Article(id=1241034444434362486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241034441380917539, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501072, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736179200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815268857, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815268857, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815268857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815268857, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241034441380917539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='11', pageStart='1921', pageEnd='2112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815268130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815340947, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241034746873049765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241034441380917539, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241034746873049766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241034441380917539, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2074, endPage=2079, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241034444803461246, articleId=1241034444434362486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Investigation of the protective effect and mechanism of unsolid acid on alcoholic liver injury in mice based on fecal microbiota transplantation, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the protective effect of ursula acid (UA) supplementation on alcoholic liver injury and to clarify the role of gut microbiota through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments, as well as to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a normal control group, an alcohol model group, and a UA intervention group, with six mice in each group. During the 8-week modeling period, fecal samples from each group were collected daily for the last two weeks to prepare fecal microbiota solutions. After the recipient mice underwent gut-derived bacterial clearance, they were randomly assigned to FMT-control, FMT-model, and FMT-UA groups. Starting from the seventh week, each group received daily gavage of 200 μl of the corresponding fecal microbiota solution for two weeks.Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in liver tissues of the mice, and colorimetric assays were performed to measure serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bile acid (TBA). The changes in gut microbiota of donor mice were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and Western blotting (WB) was used to detect the expression levels of Foresaid X receptor (FXR) protein in the liver of recipient mice.Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 22.0, with a significance level (α) set at 0.05.

Results

Compared to the alcohol model group, UA intervention improved liver injury in mice with alcoholic liver damage, evidenced by a 39.3% reduction in serum ALT activity (P < 0.05) and a 16.7% reduction in AST activity (P < 0.05), while also restoring the diversity of gut microbiota. The liver pathology of recipient mice exhibited changes similar to those of donor mice. Analysis of ALT, AST, and TBA levels in recipient mice revealed that, compared to the FMT-control group, the serum ALT, AST, and TBA levels in the FMT-model group increased by 124%, 47.4%, and 97.5%, respectively (P < 0.05); the FMT-UA group showed significant reductions in ALT, AST, and TBA levels compared to the FMT-model group (P < 0.05). WB results indicated that FXR protein expression in the liver tissue of the FMT-model group was only 17.8% of that in the FMT-control group (P < 0.05); compared to the FMT-model group, the FXR protein expression in the liver of the FXR-UA group increased by 2.09 times (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

UA exhibits a protective effect against alcoholic liver injury in mice, and its mechanism may be associated with the regulation of gut microbiota and the modulation of liver FXR protein expression, thereby maintaining bile acid homeostasis.

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目的

观察熊果酸(ursolic acid)补充对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用,通过粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)实验明确肠道菌群在其中的作用并探究其机制。

方法

8周龄C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常对照组、酒精模型组、熊果酸干预组,每组6只。8周造模期间,后2周每日留取各组小鼠粪便制备粪菌液。受体小鼠经肠源性细菌清除后,随机分为FMT-对照组、FMT-模型组、FMT-熊果酸组,于第7周始,每日灌胃相应粪菌液200 μl,持续2周。苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, HE)染色法观察各组小鼠肝组织病理学变化,比色法检测各组小鼠血清谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、总胆汁酸(total bile acid, TBA),16S rRNA基因测序分析供体小鼠肠道菌群变化,免疫印记法(western blotting, WB)检测受体小鼠肝法尼醇受体(tarnesoid X receptor, FXR)蛋白表达量。采用SPSS 22.0统计软件对实验数据进行方差分析,显著性水平(α值)设定为0.05。

结果

与酒精模型组相比,熊果酸的干预能够改善酒精性肝损伤小鼠的肝脏损伤,表现为血清ALT活性降低39.3%(P<0.05)、AST活性降低16.7%(P<0.05),同时可恢复小鼠肠道菌群的多样性。各组受体小鼠的肝脏病理学出现与供体小鼠相似的变化。对受体小鼠ALT、AST、TBA检测发现,与FMT-对照组相比,FMT-模型组小鼠的血清ALT、AST活性及TBA水平分别升高了124%、47.4%、97.5%(P<0.05);FMT-熊果酸组ALT、AST活性及TBA水平较FMT-模型组均显著降低(P<0.05)。WB结果显示,FMT-模型组小鼠肝组织中FXR蛋白表达水平低至FMT-对照组的17.8%(P<0.05);与FMT-模型组相比,FXR-熊果酸组小鼠的肝脏FXR蛋白表达升高了2.09倍(P<0.05)。

结论

熊果酸对酒精性肝损伤小鼠具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与熊果酸调节肠道菌群,调控肝FXR蛋白表达,进而维持胆汁酸稳态有关。

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戈娜,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=hsOZBTQlJOq/x9c3Jsb+4A==, magXml=XRs4ALDXHqmBw8Izo7av6Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=n01CyzXqgLepy2EX0++9mw==, pdfFileSize=839794, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=VSNCgyS2bPuKqaWoyMNK2A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=KmZxw+oZyJmKhDK7ShkYxw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

赵雪(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:营养与疾病

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赵雪(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:营养与疾病

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赵雪(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:营养与疾病

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注:A为正常对照组;B为酒精模型组;C为熊果酸干预组。

, figureFileSmall=DZdhvR3C8wgUCTr17VGKKg==, figureFileBig=cUUAKCqajcqjIo00xvtJeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050846541181125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444434362486, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effect of ursolic acid on the diversity of gut microbiota in each group of donor mice, figureFileSmall=tK723c0Gx9+ctCDWzwVhOQ==, figureFileBig=juIVQESQoEIHG5rTFJuVdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050846671204555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444434362486, language=CN, label=图2, caption=熊果酸对各组供体小鼠肠道菌群多样性的影响

注:图A为Simpson指数比较;图B为PCoA分析图;与正常对照组相比,aP<0.05;与酒精模型组相比,bP<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=tK723c0Gx9+ctCDWzwVhOQ==, figureFileBig=juIVQESQoEIHG5rTFJuVdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050846763479248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444434362486, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Liver histopathological structure of fecal microbiota transplantation recipient mice (HE, ×200), figureFileSmall=c/98PBtXYIMKlbSWBKTEoA==, figureFileBig=Qq5U/aof9v7nx8cpRQoSiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050846876725457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444434362486, language=CN, label=图3, caption=FMT受体小鼠肝组织病理结构(HE染色, ×200)

注:A为FMT-对照组;B为FMT-模型组;C为FMT-熊果酸组。

, figureFileSmall=c/98PBtXYIMKlbSWBKTEoA==, figureFileBig=Qq5U/aof9v7nx8cpRQoSiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050847061274837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444434362486, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Expression levels of FXR protein in liver tissue of fecal microbiota transplantation recipient mice [n=3,()], figureFileSmall=2tSYOVnfQiHSlKBGh46v9Q==, figureFileBig=jTlRwwOo9o48XDcGmMKyyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050847224852696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444434362486, language=CN, label=图4, caption=粪菌移植受体小鼠肝组织FXR蛋白表达量[n=3,()]

注:与FMT-对照组相比,*P<0.05;与FMT-模型组相比,#P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=2tSYOVnfQiHSlKBGh46v9Q==, figureFileBig=jTlRwwOo9o48XDcGmMKyyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050847585562844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444434362486, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Activity of serum ALT and AST in groups of donor mice(n=6,

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别ALT(U/ml)AST(U/ml)
正常对照组0.59± 0.062.38±0.35
酒精模型组1.45±0.18a3.05±0.43a
熊果酸干预组0.88±0.18b2.54±0.19b
), ArticleFig(id=1241050847975633120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444434362486, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各组供体小鼠血清ALT、AST的活性(n=6,

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别ALT(U/ml)AST(U/ml)
正常对照组0.59± 0.062.38±0.35
酒精模型组1.45±0.18a3.05±0.43a
熊果酸干预组0.88±0.18b2.54±0.19b
), ArticleFig(id=1241050848336343266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444434362486, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Relative abundance of each phyla and Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio of donor mice [n=6,(), %]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别厚壁菌门拟杆菌门变形菌门厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门
正常对照组35.72±12.6421.29±5.1714.73±6.231.73±0.66
酒精模型组48.91±7.71a18.00±3.8526.96±6.75a2.90±1.10a
熊果酸干预组37.40±5.34b20.49±1.6720.25±3.461.83±0.27b
), ArticleFig(id=1241050848613167334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444434362486, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

供体小鼠各菌门相对丰度及厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值[n=6,(), %]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别厚壁菌门拟杆菌门变形菌门厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门
正常对照组35.72±12.6421.29±5.1714.73±6.231.73±0.66
酒精模型组48.91±7.71a18.00±3.8526.96±6.75a2.90±1.10a
熊果酸干预组37.40±5.34b20.49±1.6720.25±3.461.83±0.27b
), ArticleFig(id=1241050848709636332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444434362486, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Serum activities of ALT, AST and TBA in fecal microbiota transplantation recipient mice [n=6,()]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别ALT(U/ml)AST(U/ml)TBA(μmol/L)
FMT-对照组0.58± 0.161.94±0.315.69±1.37
FMT-模型组1.30±0.26*2.86±0.0.53*11.24±1.47*
FMT-熊果酸组0.83±0.22#2.24±0.20#7.27±1.28#
), ArticleFig(id=1241050848814493933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444434362486, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

FMT受体小鼠血清ALT、AST及TBA的活性[n=6,()]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别ALT(U/ml)AST(U/ml)TBA(μmol/L)
FMT-对照组0.58± 0.161.94±0.315.69±1.37
FMT-模型组1.30±0.26*2.86±0.0.53*11.24±1.47*
FMT-熊果酸组0.83±0.22#2.24±0.20#7.27±1.28#
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基于粪菌移植探究熊果酸对酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用及机制研究
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赵雪 1 , 郭腾飞 1 , 刘佳欣 1 , 许怀阳 1 , 冯缘缘 1 , 张文龙 2 , 戈娜 1 , 包艳 1 , 高龙 1
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025,52(11): 2074-2079
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025, 52(11): 2074-2079
基于粪菌移植探究熊果酸对酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用及机制研究
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赵雪1, 郭腾飞1, 刘佳欣1, 许怀阳1, 冯缘缘1, 张文龙2, 戈娜1 , 包艳1, 高龙1
作者信息
  • 1.包头医学院营养与食品健康研究所,包头医学院公共卫生学院,内蒙古 包头 014040
  • 2.包头医学院第一附属医院骨外科
  • 赵雪(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:营养与疾病

通讯作者:

戈娜,E-mail:
Investigation of the protective effect and mechanism of unsolid acid on alcoholic liver injury in mice based on fecal microbiota transplantation
Xue ZHAO1, Teng-fei GUO1, Jia-xin LIU1, Huai-yang XU1, Yuan-yuan FENG1, Wen-long ZHANG2, Na GE1 , Yan BAO1, Long GAO1
Affiliations
  • Institute of Nutrition and Food Health, Baotou Medical College; School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, China
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501072
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目的

观察熊果酸(ursolic acid)补充对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用,通过粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)实验明确肠道菌群在其中的作用并探究其机制。

方法

8周龄C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常对照组、酒精模型组、熊果酸干预组,每组6只。8周造模期间,后2周每日留取各组小鼠粪便制备粪菌液。受体小鼠经肠源性细菌清除后,随机分为FMT-对照组、FMT-模型组、FMT-熊果酸组,于第7周始,每日灌胃相应粪菌液200 μl,持续2周。苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, HE)染色法观察各组小鼠肝组织病理学变化,比色法检测各组小鼠血清谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、总胆汁酸(total bile acid, TBA),16S rRNA基因测序分析供体小鼠肠道菌群变化,免疫印记法(western blotting, WB)检测受体小鼠肝法尼醇受体(tarnesoid X receptor, FXR)蛋白表达量。采用SPSS 22.0统计软件对实验数据进行方差分析,显著性水平(α值)设定为0.05。

结果

与酒精模型组相比,熊果酸的干预能够改善酒精性肝损伤小鼠的肝脏损伤,表现为血清ALT活性降低39.3%(P<0.05)、AST活性降低16.7%(P<0.05),同时可恢复小鼠肠道菌群的多样性。各组受体小鼠的肝脏病理学出现与供体小鼠相似的变化。对受体小鼠ALT、AST、TBA检测发现,与FMT-对照组相比,FMT-模型组小鼠的血清ALT、AST活性及TBA水平分别升高了124%、47.4%、97.5%(P<0.05);FMT-熊果酸组ALT、AST活性及TBA水平较FMT-模型组均显著降低(P<0.05)。WB结果显示,FMT-模型组小鼠肝组织中FXR蛋白表达水平低至FMT-对照组的17.8%(P<0.05);与FMT-模型组相比,FXR-熊果酸组小鼠的肝脏FXR蛋白表达升高了2.09倍(P<0.05)。

结论

熊果酸对酒精性肝损伤小鼠具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与熊果酸调节肠道菌群,调控肝FXR蛋白表达,进而维持胆汁酸稳态有关。

熊果酸  /  酒精性肝损伤  /  肠道菌群  /  粪菌移植  /  法尼醇受体
Objective

To investigate the protective effect of ursula acid (UA) supplementation on alcoholic liver injury and to clarify the role of gut microbiota through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments, as well as to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a normal control group, an alcohol model group, and a UA intervention group, with six mice in each group. During the 8-week modeling period, fecal samples from each group were collected daily for the last two weeks to prepare fecal microbiota solutions. After the recipient mice underwent gut-derived bacterial clearance, they were randomly assigned to FMT-control, FMT-model, and FMT-UA groups. Starting from the seventh week, each group received daily gavage of 200 μl of the corresponding fecal microbiota solution for two weeks.Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in liver tissues of the mice, and colorimetric assays were performed to measure serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bile acid (TBA). The changes in gut microbiota of donor mice were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and Western blotting (WB) was used to detect the expression levels of Foresaid X receptor (FXR) protein in the liver of recipient mice.Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 22.0, with a significance level (α) set at 0.05.

Results

Compared to the alcohol model group, UA intervention improved liver injury in mice with alcoholic liver damage, evidenced by a 39.3% reduction in serum ALT activity (P < 0.05) and a 16.7% reduction in AST activity (P < 0.05), while also restoring the diversity of gut microbiota. The liver pathology of recipient mice exhibited changes similar to those of donor mice. Analysis of ALT, AST, and TBA levels in recipient mice revealed that, compared to the FMT-control group, the serum ALT, AST, and TBA levels in the FMT-model group increased by 124%, 47.4%, and 97.5%, respectively (P < 0.05); the FMT-UA group showed significant reductions in ALT, AST, and TBA levels compared to the FMT-model group (P < 0.05). WB results indicated that FXR protein expression in the liver tissue of the FMT-model group was only 17.8% of that in the FMT-control group (P < 0.05); compared to the FMT-model group, the FXR protein expression in the liver of the FXR-UA group increased by 2.09 times (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

UA exhibits a protective effect against alcoholic liver injury in mice, and its mechanism may be associated with the regulation of gut microbiota and the modulation of liver FXR protein expression, thereby maintaining bile acid homeostasis.

Ursula acid  /  Alcoholic liver injury  /  Gut microbiota  /  Fecal microbiota transplantation  /  Foresaid X receptor
赵雪, 郭腾飞, 刘佳欣, 许怀阳, 冯缘缘, 张文龙, 戈娜, 包艳, 高龙. 基于粪菌移植探究熊果酸对酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用及机制研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (11) : 2074 -2079 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501072
Xue ZHAO, Teng-fei GUO, Jia-xin LIU, Huai-yang XU, Yuan-yuan FENG, Wen-long ZHANG, Na GE, Yan BAO, Long GAO. Investigation of the protective effect and mechanism of unsolid acid on alcoholic liver injury in mice based on fecal microbiota transplantation[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (11) : 2074 -2079 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501072
酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver disease,ALD)又称酒精性肝损伤,是因长期和/或大量饮酒引发的肝脏疾病,可发展成肝硬化甚至肝癌。在我国,因饮酒导致的肝病死亡人数占所有死亡人数的20%[1]。目前,ALD的治疗主要靠戒酒和营养支持,缺乏特效药。研究表明,ALD与肠道菌群密切相关,表现为肠道菌群的多样性降低,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的比例失衡[2]。胆汁酸等肠道代谢产物可作为信号分子干预通路[3],影响肠道微生态,经肠肝循环影响酒精性肝损伤进展。法尼醇受体(farnesoid X receptor, FXR)作为一种核受体,在胆汁酸代谢中起关键作用。FXR基因敲除小鼠研究显示[4],FXR缺乏会加重乙醇诱导的肝损伤。以上提示酒精摄入可干扰肠道菌群平衡和胆汁酸代谢,这可能是影响ALD发生发展的重要机制。
熊果酸(ursolic acid)是一种天然五环三萜类化合物,有抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌等生物学作用[5]。课题组前期研究发现,熊果酸可逆转酒精所致肠道菌群紊乱[6],上调肝脏FXR的表达,抑制酒精引起的大鼠胆汁酸的异常增高[7],对肝脏有保护作用。粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)是重建肠道菌群的有效手段,被应用于多种疾病的治疗[8],但在肝病中研究较少。本研究以熊果酸为干预物,借助FMT小鼠模型,深入探讨熊果酸是否通过改善肠道微生态发挥保肝护肝作用。
36只C57BL/6小鼠,SPF级,雄性8周龄,体重20~23 g,购自斯贝福(北京)生物科技有限公司,许可证号:SCXK(京)2019-0010;伦理委员会实验编号:包医伦审2022第(105)号;Liber-DeCarli液体饲料,小黍有泰(北京)生物科技有限公司;熊果酸,西安瑞林生物科技有限公司,纯度98%;抗生素,上海易恩化学技术有限公司;谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT),北京索莱宝科技有限公司;总胆汁酸(total bile acids, TBA)试剂盒,南京建成生物工程研究所;ECL发光试剂、山羊抗兔二抗和山羊抗鼠二抗,北京中杉金桥公司;抗FXR抗体,BIOSS公司。
Synergy HT/SIAFRTI酶标仪,BioTek美国伯腾仪器有限公司;DYCZ-24DN电泳仪,北京六一公司;WSE-4040半干转膜仪系统,ATTO公司;ChemiDoc超高灵敏度免染型化学发光成像系统,美国Bio-Rad公司。
对照饲料配制:取221.78 g主料,加入去离子水,定容至1 L,30 s内充分混匀;酒精饲料配制:取132.18 g主料,加入95%乙醇57.3 ml后添加去离子水,定容至1 L,酒精含量为5%。对照饲料与酒精饲料主料不同,均由试剂公司提供。
8周龄C57BL/6小鼠18只,饲养在稳定环境中,温度(23±2)℃,相对湿度为50%~60%,12 h/12 h昼夜循环。适应性喂养一周后,将小鼠随机分为正常对照组、酒精模型组、熊果酸干预组,每组6只。各组小鼠处理方式如下:酒精模型组及熊果酸干预组采用配制好的Lieber-DeCarli酒精液体饲料喂养,正常对照组给予对照饲料;此外,熊果酸干预组给予熊果酸灌胃[150 mg/(kg·bw·d),溶于玉米油],对照组及模型组给予等体积玉米油灌胃;造模时间为8周。
ALD造模6周后,将正常对照组、酒精模型组、熊果酸干预组小鼠作为FMT实验的供体小鼠,另引入18只C57BL/6小鼠作为受体。受体小鼠在进行正式FMT实验前,进行为期三周的广谱抗生素干预[10],称重后随机分为三组(6只/组):FMT-对照组、FMT-模型组、FMT-熊果酸组。每日供体小鼠灌胃后,收集每只供体小鼠的新鲜粪便颗粒,将同一组小鼠的粪便颗粒置于同一一次性粪便采集管内,按0.1 g/1 ml生理盐水制备混悬液,经振荡、离心后取上清液即为所需供体小鼠粪菌液(离心半径为8 cm,转速为800 r/min,时间为3 min)。将各组供体粪便上清液分别灌胃给FMT对照组、FMT-模型组和FMT-熊果酸组的小鼠,每只小鼠每天一次性灌胃200 μl,共持续2周。
ALD模型建立与FMT实验同步结束,末次灌胃后,收集供体组小鼠粪便储存于-80℃条件,用于肠道菌群测序。实验完成后,小鼠禁食不禁水12 h,选用0.3%戊巴比妥钠对小鼠进行麻醉,摘眼球取血,分离血清,取部分肝组织于4%多聚甲醛内固定,用于病理学观察,剩余部分冻存于-80℃超低温冰箱。
取1 cm×1 cm×0.5 cm大小的肝组织,于4%多聚甲醛中固定24 h,脱水、石蜡包埋、苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, HE)染色、封片、光镜下观察病理改变。
用比色法测定小鼠血清中的AST、ALT、TBA,按试剂盒说明进行,于酶标仪读取吸光度后计算各指标活性/含量。
取小鼠肝组织100 mg,加入1 ml裂解液并研磨后,在4℃,离心半径8 cm,12 000 r/min离心10 min,留上清,测定蛋白浓度。95℃变性10 min制备样品后,进行SDS-PAGE电泳分离蛋白并转印至PVDF膜。依次孵育FXR一抗和HRP标记二抗,最后用ImageJ软件测量WB结果条带的灰度值。
用DNA提取试剂盒从小鼠粪便中提取微生物的总DNA,并以此为模板对16S rRNA基因中V3和V4可变区进行PCR扩增。采用Illumina公司的TruSeq Nano DNA LT Library Prep Kit构建测序文库,对其进行测序。利用Vsearch软件进行OTUs分析,根据OTUs的聚类结果对肠道菌群的变化进行测序。
用SPSS 22.0对实验结果进行处理与分析,计量资料使用()进行表示,多组间的比较运用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较应用LSD-t法,以α=0.05作为检验水准。
图1所示,正常对照组小鼠肝小叶结构完整、细胞排列整齐,未见脂肪空泡形成;模型组小鼠的肝小叶边界模糊并伴有大量炎性细胞浸润,出现少量脂滴;熊果酸干预组小鼠肝小叶结构较模型组小鼠明显改善,脂肪空泡及炎性细胞数量有所下降,并趋于正常对照组。
表1可知,酒精模型组小鼠与正常对照组比较,ALT和AST活性明显增高(P<0.0.5),熊果酸干预后,与模型组相比,ALT活性降低了39.3%(P<0.05)、AST活性降低了16.7%(P<0.05)。
与正常组相比,模型组小鼠肠道菌群的Simpson指数显著降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,熊果酸干预组Simpson指数显著升高(P<0.05),见图2A。对菌群进行β多样性分析,PCOA主坐标分析显示,各组之间差距较远,表明小鼠之间肠道菌群结构发生显著差异(P<0.001),见图2B
对小鼠肠道菌群在门水平上的相对丰度进行分析,结果显示:相较于对照组,酒精模型组小鼠厚壁菌门和变形菌门相对丰度明显增加,厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值显著升高;经熊果酸干预后,可以改善此变化,纠正肠道菌群紊乱。见表2
图3所示,在FMT-对照组小鼠中,肝脏组织可见肝细胞分布均匀,肝小叶界限清晰,结构相对完整;FMT-模型组肝小叶边界不清,结构模糊,可见明显的炎症细胞浸润;而FMT-熊果酸组肝索及肝小叶排列更加清晰,炎症细胞明显减少。
表3可知,与FMT-对照组比较,FMT-模型组小鼠的血清ALT活性升高了124.1%(P<0.05),AST活性升高了47.4%(P<0.05),TBA水平升高了97.5%(P<0.05);FMT-熊果酸组ALT、AST活性及TBA水平较FMT-模型组均显著降低(P<0.05),较FMT-对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。
图4所示,相较于FMT-对照组,FMT-模型组小鼠的肝FXR蛋白的表达水平明显降低,低至FMT-对照组的17.8%(P<0.05)。与FMT-模型组相比,FXR-熊果酸组小鼠的肝脏FXR蛋白达升高了2.09倍(P<0.05)。
Lieber-DeCarli模型是一种经典的构建ALD动物模型的方法,不仅可以满足动物日常营养需要,还具有酒精摄入量可控及实验动物应激反应小等优势,但该模型也存在其局限性,主要表现为仅能诱导脂肪变性及炎症反应等早期病变,难以复现更严重的肝损伤表型(如纤维化和肝硬化)[11]。本研究主要聚焦于酒精暴露对肝脏损伤早期的影响,因此选择该造模方式进行实验。本实验通过建立酒精性肝损伤小鼠模型,经熊果酸干预后,发现熊果酸可明显改善因酒精所致的肝脏损伤。
长期和/或过量的酒精摄入会破坏肠道菌群平衡,促进肝脏疾病的发展[12]。Smirnova等[13]研究显示,酗酒者肠道菌群的多样性下降,厚壁菌门和变形菌门的比例升高,拟杆菌门的比例下降。其中厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门的比值是反映肠道菌群平稳的重要指标,其升高与脂肪堆积和代谢障碍相关[14],而变形菌门过度增长会损害肠道黏膜屏障[15]。Addolorato等[16]也发现饮酒人群拟杆菌门的相对丰度低于健康人群,而变形菌门富集。本次实验发现酒精诱导的小鼠肠道菌群的多样性降低,厚壁菌门和变形菌门丰度明显提升,厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门的比值升高,而熊果酸的干预减缓了这一趋势,表明熊果酸可纠正长期酒精摄入引起的肠道菌群紊乱。
为深入探究菌群紊乱对肝脏的影响及其潜在的作用机制,我们进行FMT实验。结果显示受体小鼠的肝脏病理学及肝功能指标出现与供体小鼠相似的变化,主要表现为FMT-模型组小鼠出现肝细胞水肿、炎性细胞浸润、血清AST和ALT活性增加的现象,而FMT-熊果酸组小鼠肝脏病理学及血清AST、ALT活性明显改善,提示熊果酸可通过改善肠道菌群,起到改善肝脏功能的作用。同时可见FMT-模型组小鼠血清TBA含量显著高于FMT-对照组,而FMT-熊果酸组较FMT-模型组显著下降,提示熊果酸对酒精性肝损伤小鼠胆汁酸的调控作用可能与肠道菌群有关。FMT的应用仍面临诸多局限性,如供体选择、移植方式及粪菌制备过程均可影响FMT效果[17],且供体间微生物组成差异也可能导致实验结果偏差。本研究将正常小鼠、ALD模型小鼠及熊果酸干预组小鼠作为供体进行研究,证实了不同来源的菌群对受体小鼠产生了不同的影响。在移植方式上,本研究采用经口灌胃法进行FMT,粪便采集后立即于厌氧条件下处理,以维持菌群活性,从而提高了移植的稳定性。此外,由于粪菌样本中包含复杂的微生物群落,目前难以明确何种菌属在ALD中发挥关键作用,未来可聚焦单一菌种移植深入研究。
FXR是胆汁酸生物合成的关键调节因子,在肝、肠中高表达。肝脏中胆汁酸过量,可激活FXR,抑制胆汁酸合成酶CYP7A1的表达,从而减少胆汁酸的合成,维持胆汁酸稳态[18]。课题组前期已证实熊果酸能够上调因酒精摄入导致的FXR表达下降,改善胆汁酸稳态[7]。本次FMT实验中,FMT-熊果酸组小鼠肝FXR表达显著高于FMT-模型组小鼠,证明了熊果酸对胆汁酸及其介导的FXR信号通路的调节作用与肠道菌群密切相关。
综上所述,适量的补充熊果酸能够有效改善酒精所致的小鼠肝脏损伤,纠正肠道菌群紊乱,从而起到保肝护肝的作用。通过FMT实验,再次验证了肠道菌群在ALD的发生发展中发挥作用,同时也发现了肠道菌群、胆汁酸代谢及肝FXR三者之间的紧密联系。故本研究为熊果酸防治ALD提供了新的靶标,但关于具体的调控机制还需进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金地区项目(82160618)
  • 国家自然科学基金地区项目(81760586)
  • 内蒙古自然科学基金(2023MS08041)
  • 内蒙古自治区卫生健康科技计划项目(202201373)
  • 包头医学院创新团队发展计划(bycxtd-11)
  • 包头医学院2023年硕士研究生科研创新资助项目(bycx2023004)
  • 包头医学院2024年度“花蕾计划”项目(HLJH202428)
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2025年第52卷第11期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501072
  • 接收时间:2025-01-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-07
基金
国家自然科学基金地区项目(82160618)
国家自然科学基金地区项目(81760586)
内蒙古自然科学基金(2023MS08041)
内蒙古自治区卫生健康科技计划项目(202201373)
包头医学院创新团队发展计划(bycxtd-11)
包头医学院2023年硕士研究生科研创新资助项目(bycx2023004)
包头医学院2024年度“花蕾计划”项目(HLJH202428)
作者信息
    1.包头医学院营养与食品健康研究所,包头医学院公共卫生学院,内蒙古 包头 014040
    2.包头医学院第一附属医院骨外科

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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