Article(id=1241034444337893492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241034441380917539, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501313, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737129600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815268835, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815268835, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815268835, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815268835, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241034441380917539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='11', pageStart='1921', pageEnd='2112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815268130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815340947, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241034746873049765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241034441380917539, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241034746873049766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241034441380917539, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1969, endPage=1973, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241034444702797948, articleId=1241034444337893492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Dietary exposure and health risk assessment of lead and cadmium in market-sold mantis shrimp and Chinese mitten crab in Suzhou, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To assess the content of heavy metals lead and cadmium in mantis shrimp and Chinese mitten crab sold in Suzhou, as well as the dietary exposure and health risks associated with passive intake of these metals through consumption of these two seafood products.

Methods

An in vitro experiment was conducted to simulate the human digestive process, measuring the levels of lead and cadmium in simulated gastric and intestinal digestion extracts, and calculating their bio accessibility. The dietary exposure and health risks of lead and cadmium in the two seafood products were evaluated using exposure boundary ratios, non-carcinogenic hazard coefficients, and target carcinogenic risk indices.

Results

Among the tested seafood products, lead levels were within acceptable limits, while cadmium exceeded the limit in four samples. After treatment with simulated gastric digestion fluid, the bio accessibility data for cadmium and lead were 59.1% to 87.5% and 19.9% to 46.0%, respectively. Following treatment with simulated intestinal digestion fluid, the bio accessibility data for cadmium and lead were 20.5% to 45.1% and 18.1% to 38.2%,respectively. The dietary exposure limits for lead and cadmium in both seafood products were greater than 1.8, the noncarcinogenic hazard coefficients were below the safety benchmark of 1.0, and the target carcinogenic risk was no greater than 5.00×10-5 per year.

Conclusion

The dietary exposure risk of lead and cadmium in the two seafood products does not have a significant impact on human health, and both non-carcinogenic and target carcinogenic risks are within acceptable limits.

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目的

了解苏州市售虾蛄和梭子蟹中重金属铅、镉含量,以及人体通过食用这两种水产品而被动摄入铅、镉所产生的膳食暴露及健康风险。

方法

通过体外实验模拟人体消化过程,测定模拟胃、肠道消化提取液中铅、镉含量,计算生物可给性;运用暴露边界比、非致癌目标危害系数和目标致癌风险指数评价两种水产品中铅、镉的膳食暴露及人体健康风险。

结果

所检水产品中铅没有超标,镉有4份超标。样品经体外模拟胃消化液处理后,镉、铅的生物可给性数据分别为59.1%~87.5%、19.9%~46.0%;经体外模拟肠消化液处理后,镉和铅的生物可给性数据分别为20.5%~45.1%、18.1%~38.2%;两种水产品中铅、镉的膳食暴露限值均大于1.8,非致癌目标危害系数低于安全基准值1.0,目标致癌风险不大于5.00×10-5/年。

结论

两种水产品中铅、镉的膳食暴露风险对人体健康没有显著影响,非致癌健康风险和目标致癌风险也都在可接受风险范围内。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张秋萍,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=p01QYW9yxPCqcpnBcBdMMQ==, magXml=AlBVS8yDAzGiJKnH0mWAUg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=tt9HaSoAFUIHv8k2sSbY1g==, pdfFileSize=697678, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=JA4T8Km3HNCswlfr4SIdUA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

姚雪漫(1993-),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:食品中重金属安全风险检测

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姚雪漫(1993-),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:食品中重金属安全风险检测

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Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2009, 4(6): 793-799.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Effects of dry and fresh states of brassica chinensis on the oral bioaccessibility of Lead, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241050837846380966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, awardId=SKY2022210, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省苏州市科技计划项目(SKY2022210), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241050838064484788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省食品安全风险检测重点实验室(非法添加领域)资助, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241050838211285435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, awardId=Ym2023076, language=CN, fundingSource=预防医学及血地寄防科研课题面上项目(Ym2023076), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241050838454555078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, awardId=MSXM2024035, language=CN, fundingSource=苏州市卫健委科教强卫面上项目(MSXM2024035), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241050826689532877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050826693727182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, companyId=1241050826689532877, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215131, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050826697921487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, companyId=1241050826689532877, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.苏州市疾病预防控制中心,江苏 苏州 215131)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241050826907636695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050826916025304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, companyId=1241050826907636695, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江苏省食品安全风险监测重点实验室(非法添加领域),江苏 苏州 215131)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241050834218307896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameter source

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发布组织发布文本数据参数
中国水产科学研究院渔业发展
战略研究中心
《中国居民水产品食用消费量测算与分析报告
(2023)》
2022年江苏省动物性水产品食用消费鲜重总量482.78
万吨
江苏省统计局《2022年江苏省国民经济和社会发展统计公报》2022年江苏省常住人口8 515万
农村农业部渔业渔政管理局《2022年全国渔业经济统计公报》2022年全国水产养殖和捕捞产量中甲壳类占比为13.35%
我国成年男性和女性的平均体重分别为69.6 kg和59 kg
镉的每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)为25 μg/(kg·体重)
[11-12];铅的日均基准剂量值为1.2 μg/(kg·d·体重)[11,13]
国家卫健委《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2020年)》
世卫组织食品添加剂联合专家
委员会(JECFA)
《第73次会议报告》
), ArticleFig(id=1241050834457383234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参数来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发布组织发布文本数据参数
中国水产科学研究院渔业发展
战略研究中心
《中国居民水产品食用消费量测算与分析报告
(2023)》
2022年江苏省动物性水产品食用消费鲜重总量482.78
万吨
江苏省统计局《2022年江苏省国民经济和社会发展统计公报》2022年江苏省常住人口8 515万
农村农业部渔业渔政管理局《2022年全国渔业经济统计公报》2022年全国水产养殖和捕捞产量中甲壳类占比为13.35%
我国成年男性和女性的平均体重分别为69.6 kg和59 kg
镉的每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)为25 μg/(kg·体重)
[11-12];铅的日均基准剂量值为1.2 μg/(kg·d·体重)[11,13]
国家卫健委《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2020年)》
世卫组织食品添加剂联合专家
委员会(JECFA)
《第73次会议报告》
), ArticleFig(id=1241050834646126922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The determination of Pb and Cd in mantis shrimp and portunus samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品份数(份)项目2022年2023年
虾蛄20含量范围(mg/kg)0.022 8~0.094 91.32~3.090.022 2~0.1031.98~3.22
均值(mg/kg)0.056 62.170.043 72.41
标准限值(mg/kg)0.53.00.53.0
检出率(%)100100100100
合格率(%)1008010090
梭子蟹20含量范围(mg/kg)0.010 0~0.1340.764~3.440.020 5~0.8200.374~2.66
均值(mg/kg)0.049 61.920.048 01.74
标准限值(mg/kg)0.53.00.53.0
检出率(%)100100100100
合格率(%)10090100100
), ArticleFig(id=1241050835342381396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

虾蛄和梭子蟹样品中铅镉测定值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品份数(份)项目2022年2023年
虾蛄20含量范围(mg/kg)0.022 8~0.094 91.32~3.090.022 2~0.1031.98~3.22
均值(mg/kg)0.056 62.170.043 72.41
标准限值(mg/kg)0.53.00.53.0
检出率(%)100100100100
合格率(%)1008010090
梭子蟹20含量范围(mg/kg)0.010 0~0.1340.764~3.440.020 5~0.8200.374~2.66
均值(mg/kg)0.049 61.920.048 01.74
标准限值(mg/kg)0.53.00.53.0
检出率(%)100100100100
合格率(%)10090100100
), ArticleFig(id=1241050835921195358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Contents of Pb and Cd in simulated gastric and intestinal digestive extracting solution and bioaccessibility data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模拟实验阶段样品种类样品数(份)镉含量(mg/kg)镉的生物可给性范围(%)铅含量(mg/kg)铅的生物可给性范围(%)
模拟胃阶段虾蛄201.06~2.31(1.70)59.1~87.5(75.4)0.006 97~0.048 9(0.017 2)21.6~46.0(33.8)
梭子蟹200.303~2.89(1.30)60.0~84.5(71.1)0.005 21~0.034 9(0.013 6)19.9~42.5(28.7)
模拟肠阶段虾蛄200.426~1.17(0.749)22.2~45.1(32.9)0.003 25~0.021 5(0.016 2)18.1~38.2(32.0)
梭子蟹200.129~0.974(0.541)20.5~40.4(29.9)0.002 11~0.030 3(0.014 3)19.6~37.8(28.4)
), ArticleFig(id=1241050836084773222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模拟胃肠消化提取液中铅、镉溶出量及生物可给性数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模拟实验阶段样品种类样品数(份)镉含量(mg/kg)镉的生物可给性范围(%)铅含量(mg/kg)铅的生物可给性范围(%)
模拟胃阶段虾蛄201.06~2.31(1.70)59.1~87.5(75.4)0.006 97~0.048 9(0.017 2)21.6~46.0(33.8)
梭子蟹200.303~2.89(1.30)60.0~84.5(71.1)0.005 21~0.034 9(0.013 6)19.9~42.5(28.7)
模拟肠阶段虾蛄200.426~1.17(0.749)22.2~45.1(32.9)0.003 25~0.021 5(0.016 2)18.1~38.2(32.0)
梭子蟹200.129~0.974(0.541)20.5~40.4(29.9)0.002 11~0.030 3(0.014 3)19.6~37.8(28.4)
), ArticleFig(id=1241050836210602351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Margin of exposure of Pb and Cd in mantis shrimp and portunus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目健康指导值
[μg/(kg·体重·年)]
取值重金属含量(mg/kg)年均膳食暴露量Exp[μg/(kg·体重)]暴露限值MOE
虾蛄梭子蟹虾蛄梭子蟹虾蛄梭子蟹
300均值2.291.83106.7585.302.813.52
最大值3.223.44150.10160.362.001.87
438均值0.050 20.048 82.342.27187.18192.95
最大值0.1030.1344.806.2591.2570.08
), ArticleFig(id=1241050836365791607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

虾蛄和梭子蟹中铅、镉膳食暴露限值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目健康指导值
[μg/(kg·体重·年)]
取值重金属含量(mg/kg)年均膳食暴露量Exp[μg/(kg·体重)]暴露限值MOE
虾蛄梭子蟹虾蛄梭子蟹虾蛄梭子蟹
300均值2.291.83106.7585.302.813.52
最大值3.223.44150.10160.362.001.87
438均值0.050 20.048 82.342.27187.18192.95
最大值0.1030.1344.806.2591.2570.08
), ArticleFig(id=1241050836688753023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

THQ of Pb and Cd in mantis shrimp and portunus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品种类检测阶段可给性系数ABS(%)THQ
均值最大值均值最大值
虾蛄样品1001000.3520.4950.005 340.011 0
胃阶段75.433.80.2800.3730.001 390.003 70
肠阶段32.932.00.1220.1630.001 490.003 51
梭子蟹样品1001000.2820.5300.005 190.014 3
胃阶段71.128.70.2000.3770.001 460.000 551
肠阶段29.928.40.084 30.1590.001 450.000 405
), ArticleFig(id=1241050836923634059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

虾蛄和梭子蟹中铅、镉目标危害系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品种类检测阶段可给性系数ABS(%)THQ
均值最大值均值最大值
虾蛄样品1001000.3520.4950.005 340.011 0
胃阶段75.433.80.2800.3730.001 390.003 70
肠阶段32.932.00.1220.1630.001 490.003 51
梭子蟹样品1001000.2820.5300.005 190.014 3
胃阶段71.128.70.2000.3770.001 460.000 551
肠阶段29.928.40.084 30.1590.001 450.000 405
), ArticleFig(id=1241050837213041039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Target cancer risk index of Pb and Cd in mantis shrimp and portunus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品种类检测阶段可给性系数ABS(%)TRC(/年)
均值最大值均值最大值
虾蛄样品1001002.23×10-53.13×10-56.81×10-101.40×10-9
胃阶段75.433.81.76×10-52.36×10-52.01×10-104.72×10-10
肠阶段32.932.07.72×10-61.03×10-51.90×10-104.47×10-10
梭子蟹样品1001001.78×10-53.35×10-56.61×10-101.82×10-9
胃阶段71.128.71.27×10-52.38×10-51.87×10-105.22×10-10
肠阶段29.928.45.33×10-61.00×10-51.85×10-105.17×10-10
), ArticleFig(id=1241050837502448021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034444337893492, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

虾蛄和梭子蟹中铅、镉的目标致癌健康风险指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品种类检测阶段可给性系数ABS(%)TRC(/年)
均值最大值均值最大值
虾蛄样品1001002.23×10-53.13×10-56.81×10-101.40×10-9
胃阶段75.433.81.76×10-52.36×10-52.01×10-104.72×10-10
肠阶段32.932.07.72×10-61.03×10-51.90×10-104.47×10-10
梭子蟹样品1001001.78×10-53.35×10-56.61×10-101.82×10-9
胃阶段71.128.71.27×10-52.38×10-51.87×10-105.22×10-10
肠阶段29.928.45.33×10-61.00×10-51.85×10-105.17×10-10
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苏州市市售虾蛄和梭子蟹中铅镉的膳食暴露及健康风险评估
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姚雪漫 1, 2 , 夏瑜 1, 2 , 马晓艳 1, 2 , 蒋建荣 1, 2 , 王欣 1, 2 , 张秋萍 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2025,52(11): 1969-1973
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现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2025, 52(11): 1969-1973
苏州市市售虾蛄和梭子蟹中铅镉的膳食暴露及健康风险评估
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姚雪漫1, 2, 夏瑜1, 2, 马晓艳1, 2, 蒋建荣1, 2, 王欣1, 2, 张秋萍1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.苏州市疾病预防控制中心,江苏 苏州 215131
  • 2.江苏省食品安全风险监测重点实验室(非法添加领域),江苏 苏州 215131
  • 姚雪漫(1993-),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:食品中重金属安全风险检测

通讯作者:

张秋萍,E-mail:
Dietary exposure and health risk assessment of lead and cadmium in market-sold mantis shrimp and Chinese mitten crab in Suzhou
Xue-man YAO1, 2, Yu XIA1, 2, Xiao-yan MA1, 2, Jian-rong JIANG1, 2, Xin WANG1, 2, Qiu-ping ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215131, China
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501313
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目的

了解苏州市售虾蛄和梭子蟹中重金属铅、镉含量,以及人体通过食用这两种水产品而被动摄入铅、镉所产生的膳食暴露及健康风险。

方法

通过体外实验模拟人体消化过程,测定模拟胃、肠道消化提取液中铅、镉含量,计算生物可给性;运用暴露边界比、非致癌目标危害系数和目标致癌风险指数评价两种水产品中铅、镉的膳食暴露及人体健康风险。

结果

所检水产品中铅没有超标,镉有4份超标。样品经体外模拟胃消化液处理后,镉、铅的生物可给性数据分别为59.1%~87.5%、19.9%~46.0%;经体外模拟肠消化液处理后,镉和铅的生物可给性数据分别为20.5%~45.1%、18.1%~38.2%;两种水产品中铅、镉的膳食暴露限值均大于1.8,非致癌目标危害系数低于安全基准值1.0,目标致癌风险不大于5.00×10-5/年。

结论

两种水产品中铅、镉的膳食暴露风险对人体健康没有显著影响,非致癌健康风险和目标致癌风险也都在可接受风险范围内。

虾蛄和梭子蟹  /  铅  /  镉  /  体外模拟消化  /  健康风险评估
Objective

To assess the content of heavy metals lead and cadmium in mantis shrimp and Chinese mitten crab sold in Suzhou, as well as the dietary exposure and health risks associated with passive intake of these metals through consumption of these two seafood products.

Methods

An in vitro experiment was conducted to simulate the human digestive process, measuring the levels of lead and cadmium in simulated gastric and intestinal digestion extracts, and calculating their bio accessibility. The dietary exposure and health risks of lead and cadmium in the two seafood products were evaluated using exposure boundary ratios, non-carcinogenic hazard coefficients, and target carcinogenic risk indices.

Results

Among the tested seafood products, lead levels were within acceptable limits, while cadmium exceeded the limit in four samples. After treatment with simulated gastric digestion fluid, the bio accessibility data for cadmium and lead were 59.1% to 87.5% and 19.9% to 46.0%, respectively. Following treatment with simulated intestinal digestion fluid, the bio accessibility data for cadmium and lead were 20.5% to 45.1% and 18.1% to 38.2%,respectively. The dietary exposure limits for lead and cadmium in both seafood products were greater than 1.8, the noncarcinogenic hazard coefficients were below the safety benchmark of 1.0, and the target carcinogenic risk was no greater than 5.00×10-5 per year.

Conclusion

The dietary exposure risk of lead and cadmium in the two seafood products does not have a significant impact on human health, and both non-carcinogenic and target carcinogenic risks are within acceptable limits.

Mantis shrimp and Chinese mitten crab  /  Lead  /  Cadmium  /  In vitro simulated digestion  /  Health risk assessment
姚雪漫, 夏瑜, 马晓艳, 蒋建荣, 王欣, 张秋萍. 苏州市市售虾蛄和梭子蟹中铅镉的膳食暴露及健康风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (11) : 1969 -1973 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501313
Xue-man YAO, Yu XIA, Xiao-yan MA, Jian-rong JIANG, Xin WANG, Qiu-ping ZHANG. Dietary exposure and health risk assessment of lead and cadmium in market-sold mantis shrimp and Chinese mitten crab in Suzhou[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (11) : 1969 -1973 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501313
水产品味道鲜美,富含优质蛋白,脂肪和胆固醇含量较低,是健康饮食的重要来源。然而,随着沿海地区城镇化、农业养殖集成化,产生了大量污染物被排入海洋[1],尤其是铅、镉等重金属不可避免地进入海洋生物体内,经食物链富集、传递后进入人体,从而危害人体健康。
近年来,屡屡报出虾蛄、海蟹等海洋水产品中铅、镉超标[2-4],引起公众对食用安全的关注。在2023年施行的《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量(GB 2762-2022)》将海蟹、虾蛄的镉限量从0.5 mg/kg修订为3.0 mg/kg,国家标准提高6倍。很多消费者担心食用海蟹或虾蛄会产生健康风险。实际上,随饮食摄入的铅、镉需要从食品基质中解离、释放,溶解于可被胃肠内壁吸收的消化液才能进入人体循环,产生有害健康的威胁[5]。因此,需要综合考虑食物中铅、镉含量以及食物基质在胃肠道环境中能够自由解离出的铅、镉比例,即生物可给性数据,才能更加客观、准确地进行食用安全风险评估[6]。现有文献中,多以膳食金属总量为分析目标并开展风险评估[4,7],不能反应人体摄入后的吸收利用程度,可能高估对人体的危害,造成资源浪费。
为了解苏州市售虾蛄和梭子蟹中铅、镉可能引起的膳食暴露和健康风险,本研究以2022和2023年苏州市售虾蛄和梭子蟹各10批次为研究对象。首先,将样品置于模拟人体胃肠道环境的物理化学条件下,通过体外实验模拟人体消化的过程;其次,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定样品及胃、肠道模拟消化提取液中铅、镉含量,计算生物可给性数据;运用暴露边界比(margin of rxposure,MOE)、非致癌目标危害系数(target hzard qotient,THQ)和目标致癌风险指数(target cancer risk index,TRc)依次评价食品中铅、镉的膳食暴露风险及人体健康风险,以期能够更加真实、客观地预测食用安全风险,为市场的精准监管、限量标准的制修订提供质量安全控制的基础数据和理论支持,为公众提供有效的水产品食用建议。
2022-2023年的每年11-12月份,随机从苏州市农贸市场、商超采购虾蛄和梭子蟹各10批次,共计40份,每份样品不少于2 kg,清洗后取可食用部分,匀浆制样。
实验所用试剂为分析纯,碳酸氢钠、胃蛋白酶、浓盐酸、胰酶、胆酸钠、乳酸、冰醋酸采购自国药试剂;硝酸采购自苏州晶瑞公司;苹果酸钠、柠檬酸钠采购自阿拉丁试剂;金属标准溶液GSB04-1767-2004采购自国家有色金属及电子材料分析测试中心;大虾标准物质GBW10050采购自中国地质科学院地球物理化学勘察研究所。
实验所用主要仪器及耗材:美国Perkin Elmer公司的电感耦合等离子体质谱仪NexIONTM 350x;瑞士Mettler Toledo公司的电子分析天平AX204;上海一恒科学仪器公司的恒温振荡水槽DKZ-38;美国MIllipore公司的0.45 μm水系过滤膜。
以Ruby等人[8]提出的经典方法为基础配制模拟消化液,按照作者已建立的体外模拟消化实验方法[6],对虾蛄和梭子蟹样品进行实验处理。
铅、镉的测定参考《食品安全国家标准食品中多元素的测定(GB 5009.268—2016)》中第一法。以模拟消化提取液中金属含量与对应样品中金属含量值的百分数表示生物可给性数据。模拟消化提取液中金属含量的计算见公式(1)。
其中:Civ为模拟消化提取液中金属含量,mg/kg;ρ为模拟消化提取液中金属质量浓度,μg/L;ρ0为空白实验中金属质量浓度,μg/L;V为模拟消化液的体积,40 ml;m为样品质量,g。
基于点评估模型,通过计算MOE评估水产品中铅、镉的膳食暴露潜在风险。MOE值与膳食暴露风险呈负相关,即有害污染物铅、镉的健康指导值或基准剂量值与人群实际摄入量越接近,健康危害越大[9]。MOE计算公式分别见公式(2)和公式(3)。
式中,Exp为年均膳食污染物暴露量,μg/(kg·体重);C为样品中金属含量,mg/kg;M为虾蛄或梭子蟹的年均食用消费量,kg;WAB为人体重量,kg;式中参数来源见表1。由表1的前三项数据参数可推知2022年江苏省甲壳类水产品人均年食用消费量鲜重为7.57 kg,由于甲壳类的含肉率在30%~50%之间[10],以40%计,据此可得江苏省甲壳类水产品人均年食用量为3.03 kg,人体重量以男女均值65 kg计。
基于美国环境保护总署(USEPA)发布的化学污染物健康风险评估模型,计算THQ,并以生物可给性数据作为胃、肠吸收系数,代入模型公式,评估人群因食用虾蛄和梭子蟹被动摄入的铅、镉对人体产生的非致癌健康危害[12,14]。在THQ值大于1时,表明对暴露人群没有显著的非致癌健康危害,反之,则具有非致癌健康风险[15]。THQ计算见公式(4)。
公式中:C为样品中金属含量,mg/kg;ABS为胃、肠吸收系数;M为虾蛄或梭子蟹的年均食用消费量,以3.03 kg计;ED为虾蛄或梭子蟹的暴露年数,根据江苏省统计局发布的苏州市人口平均预期寿命80.29岁[16],以80年计;AT为两种水产品的平均接触天数,80年×365 d;WAB为人体重量,以65 kg计;RfD为日均口服参考剂量,由镉的PTMI值和铅的基准剂量值计算得RfD分别为0.000 83和0.001 2 mg/(kg·d·体重)[17]
基于USEPA暴露剂量-反应外推模型,计算年均致癌风险TRC,同时,用生物可给性数据对日均暴露剂量加以校正,评估人群在一年之中基于接触目标致癌物而增加的患癌概率,即年度超额风险度[18]。国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的TRC最大可接受水平为5.00×10-5/年[12],USEPA致癌风险评价指南推荐的TRC水平为1.00×10-4/年[18]。TRC计算公式见公式(5)和公式(6)。
公式中:D为铅、镉随膳食摄入的日均暴露量,mg/(kg·d·体重);Exp为年均膳食污染物暴露量,μg/(kg·体重);TRC为年均致癌风险,/年;q为致癌强度系数,镉的q值为6.1 (kg·d)/mg[18],铅的q值为0.008 5 (kg·d)/mg[19];N为人均预期寿命,以80年计。
虾蛄和梭子蟹样品中铅、镉含量测定值见表2,所检40份样品中,铅含量均没有超标,镉含量超标4份。大虾标准物质中铅、镉含量的测定值在给定范围内,相对标准偏差小于5%,符合质量控制要求。
使用SPSS 24软件对两个年份采集的样品、模拟胃肠消化提取液中铅、镉含量均值分别进行t检验,按α=0.05水准,显示两年间同类水产品中同种金属的含量或溶出量不存在显著性差别,因此将两年间数据合并统计于表3
在模拟胃消化提取液中,两种水产样品的镉含量为0.303~2.89 mg/kg,生物可给性数据的均值分别为75.4%和71.1%;在模拟消肠消化提取液中镉含量为0.129~1.17 mg/kg,生物可给性数据均值分别为32.9%和29.9%。由于模拟胃消化液的pH值(1.5±0.1)较低,其中大量存在的H+直接和镉离子竞争络合位点,从而导致大量镉离子释放到消化液中,使其中镉含量较高,模拟肠消化液的pH值(7.0±0.1)偏弱碱性,使镉离子沉淀,含量降低[20]
两种水产品在模拟胃消化提取液中的铅含量不高于0.05 mg/kg,生物可给性数据均值分别为33.8%和28.7%;模拟肠消化提取液中铅含量不高于0.030 3 mg/kg,生物可给性数据均值分别为32.0%和28.4%。铅的生物可给性数据在两段模拟消化过程中没有显著差异,一方面由于从模拟胃阶段到模拟肠阶段体系的pH值升高,导致部分溶解态铅出现沉淀,使模拟肠消化提取液中铅含量降低;另一方面通过不断地蠕动消化,食物组织进一步被模拟肠胃蠕动的振荡机械力和消化液等破坏,会导致模拟肠提取液中铅的溶出量增加[21],与pH值升高所导致的铅沉淀量存在一定的消抵,甚至可能出现模拟肠阶段铅的生物可给性高于模拟胃阶段的情况。
评估膳食暴露风险的MOE值见表4,其中膳食污染物暴露量Exp分别以样品中铅、镉含量均值和最大值计。两种水产品的铅、镉MOE值均大于1.8,说明食用虾蛄或梭子蟹而被动摄入的铅、镉所引起的膳食暴露风险较低,由此引起的健康风险在安全范围[9]
评估非致癌健康风险的THQ值见表5,胃、肠吸收系数ABS以对应的生物可给性数据平均值计。虾蛄和梭子蟹样品中镉的THQ值较高,均值分别为0.352和0.282,按所检样品中镉含量最大值3.44 mg/kg计算出的THQ值达0.495;铅的THQ值均不大于0.014 3。考虑摄食之后人体胃、肠的吸收利用情况,用生物可给性数据校正后,所得THQ值远低于安全限值1.0。总体来看,通过食用虾蛄和梭子蟹而摄入的铅、镉所引起的非致癌健康风险可接受,食用安全性可接受。
虾蛄和梭子蟹样品中镉的年均致癌风险TRC平均值分别为2.23×10-5/年、1.78×10-5/年,最大值不超过3.35×10-5/年;经生物可给性数据校正后,镉的TRC值不超过2.38×10-5/年,低于ICRP和USEPA的建议风险水平,见表6;两种水产品中铅的TRC值最大不超过1.82×10-9/年,远低于USEPA规定的指导安全水平TRC<10-6/年,即小于1/100万的发病率,风险可忽略不计。
在平均膳食暴露和高端膳食暴露量下,虾蛄和梭子蟹中铅、镉的TRC值都在推荐可接受风险范围内(<10-4),表明通过食用这两种水产品而摄入的致癌污染物铅、镉所引起食用人群年度超额患癌概率较低,评估所得的目标致癌健康风险位于可接受范围。
本文对2022-2023年苏州市售的40份虾蛄和梭子蟹样品中铅、镉含量进行分析,并通过体外实验模拟人体消化的过程,测定两种水产品的生物可给性数据。所检水产品中铅含量没有超标,镉含量有4份超标。虾蛄和梭子蟹样品经体外模拟胃消化液处理后,镉、铅的生物可给性数据分别为59.1%~87.5%、19.9%~46.0%;经体外模拟肠消化液处理后,镉、铅的生物可给性数据分别为20.5%~45.1%、18.1%~38.2%。
膳食暴露和健康风险评估显示,两种水产品中铅、镉的膳食暴露风险对人体健康没有显著影响,非致癌健康风险和目标致癌风险也都在可接受风险范围内。受样品数量限制,风险分析所依据样本量较小,使研究有一定局限性,在今后的工作中,将持续关注这两种水产品中铅、镉的膳食暴露风险,不断充实数据内容,以提高健康风险评估的可靠性。
  • 江苏省苏州市科技计划项目(SKY2022210)
  • 江苏省食品安全风险检测重点实验室(非法添加领域)资助
  • 预防医学及血地寄防科研课题面上项目(Ym2023076)
  • 苏州市卫健委科教强卫面上项目(MSXM2024035)
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2025年第52卷第11期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501313
  • 接收时间:2025-01-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-18
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江苏省苏州市科技计划项目(SKY2022210)
江苏省食品安全风险检测重点实验室(非法添加领域)资助
预防医学及血地寄防科研课题面上项目(Ym2023076)
苏州市卫健委科教强卫面上项目(MSXM2024035)
作者信息
    1.苏州市疾病预防控制中心,江苏 苏州 215131
    2.江苏省食品安全风险监测重点实验室(非法添加领域),江苏 苏州 215131

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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