. Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2023, 57: 469-474., articleTitle=Hemoglobin at the first visit of pregnancy and developing gestational diabetes mellitus: Results of a prospective registry cohort study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050840744645117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=5209, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Norouziasl R, Jayedi A, Mirmohammadkhani M, journalName=Scientific Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Norouziasl R, Jayedi A, Mirmohammadkhani M, et al. Consumption of red and processed meat during early pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes: a prospective birth cohort study[J]. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14(1): 5209., articleTitle=Consumption of red and processed meat during early pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes: a prospective birth cohort study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050840916611590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=21, issue=908, pageStart=455, pageEnd=459, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Pascal L, Benski C, Cohen MB, journalName=Rev Med Suisse, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pascal L, Benski C, Cohen MB. Effects of red meat consumption during pregnancy. Issues, risks and dietary alternatives[J]. Rev Med Suisse, 2025, 21(908): 455-459., articleTitle=Effects of red meat consumption during pregnancy. Issues, risks and dietary alternatives, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050841117938189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=14, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Mcmanus L, Veras K, Faria VS, journalName=Nutrition Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mcmanus L, Veras K, Faria VS, et al. Effect of increasing red meat intake on Iron status in adults with normal and suboptimal Iron status: a systematic literature review and Meta-Analysis of intervention studies[J].Nutrition Reviews, 2025, 14: nuaf016., articleTitle=Effect of increasing red meat intake on Iron status in adults with normal and suboptimal Iron status: a systematic literature review and Meta-Analysis of intervention studies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050841243767316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=18, issue=1, pageStart=263, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Wang C, Lin L, Su RN, journalName=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang C, Lin L, Su RN, et al. Hemoglobin levels during the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia and preterm birth in Chinese women: a retrospective study[J]. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2018, 18(1): 263., articleTitle=Hemoglobin levels during the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia and preterm birth in Chinese women: a retrospective study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050841432511002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=13, issue=3, pageStart=211, pageEnd=221, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Si ST, Shen Y, Xin X, journalName=J Diabetes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Si ST, Shen Y, Xin X, et al. Hemoglobin concentration and iron supplement during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus[J]. J Diabetes, 2021, 13(3): 211-221., articleTitle=Hemoglobin concentration and iron supplement during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050841646420513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=1, pageStart=290, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Wu LL, Sun RF, Liu Y, journalName=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu LL, Sun RF, Liu Y, et al. High hemoglobin level is a risk factor for maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy in Chinese women: A retrospective cohort study[J]. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2022,22(1): 290., articleTitle=High hemoglobin level is a risk factor for maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy in Chinese women: A retrospective cohort study, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241050835338187092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, awardId=BK20181438, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省自然科学基金面上项目(BK20181438), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241050823665439624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823673828234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050823682216843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050823665439624, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241050825213137813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050825217332118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, companyId=1241050825213137813, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.昆山市妇幼保健院 群体保健科,江苏 昆山 215300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241050832989376762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Restricted cubic spline analysis for the relationship between Hb and GDM risk, figureFileSmall=ojtsHgT8hUflaOJR1AA5+g==, figureFileBig=23Wgr4LOP3sgGNvf4ktQ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050833282978050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=CN, label=图1, caption=血红蛋白与GDM发病风险的RCS, figureFileSmall=ojtsHgT8hUflaOJR1AA5+g==, figureFileBig=23Wgr4LOP3sgGNvf4ktQ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050833475916048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of baseline characteristics between GDM group and normal glucose tolerance group [n(%),MIQR)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量GDM组(n=1 331)糖耐量正常组(n=7 714)统计量P
年龄(岁)29(26,31)28(25,30)9.29<0.001
胎次(次)5.870.015
1397(29.83)2 561(33.20)
≥2934(70.17)5 153(66.80)
产次(次)15.97<0.001
0556(41.77)3 679(47.69)
1775(58.23)4 035(52.31)
文化程度1.770.412
初中及以下478(35.91)2 714(35.18)
高中/中专295(22.16)1 622(21.30)
大专及以上558(41.92)3 378(43.79)
孕前BMI(kg/m222.31(20.31,24.64)21.00(19.40,23.05)13.67<0.001
首次产检空腹血糖(mmol/L)4.76(4.44,5.03)4.53(4.27,4.80)16.07<0.001
首次产检Hb(g/L)130 (122,136)128(122,134)6.12<0.001
首次产检血小板(×109/L)227(195,263)219(191,254)4.27<0.001
首次产检白细胞(×109/L)8(6,10)8(6,10)6.64<0.001
首次产检收缩压(mm Hg)110(102,118)108(100,115)8.30<0.001
首次产检舒张压(mm Hg)73(67,78)70(65,76)7.41<0.001
妊娠期高血压疾病74(5.56)263(3.41)14.63<0.001
糖尿病家族史10(0.75)43(0.56)0.730.392
孕14周之前的甲状腺疾病史54(4.06)302(3.95)0.060.806
OGTT 时空腹血糖(mmol/L)5.18(4.78,5.43)4.36(4.07,4.59)46.03<0.001
OGTT 1 h血糖(mmol/L)9.20(7.90,10.28)6.80(6.00,7.70)39.26<0.001
OGTT 2 h血糖(mmol/L)8.00(6.77,8.90)6.14(5.52,6.80)38.07<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241050833622716693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GDM组与糖耐量正常组基线资料比较[n(%),MIQR)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量GDM组(n=1 331)糖耐量正常组(n=7 714)统计量P
年龄(岁)29(26,31)28(25,30)9.29<0.001
胎次(次)5.870.015
1397(29.83)2 561(33.20)
≥2934(70.17)5 153(66.80)
产次(次)15.97<0.001
0556(41.77)3 679(47.69)
1775(58.23)4 035(52.31)
文化程度1.770.412
初中及以下478(35.91)2 714(35.18)
高中/中专295(22.16)1 622(21.30)
大专及以上558(41.92)3 378(43.79)
孕前BMI(kg/m222.31(20.31,24.64)21.00(19.40,23.05)13.67<0.001
首次产检空腹血糖(mmol/L)4.76(4.44,5.03)4.53(4.27,4.80)16.07<0.001
首次产检Hb(g/L)130 (122,136)128(122,134)6.12<0.001
首次产检血小板(×109/L)227(195,263)219(191,254)4.27<0.001
首次产检白细胞(×109/L)8(6,10)8(6,10)6.64<0.001
首次产检收缩压(mm Hg)110(102,118)108(100,115)8.30<0.001
首次产检舒张压(mm Hg)73(67,78)70(65,76)7.41<0.001
妊娠期高血压疾病74(5.56)263(3.41)14.63<0.001
糖尿病家族史10(0.75)43(0.56)0.730.392
孕14周之前的甲状腺疾病史54(4.06)302(3.95)0.060.806
OGTT 时空腹血糖(mmol/L)5.18(4.78,5.43)4.36(4.07,4.59)46.03<0.001
OGTT 1 h血糖(mmol/L)9.20(7.90,10.28)6.80(6.00,7.70)39.26<0.001
OGTT 2 h血糖(mmol/L)8.00(6.77,8.90)6.14(5.52,6.80)38.07<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241050833874374939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The OGTT glucose values and GDM incidence across Hb-stratified groups [IQRn(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Hb分组(g/L)OGTT(mmol/L)GDM
空腹血糖1h血糖2h血糖
≤138.4(n=7 968)4.40(4.11,4.71)7.01(6.00,8.00)6.35(5.60,7.14)1 121(14.07)
>138.4(n=1 077)4.45(4.19,4.80)7.24(6.36,8.40)6.40(5.64,7.27)210(19.50)
统计量4.315.544.1222.29
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241050833991815462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Hb不同水平组的OGTT血糖值及GDM发病率[IQRn(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Hb分组(g/L)OGTT(mmol/L)GDM
空腹血糖1h血糖2h血糖
≤138.4(n=7 968)4.40(4.11,4.71)7.01(6.00,8.00)6.35(5.60,7.14)1 121(14.07)
>138.4(n=1 077)4.45(4.19,4.80)7.24(6.36,8.40)6.40(5.64,7.27)210(19.50)
统计量4.315.544.1222.29
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241050834147004724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Logistic regression analysis for the association of GDM with Hb at the first-trimester

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单因素多因素
OR值(95%CI)POR值(95%CI)P
首次产检Hb(g/L)
≤138.41.000(参比组)1.000(参比组)
>138.41.479(1.256~1.742)<0.0011.214(1.021~1.445)0.028
母亲年龄(岁)1.089(1.069~1.109)<0.0011.085(1.062~1.108)<0.001
产次(次)
01.000(参比组)1.000(参比组)
≥11.271(1.130~1.430)<0.0010.954(0.833~1.093)0.501
BMI(kg/m21.130(1.111~1.150)<0.0011.088(1.067~1.109)<0.001
首次产检空腹血糖(mmol/L)3.379(2.909~3.926)<0.0013.168(2.715~3.695)<0.001
首次产检血小板(×109/L)1.002(1.001~1.003)0.0011.000(0.999~1.001)0.790
首次产检白细胞(×109/L)1.074(1.049~1.099)<0.0011.062 1.035 1.090<0.001
首次产检收缩压(mm Hg)1.025(1.019~1.031)<0.0011.013 1.006 1.019<0.001
妊娠期高血压疾病
1.000(参比组)1.000(参比组)
1.668(1.280~2.173)0.0011.046(0.784~1.395)0.760
), ArticleFig(id=1241050834381885757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034445583601813, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

孕早期Hb与GDM发病关系的logistic回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单因素多因素
OR值(95%CI)POR值(95%CI)P
首次产检Hb(g/L)
≤138.41.000(参比组)1.000(参比组)
>138.41.479(1.256~1.742)<0.0011.214(1.021~1.445)0.028
母亲年龄(岁)1.089(1.069~1.109)<0.0011.085(1.062~1.108)<0.001
产次(次)
01.000(参比组)1.000(参比组)
≥11.271(1.130~1.430)<0.0010.954(0.833~1.093)0.501
BMI(kg/m21.130(1.111~1.150)<0.0011.088(1.067~1.109)<0.001
首次产检空腹血糖(mmol/L)3.379(2.909~3.926)<0.0013.168(2.715~3.695)<0.001
首次产检血小板(×109/L)1.002(1.001~1.003)0.0011.000(0.999~1.001)0.790
首次产检白细胞(×109/L)1.074(1.049~1.099)<0.0011.062 1.035 1.090<0.001
首次产检收缩压(mm Hg)1.025(1.019~1.031)<0.0011.013 1.006 1.019<0.001
妊娠期高血压疾病
1.000(参比组)1.000(参比组)
1.668(1.280~2.173)0.0011.046(0.784~1.395)0.760
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1227664546253402114, delFlag=0, nameCn=现代预防医学, nameEn=Modern Preventive Medicine, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1003-8507, eissn=null, cn=51-1365/R, coden=null, periodic=3, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=IeiuPXEZi6AA+k0VfvoiOQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Modern Preventive Medicine, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1770627636734, updatedTime=1770628902248, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=M, firstLetterEn=M, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=IeiuPXEZi6AA+k0VfvoiOQ==, picEn=/9iTl8/ndms4tBz1fL28Pg==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1227669854342280188, language=CN, name=现代预防医学, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1770628902278, updatedTime=1770628902278, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/#/regist, submissionEditorUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/#/Login, submissionReviewUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/#/Login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1227669854396806141, language=EN, name=Modern Preventive Medicine, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1770628902291, updatedTime=1770628902291, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/#/regist, submissionEditorUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/#/Login, submissionReviewUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/#/Login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1227665162245664772, websiteList=[Website(id=1227687234141352800, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1227665162245664772, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN, language=CN, createTime=1770633045945, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1770633090526, updateBy=18614031015, name=现代预防医学-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=现代预防医学, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1227687735088051072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1770633165380, updateTime=1770633165380, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735071273853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1770633165376, updateTime=1770633165376, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735113216899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1770633165386, updateTime=1770633165386, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735062885244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/file/pic?fileId=/XB5plC0xuykmQnycvtyrw==, createTime=1770633165374, updateTime=1770633165374, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735125799813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1770633165389, updateTime=1770633165389, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735083856767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/file/pic, createTime=1770633165379, updateTime=1770633165379, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735121605508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1770633165388, updateTime=1770633165388, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735079662462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1770633165378, updateTime=1770633165378, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735096439681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1770633165382, updateTime=1770633165382, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687735104828290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234141352800, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1770633165384, updateTime=1770633165384, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1227687234338485094, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1227665162245664772, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/EN, language=EN, createTime=1770633045992, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1770633115374, updateBy=18614031015, name=现代预防医学-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Modern Preventive Medicine, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1227687709129507332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1770633159191, updateTime=1770633159191, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709108535809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1770633159186, updateTime=1770633159186, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709167256071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1770633159200, updateTime=1770633159200, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709095952896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/EN/file/pic?fileId=/XB5plC0xuykmQnycvtyrw==, createTime=1770633159183, updateTime=1770633159183, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709179838985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1770633159203, updateTime=1770633159203, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709121118723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/EN/file/pic, createTime=1770633159189, updateTime=1770633159189, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709171450376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1770633159201, updateTime=1770633159201, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709112730114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1770633159187, updateTime=1770633159187, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709133701637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1770633159192, updateTime=1770633159192, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1227687709154673158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1227687234338485094, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1770633159197, updateTime=1770633159197, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=现代预防医学, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Modern Preventive Medicine, journalPhotoCn=IeiuPXEZi6AA+k0VfvoiOQ==, journalPhotoEn=/9iTl8/ndms4tBz1fL28Pg==, journalFirstLetter=M, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411031, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/EN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411031, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/PDF/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411031, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/EN/PDF/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411031, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
孕早期血红蛋白水平与妊娠期糖尿病关系的前瞻性队列研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
祁策 1 , 姜文 1 , 胡曦尹 1 , 郑欣阳 1 , 肖楚一 1 , 王玉珠 1 , 冯佩 2 , 李红美 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025,52(11): 1992-1996
收起
收藏切换
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025, 52(11): 1992-1996
孕早期血红蛋白水平与妊娠期糖尿病关系的前瞻性队列研究
全屏
祁策1, 姜文1, 胡曦尹1, 郑欣阳1, 肖楚一1, 王玉珠1, 冯佩2 , 李红美1
作者信息
  • 1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123
  • 2.昆山市妇幼保健院 群体保健科,江苏 昆山 215300
  • 祁策(2004—),男,本科在读,研究方向:慢性病流行病学,

通讯作者:

冯佩与李红美为共同通信作者。冯佩,E-mail:
李红美,E-mail:
Prospective cohort study on the relationship between hemoglobin levels in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus
Ce QI1, Wen JIANG1, Xi-yin HU1, Xin-yang ZHENG1, Chu-yi XIAO1, Yu-zhu WANG1, Pei FENG2 , Hong-mei LI1
Affiliations
  • Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411031
文章导航
收藏切换
目的

探讨孕早期血红蛋白(Hb)水平与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)发生的关系。

方法

根据知情同意原则,收集2019年8月—2021年6月在江苏省昆山市10家医院和15个社区卫生服务中心进行产检建卡及分娩孕妇的资料,包括人口学信息、疾病史和家族史、生育史、体格检查及实验室检查资料等。根据孕期口服糖耐量试验的结果对GDM进行诊断。利用限制性立方样条(RCS)回归探索Hb与GDM发病风险的剂量反应关系,根据RCS的结果将Hb分成两类,即Hb≤138.4g/L和Hb>138.4g/L,并采用logistic回归分析孕早期Hb水平与GDM发病风险的关系,计算优势比OR值及其95%可信区间(95%CI)衡量关联度大小。

结果

本次分析纳入9 045例单胎妊娠妇女,GDM的发病率为14.72%(n=1 331)。RCS回归结果表明孕早期Hb水平与GDM的危险呈线性关系(总趋势检验:P=0.013,非线性检验:P= 0.396)。多因素logistic回归显示,与孕早期Hb≤138.4g/L者相比,Hb>138.4g/L者GDM发病风险更高,调整后的OR= 1.214(95%CI:1.021~1.445)。

结论

妊娠早期高Hb水平是GDM发病的危险因素。

血红蛋白  /  妊娠期糖尿病  /  限制性立方样条
Objective

To investigate the relationship between hemoglobin (Hb) levels in early pregnancy and the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

Following the principle of informed consent, data were collected from pregnant women who underwent prenatal care and delivery at ten hospitals and fifteen community health service centers in Kunshan,Jiangsu Province, from August 2019 to June 2021. This included demographic information, medical and family history, reproductive history, physical examinations, and laboratory test results. GDM was diagnosed based on the results of the oral glucose tolerance test during pregnancy. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression analysis was employed to explore the dose-response relationship between Hb levels and the risk of GDM. Based on the RCS results, Hb levels were categorized into two groups: Hb ≤ 138.4 g/L and Hb > 138.4 g/L. Logistic regression was then used to analyze the relationship between early pregnancy Hb levels and the risk of GDM, calculating the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) to assess the strength of the association.

Results

Totally 9 045 women with singleton pregnancy were included in this study, with an incidence of GDM of 14.72% (n=1 331). The RCS regression results indicated a linear relationship between early pregnancy Hb levels and the risk of GDM (overall trend test: P=0.013, non-linear test: P=0.396). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that women with Hb > 138.4 g/L had a higher risk of GDM compared to those with Hb ≤ 138.4 g/L, with an adjusted OR of 1.214 (95%CI: 1.021-1.445).

Conclusion

Elevated Hb level in early pregnancy is a risk factor for the development of GDM.

Hemoglobin  /  Gestational diabetes mellitus  /  Restricted cubic spline
祁策, 姜文, 胡曦尹, 郑欣阳, 肖楚一, 王玉珠, 冯佩, 李红美. 孕早期血红蛋白水平与妊娠期糖尿病关系的前瞻性队列研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (11) : 1992 -1996 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411031
Ce QI, Wen JIANG, Xi-yin HU, Xin-yang ZHENG, Chu-yi XIAO, Yu-zhu WANG, Pei FENG, Hong-mei LI. Prospective cohort study on the relationship between hemoglobin levels in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (11) : 1992 -1996 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411031
妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是指妊娠期首次发现或发生的糖代谢异常[1]。GDM的患病率、特定筛查以及诊断标准在全球各地区之间差异较大[2]。按照国际妊娠期糖尿病协会研究组(International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group , IADPSG)的诊断标准,2021年全球GDM标化发病率为14% [95%(CI):13.97%~14.04%],其中欧洲地区GDM标化率为7.8%(95%CI:7.2%~8.4%),北美洲和加勒比地区为7.1%(95%CI:7.0%~7.2%)[3]。近期基于中国人群的荟萃分析结果显示GDM发病率为14.8%(95%CI:12.8%~16.7%)[4]。随着高龄产妇(年龄≥35岁)、肥胖等高危因素的增加,GDM的发生率呈现增加的趋势。GDM作为妊娠期常见的代谢并发症之一,对孕妇及其子代的近、远期健康均存在不良影响[2,5]。因此,早期识别GDM危险因素将有助于GDM的预防,从而降低GDM所引起的疾病风险和医疗负担。
血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)是孕妇产前检查时用来评估生理状态及贫血情况的重要指标。然而,有研究发现过高的Hb水平与胰岛素抵抗和beta细胞功能受损有关[6]。Hb浓度反映了体内铁负荷,充足的铁对β细胞功能和葡萄糖稳态至关重要,但铁超载引起的氧化应激可逐渐损害β细胞的功能,导致糖代谢紊乱[7-9]。因此,孕早期过高的Hb水平可能增加GDM的发病风险。Li等人[10]的研究发现,孕早期Hb>122 g/L将增加GDM的发病风险。Yang等人[11]的研究也表明孕早期高Hb水平将增加GDM的发病风险。然而,也有研究认为孕期Hb水平与GDM之间存在轻微的负相关[12-13]。因此,孕期Hb水平与GDM发病的关系仍需要进一步探讨,并且预测GDM发病风险的特定Hb界值尚无统一的标准。本研究基于前瞻性队列采用限制性立方样条(restricted cubic spline, RCS)回归模型拟合孕早期Hb与GDM发病风险之间的剂量反应关系,探索预测GDM发病风险的特定Hb界值,进一步探讨高浓度的Hb与GDM发病之间的关联关系,以期为早期识别GDM的高危孕妇提供参考。
昆山妇幼队列是一项以医院为基础的前瞻性队列,其研究目的为探讨孕期环境、代谢及遗传因素对孕妇及其子代健康的影响[14]。该队列获得苏州大学伦理委员会审核通过,编号为NO.ECSU-2019000105。2019年8月—2021年6月,于江苏省昆山市10家医院和15个社区卫生服务中心,招募孕8~13+6周(gestational week,gw)进行首次产前检查的孕妇参加该队列研究。基于自愿原则,孕妇在签署知情同意书后参与该队列(n=10 869)。本次研究的纳入标准:(1)母亲年龄≥18岁;(2)单胎妊娠。排除标准:(1)双胎或多胎妊娠(n=16);(2)死胎(n=7);(3)建卡至分娩期间孕检记录不完整,包括孕期血压、体重、身高等资料记录不完整(整个孕期孕检次数4次)和/或孕中、后期口服糖耐量试验结果缺失者(n=1 522);(4)孕前糖尿病患者(n=221);(5)孕前心脏病史、慢性肝脏疾病、肾疾病史及肿瘤疾病史者等(n=58)。最终,本次分析纳入9 045名资料完整的孕妇。
经过统一培训的医务人员收集孕妇孕早期(8~13+6孕周)的人口资料和既往史资料,人口学资料包括孕妇姓名、出生年月、民族、职业、受教育情况等;疾病史和家族史包括糖尿病史、糖尿病家族史等;生育史包括怀孕次数、分娩次数、分娩方式等。孕早期的体格检查资料包括身高、体重、血压等。孕早期实验室检查资料包括红细胞、白细胞、血小板、Hb、血糖、尿蛋白等。血常规及尿常规的检测分别在全自动流式血细胞计数仪及尿液分析仪上进行;血糖在全自动生化分析仪上进行检测。
孕妇孕24周至孕28周及以后统一在昆山市妇幼保健院进行GDM筛查,隔夜禁食空腹至少8 h后,进行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance tests,OGTT)。根据国际糖尿病与妊娠研究组织制定的标准[15],满足以下任一项则为GDM:(1)空腹血糖≥5.1 mmol/L;(2)1 h血糖≥10.0 mmol/L;(3)2 h血糖≥8.5 mmol/L。
据《妇产科学(第9版)》HDP被定义为孕20周后的高血压,伴随尿蛋白检查呈阳性或阴性。本研究中HDP亚型包括以下3个亚型:(1)妊娠高血压,即妊娠期20周后首次诊断为高血压,收缩压≥140 mm Hg和(或)舒张压≥90 mm Hg,并且尿蛋白检查呈阴性,血压在产后12周内恢复正常;(2)子痫前期(pre-eclampsia),妊娠期20周后首次诊断为高血压,收缩压≥140 mm Hg和(或)舒张压≥90 mm Hg,伴以下任一项:蛋白尿≥0.3 g/24 h,或随机蛋白尿≥(+),或尿蛋白/尿肌酐比值≥0.3;(3)慢性高血压并发子痫前期,孕妇既往患有慢性高血压,妊娠20周以前无蛋白尿,妊娠20周后出现尿蛋白≥0.3 g/24 h,或随机蛋白尿≥ (+),或者出现血压进一步升高等重度子痫前期的任一表现。
一级、二级或三级亲属中至少有一人患糖尿病。
孕前和/或孕早期检查发现的甲状腺功能减退症(如桥本甲状腺等)和甲状腺功能亢进症(如Graves病、甲状腺结节、甲状腺炎、甲状腺肿、卵巢甲状腺瘤和甲状腺癌等)。
根据建卡时身高、体重计算BMI=体重(kg)÷身高的二次方(m2),作为孕前BMI的估计值,用于衡量孕期肥胖程度。
采用SAS 9.4软件(SAS Institute Inc.,Cary,NC)进行统计分析。所有检验均为双侧,检验水准α=0.05。本研究中所有计量资料均不服从正态分布,采用中位数和四分位数间距(IQR)进行描述,采用秩和检验进行组间比较;计数资料采用率或构成比进行描述,组间比较采用χ2检验或者确切概率法。采用RCS回归探讨孕早期Hb浓度和GDM发病风险之间的剂量反应关系,并计算拐点。根据拐点值,对Hb进行分类,分别采用单因素及多因素logistic回归计算优势比(OR值)及其95%CI,衡量孕早期Hb与GDM发病的关联性。在多因素logistic分析模型中,将GDM与糖耐量正常组之间组间比较不平衡的传统因素作为协变量进行调整,包括母亲年龄、产次、孕前BMI值、首次产检空腹血糖、血小板、白细胞计数和收缩压的水平以及妊娠期高血压疾病。
本队列在2019年8月—2021年6月招募昆山市10家医院和15个社区卫生服务中心进行产前检查的孕妇,本次分析共纳入9 045名年龄≥18岁单胎孕妇,其中,GDM发病人数为1 331例,糖耐量正常者7 714例,GDM的发病率为14.72%;年龄中位水平为28岁(IQR:25~30岁),最小18岁,最大34岁。建卡孕周的中位水平为10周(IQR:8,12周)。
GDM组基线年龄高于糖耐量正常组(29岁vs.28岁,P<0.001),并且,胎次≥2次、经产妇的比例、妊娠期高血压的比例均高于糖耐量正常组,孕前BMI、首次体检空腹血糖、Hb、血小板、白细胞计数、收缩压和舒张压的水平以及OGTT空腹血糖、1 h血糖、2 h血糖的中位水平均高于糖耐量正常组。而文化程度、糖尿病家族史及孕14周之前甲状腺疾病的比例在两组间的差异均未有统计学意义。见表1
使用RCS可视化孕早期Hb水平与GDM发病风险的剂量反应关系。如图1所示,横坐标血红蛋白为连续型变量,纵坐标为GDM发病风险的OR值。本研究拟合4节点(P5P35P65P95)的RCS模型,模型以Hb的第5个百分位数(P5=109.96g/L)为参比点,并调整了母亲年龄、产次、孕前BMI、首次产检空腹血糖、血小板、白细胞和收缩压水平及妊娠期高血压疾病等因素。结果显示,孕早期Hb与GDM发病风险且呈线性关系(总检验:P=0.013,非线性检验:P=0.396),特别当Hb>138.4g/L(拐点)时,GDM的风险显著上升。
根据RCS回归的结果,当Hb>138.4 g/L时,GDM风险显著上升,推测孕早期Hb水平可能是预测GDM风险的重要指标。因此,以该拐点为界将妊娠早期Hb水平分为两组,即Hb≤138.4g/L组和Hb>138.4g/L组。不同Hb水平组的OGTT血糖值及GDM发病率见表2。Hb>138.4g/L组的孕妇孕中后期血糖值及GDM发病率均高于Hb=138.4 g/L组(P值均<0.001)。
单因素logistic回归结果显示,与孕早期Hb≤138.4 g/L组相比,Hb>138.4 g/L组GDM的发病风险增加47.9%(OR=1.479,95%CI:1.256~1.742,P<0.001)。此外,随着孕妇年龄(P<0.001)、孕前BMI(P<0.001)、首次产检空腹血糖(P<0.001)、血小板水平(P<0.001)、白细胞水平(P<0.001)以及收缩压水平(P<0.001)的上升,GDM的发病风险也随之增加;经产妇发生GDM的风险是初产妇的1.271倍(95%CI:1.130~1.430,P<0.001),有妊娠期高血压者GDM的发生风险是无妊娠期高血压者的1.668倍(95%CI:1.280~2.173,P<0.001)。
在多因素logistic模型中,与Hb≤138.4g/L组相比,Hb>138.4g/L组的GDM发病风险依然具有统计学意义,调整后的OR值为1.214(95%CI:1.021~1.445,P<0.05)。并且随着孕妇年龄(P<0.001)、孕前BMI(P<0.001)、首次产检空腹血糖(P<0.001)、白细胞水平(P<0.001)以及收缩压水平(P<0.001)的上升,GDM发病风险显著增加。因此,上述因素可能是GDM发病的风险因素。见表3
本研究结果显示,随着妊娠早期Hb含量连续增加,GDM的风险呈线性升高,并且,当Hb>138.4g/L时GDM的发病风险显著升高,调整后的OR=1.214(95%CI:1.021~1.445),即与孕早期Hb水平为138.4g/L者相比,Hb>138.4g/L者GDM发病风险增加21.4%。
Kim等[16]对韩国妇女的研究结果表明,妊娠前Hb高于13 g/dL者孕期发生GDM的风险显著增加(OR=1.41,95%CI:1.29~1.54)。Deng等人[17]对中国大陆妇女GDM危险因素的荟萃分析发现:孕早期Hb升高是GDM的独立危险因素。另一项基于中国的队列研究[18]也观察到妊娠期高Hb水平增加GDM的发生风险。Sedigheh等[19]对伊朗妇女的研究发现,首次孕检Hb大于11.90 g/dL,GDM风险显著增加(OR= 3.80,95%CI:3.05~4.74)。尽管大部分研究报道高Hb水平与高的GDM风险有关,但并非所有研究支持二者的关系,如Hayashi等[13]和Akash等[12]的研究均发现孕期Hb水平与GDM之间存在负相关。然而,这两项研究的样本含量较小。因此,研究结果的不一致性可能与研究人群样本含量的大小有关。另外,不同人群的研究报道孕早期红肉及动物性铁的摄入可增加GDM的发生风险[20-21],而肉类及动物性铁是Hb的主要来源[22],这也间接支持了高水平的Hb可增加GDM的发生风险。
RCS回归常用于探索自变量与因变量之间的非线性关系。本研究在拟合RCS回归模型时,分别进行了4节点(P5P35P65P95)、5节点(P5P27.5P50P72.5P95)和6节点(P5P23P41P59P77P95)的RCS分析,GDM发病风险具有统计学意义的Hb拐点均介于138~140 g/L。因此,本研究选择拐点最小即138.4 g/L所对应的4节点RCS回归模型。因孕期血容量的增加及血液稀释作用,孕期Hb的参考值范围与一般妇女不同。尽管有研究根据中位数或上四分位数定义孕期高Hb[23-25],然而目前关于孕期高Hb的定义尚无统一的标准。本研究RCS回归发现随着妊娠早期Hb水平连续增加,其与GDM的关联强度呈线性升高,特别当Hb>138.4g/L,GDM的风险显著上升。本研究孕早期Hb节点的探索,为早期识别GDM高危孕妇提供了参考。
本研究采用前瞻性队列设计,相较于回顾性队列研究,数据均在事件发生之前收集,减少了回忆偏倚和报告偏倚,通过前瞻性随访,更全面地探索Hb与GDM之间的因果关系。此外,采用RCS回归模型拟合样条曲线,克服了logistic回归模型的缺陷,实现对孕早期Hb浓度与GDM发病风险之间关系的可视化。同时,本研究也存在一定局限性:研究对象仅限于苏州昆山地区,研究结果在其他地区中的外推性尚待验证;除Hb之外,其他铁生物标志物对GDM发病的影响未作分析;由于未收集孕妇的饮食习惯,无法评估孕妇膳食铁摄入量的影响。后续研究应扩大样本量与地域范围,以进一步验证孕早期Hb水平在GDM发病预测中的作用及临床应用价值。
总之,本研究发现孕早期Hb水平与GDM风险之间存在关联。这提示在妊娠早期常规检测Hb,可有助于识别发生GDM风险的孕妇。
  • 江苏省自然科学基金面上项目(BK20181438)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Sulhariza HZ, Zalilah MS, Geeta A. Maternal hemoglobin change from early pregnancy to second trimester is associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study[J].Front Nutr, 2023, 10: 1197485.
[2]
Sweeting A, Wong J, Murphy HR, et al. A clinical update on gestational diabetes mellitus[J]. Endocrine Reviews, 2022, 43(5):763-793.
[3]
Wang H, Li N, Chivese T, et al. IDF diabetes Atlas: estimation of global and regional gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence for 2021 by international association of diabetes in pregnancy study group's criteria[J]. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2022, 183:109050.
[4]
Gao CH, Sun X, Lu L, et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 2019, 10(1): 154-162.
[5]
Ye WR, Luo C, Huang J, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis[J].BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 2022, 377: e067946.
[6]
Bonora E, Trombetta M, Dauriz M, et al. Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes:Expression, aggregation and predominance. Verona Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Study 10[J]. Diabetes-Metabolism: Research and Reviews, 2022, 38(7): e3558.
[7]
Taneera J, Mahgoub E, Qannita R, et al. β-Thalassemia and diabetes mellitus: current state and future directions[J]. Horm Metab Res, 2024, 56(4): 272-278.
[8]
Moon DO.NADPH dynamics: linking insulin resistance and β-Cells ferroptosis in diabetes mellitus[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, 25(1): 342.
[9]
Deng L, Mo MQ, Zhong J, et al. Iron overload induces islet β cell ferroptosis by activating ASK1/P-P38/CHOP signaling pathway[J].PeerJ, 2023, 11: e15206.
[10]
Li Y, Wang F, Huang XM, et al. First-trimester hemoglobin, haptoglobin genotype, and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in a retrospective study among Chinese pregnant women[J].Nutrition & Diabetes, 2024, 14(1): 48.
[11]
Yang X, Wang G, Jiang R, et al. Impact of hemoglobin level on the association between lipid metabolism and gestational diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study[J]. Medicine(Baltimore), 2025, 104(10): e41778.
[12]
Akash MSH, Noureen S, Rehman K, et al. Investigating the biochemical association of gestational diabetes mellitus with dyslipidemia and hemoglobin[J]. Front Med(Lausanne), 2023, 10: 1242939.
[13]
Hayashi I, Sakane N, Suganuma A, et al. Association of a proinflammatory diet and gestational diabetes mellitus with maternal anemia and hemoglobin levels during pregnancy: a prospective observational case-control study[J]. Nutrition Research, 2023, 115: 38-46.
[14]
Sun YX, Guo Y, Xu H, et al. The relationship between arginine vasopressin gene polymorphisms and plasma copeptin and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a nested case-control study[J]. Journal of Hypertension, 2023, 41(4): 608-617.
[15]
Cao WH, Wang H, Zhao SM, et al. Long-term risk of overweight in offspring of Chinese women with gestational diabetes defined by IADPSG's but not by WHO's criteria[J]. Primary Care Diabetes, 2024, 18(4): 448-457.
[16]
Kim HY, Kim J, Noh E, et al. Prepregnancy hemoglobin levels and gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnancy[J]. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2021, 171: 108608.
[17]
Xia L, Yang Z, Mu Q, et al. Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis[J].Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2025,18: 565-581.
[18]
Wu K, Ke HH, Gong W, et al. Impact of Pre-Pregnancy hemoglobin level on the association between Pre-Pregnancy body mass index and gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study in a single center in China[J]. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2022, 15: 3767-3775.
[19]
Sedigheh N, Hajieh S, Javad Z, et al. Hemoglobin at the first visit of pregnancy and developing gestational diabetes mellitus: Results of a prospective registry cohort study[J]. Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2023, 57: 469-474.
[20]
Norouziasl R, Jayedi A, Mirmohammadkhani M, et al. Consumption of red and processed meat during early pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes: a prospective birth cohort study[J]. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14(1): 5209.
[21]
Pascal L, Benski C, Cohen MB. Effects of red meat consumption during pregnancy. Issues, risks and dietary alternatives[J]. Rev Med Suisse, 2025, 21(908): 455-459.
[22]
Mcmanus L, Veras K, Faria VS, et al. Effect of increasing red meat intake on Iron status in adults with normal and suboptimal Iron status: a systematic literature review and Meta-Analysis of intervention studies[J].Nutrition Reviews, 2025, 14: nuaf016.
[23]
Wang C, Lin L, Su RN, et al. Hemoglobin levels during the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia and preterm birth in Chinese women: a retrospective study[J]. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2018, 18(1): 263.
[24]
Si ST, Shen Y, Xin X, et al. Hemoglobin concentration and iron supplement during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus[J]. J Diabetes, 2021, 13(3): 211-221.
[25]
Wu LL, Sun RF, Liu Y, et al. High hemoglobin level is a risk factor for maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy in Chinese women: A retrospective cohort study[J]. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2022,22(1): 290.
2025年第52卷第11期
PDF下载
125
60
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411031
  • 接收时间:2024-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-11-03
基金
江苏省自然科学基金面上项目(BK20181438)
作者信息
    1.苏州大学医学院公共卫生学院 流行病与卫生统计学系,江苏 苏州 215123
    2.昆山市妇幼保健院 群体保健科,江苏 昆山 215300

通讯作者:

冯佩与李红美为共同通信作者。冯佩,E-mail:
李红美,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411031
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏