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Article(id=1241034443440320828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241034441380917539, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502203, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739376000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773815268621, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773815268621, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773815268621, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815268621, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241034441380917539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='11', pageStart='1921', pageEnd='2112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773815268130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815340947, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241034746873049765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241034441380917539, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241034746873049766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241034441380917539, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2034, endPage=2039, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241034444199489883, articleId=1241034443440320828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of health examination results for elderly individuals aged ≥ 65 in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the prevalence of health abnormalities detected in health examinations of elderly individuals aged ≥65 in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023.

Methods

This study extracted health examination records of all participants aged ≥65 who underwent free health check-ups as part of the National Basic Public Health Service Project in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023.The prevalence rates of single, dual, and triple health abnormalities were described, and the co-occurrence rates of two diseases were analyzed by gender and age groups.

Results

A total of 1 194 927 health examination records were reviewed from 2021 to 2023, showing an overall increasing trend in the detection rate of health abnormalities among the elderly, which remained high.The detection rate for overweight or obesity ranked first, ranging from 59.0% to 59.5% during this period. The highest co-occurrence rate was observed for overweight or obesity combined with dyslipidemia or abnormal blood lipids, ranging from 34.3%to 35.3%. Overall, females and individuals aged 75 and older exhibited higher health risks. Furthermore, the highest cooccurrence of three health abnormalities was found in individuals with overweight or obesity, electrocardiogram abnormalities, and dyslipidemia or abnormal blood lipids, with a detection rate of 19.2% to 20.1%.

Conclusion

Among elderly individuals aged ≥65,the highest detection rate was for overweight or obesity, which frequently coexists with other chronic diseases. There is a pressing need to focus on women and older seniors. Public health institutions at the grassroots level should enhance health management for early detection, intervention, and treatment of key diseases and populations.

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目的

了解2021—2023年深圳市≥65岁老年人健康体检异常状况的检出情况。

方法

本研究基于2021—2023年深圳市国家基本公共卫生服务项目中所有参与免费健康体检的≥65岁老年人，提取其体检记录中的健康异常状况，分别描述单个、两种及三种健康异常状况共存的检出率，并对性别和年龄分组中两种疾病共存的检出率进行描述。

结果

2021—2023年共计1 194 927人次健康体检记录中，老年人健康异常检出率整体呈现上升并维持高位的趋势。其中，超重或肥胖检出率顺位第一，2021—2023年检出率为59.0%～59.5%。超重或肥胖+高脂血症或血脂异常两种共存的检出率最高，为34.3%～35.3%。整体而言，女性和75岁及以上的老年人健康风险更高。此外，三种健康异常状态共存比例最高的为超重或肥胖+心电图异常+高脂血症或血脂异常，检出率为19.2%～20.1%。

结论

≥65岁老年人健康体检中超重或肥胖检出率最高，而且与其他慢病共存情况最多。女性和高龄老年人更应该被关注。基层公共卫生机构应做好重点疾病和人群早发现、早干预、早治疗的健康管理。

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王奕婧，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ujIsj3X8oRZ2fhkHHnSd1g==, magXml=VNMbPrI6LBdjYCpN+eWeew==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Um18MsqwI3r908br/3Yn3A==, pdfFileSize=1170609, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=+ADkn5Dl53TkyELU9cJ/8g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=S+TpkP9bROHBNCh7FtIhXg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

蔡欢乐（1999—），男，本科，无职称，研究方向：卫生统计方法、社区卫生服务

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蔡欢乐（1999—），男，本科，无职称，研究方向：卫生统计方法、社区卫生服务

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蔡欢乐（1999—），男，本科，无职称，研究方向：卫生统计方法、社区卫生服务

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articleId=1241034443440320828, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050825867449271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, companyId=1241050825859060659, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.广东医科大学公共卫生学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241050826047804349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050826056192960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, companyId=1241050826047804349, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.北京大学公众健康与重大疫情防控战略研究中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241050826223965124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241050826236548039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, companyId=1241050826223965124, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.重大疾病流行病学教育部重点实验室（北京大学）)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241050835908612441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Trend of changes in the top ten co-existing two abnormal health conditions of physical examination elderly people aged 65 and above in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023 (detection rate, %), figureFileSmall=ivYMGcSH8g+IYIGeEdM5ng==, figureFileBig=BYAhGlLkdnq9F6A6fc5/hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050836072190308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2021—2023年深圳市65岁以上体检老年人前十位两种健康异常共存情况变化趋势（检出率，%）, figureFileSmall=ivYMGcSH8g+IYIGeEdM5ng==, figureFileBig=BYAhGlLkdnq9F6A6fc5/hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050836244156786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Gender differences in the trend of changes in the top ten co-existing two abnormal health conditions of physical examination elderly people aged 65 and above in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023 (detection rate, %), figureFileSmall=FJRfBaPpoFnouXbUZ9S4Ug==, figureFileBig=wLEaxEsDLGr12XdRIfdqHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050836428706169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2021—2023年深圳市65岁以上体检老年人前十位两种健康异常共存情况变化趋势的性别差异（检出率，%）, figureFileSmall=FJRfBaPpoFnouXbUZ9S4Ug==, figureFileBig=wLEaxEsDLGr12XdRIfdqHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050836697141634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Age differences in the trend of changes in the top ten co-existing two abnormal health conditions of physical examination elderly people aged 65 and above in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023 (detection rate, %), figureFileSmall=tOqgcJI6YnQ9TXNN0eqQrQ==, figureFileBig=S2uRnm/LR1T3IIuMZFSb2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050836919439755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2021—2023年深圳市65岁以上体检老年人前十位两种健康异常共存情况变化趋势的年龄差异（检出率，%）, figureFileSmall=tOqgcJI6YnQ9TXNN0eqQrQ==, figureFileBig=S2uRnm/LR1T3IIuMZFSb2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050837221429650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Trend of changes in the top ten co-existing three abnormal health conditions of physical examination elderly people aged 65 and above in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023 (detection rate, %), figureFileSmall=gk0FfLk3KzR2LvAKY0Ng3w==, figureFileBig=7zwiHM01DJkLx1mX7dZ+ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050837506642326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2021—2023年深圳市65岁以上体检老年人前十位三种健康异常共存情况变化趋势(检出率，%), figureFileSmall=gk0FfLk3KzR2LvAKY0Ng3w==, figureFileBig=7zwiHM01DJkLx1mX7dZ+ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050837716357536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information of physical examination elderly people aged 65 and above in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023 ［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本信息2021年(n=304 065)2022年(n=373 118)2023年(n=517 744)
性别
男135 262(44.5)166 769(44.7)230 812(44.6)
女168 802(55.5)206 348(55.3)286 930(55.4)
年龄段（岁）
65～69117 665(38.7)167 313(44.8)254 875(49.2)
70～74107 393(35.3)119 997(32.2)152 873(29.5)
75～7945 498(15.0)49 669(13.3)63 565(12.3)
80～8421 268(7.0)23 059(6.2)2 960(5.7)
85～899 576(3.1)10 251(2.7)13 174(2.5)
90～2 665(0.9)2 829(0.8)3 655(0.7)
户籍类型
深圳112 985(37.2)124 805(33.4)150 741(29.1)
非深圳191 075(62.8)248 306(66.5)366 996(70.9)
文化程度
文盲或半文盲16 655(5.5)21 452(5.7)31 598(6.1)
小学96 953(31.9)120 829(32.4)170 896(33.0)
初中82 326(27.1)101 349(27.2)140 374(27.1)
高中70 768(23.3)85 352(22.9)116 887(22.6)
大专及以上37 352(12.3)44 124(11.8)57 921(11.2)
离退休前最后工作职业
有职业148 065（48.7）170 226（45.6）219 046（42.3）
无职业156 000(51.3)202 892(54.4)298 698(57.7)
婚姻状况
未婚200(0.1)282(0.1)564(0.1)
已婚292 449(96.2)359 001(96.2)498 066(96.2)
离婚705(0.2)848(0.2)1 080(0.2)
丧偶10 606(3.5)12 837(3.4)17 745(3.4)
), ArticleFig(id=1241050837837992358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2021—2023年深圳市65岁及以上体检老年人基本信息［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本信息2021年(n=304 065)2022年(n=373 118)2023年(n=517 744)
性别
男135 262(44.5)166 769(44.7)230 812(44.6)
女168 802(55.5)206 348(55.3)286 930(55.4)
年龄段（岁）
65～69117 665(38.7)167 313(44.8)254 875(49.2)
70～74107 393(35.3)119 997(32.2)152 873(29.5)
75～7945 498(15.0)49 669(13.3)63 565(12.3)
80～8421 268(7.0)23 059(6.2)2 960(5.7)
85～899 576(3.1)10 251(2.7)13 174(2.5)
90～2 665(0.9)2 829(0.8)3 655(0.7)
户籍类型
深圳112 985(37.2)124 805(33.4)150 741(29.1)
非深圳191 075(62.8)248 306(66.5)366 996(70.9)
文化程度
文盲或半文盲16 655(5.5)21 452(5.7)31 598(6.1)
小学96 953(31.9)120 829(32.4)170 896(33.0)
初中82 326(27.1)101 349(27.2)140 374(27.1)
高中70 768(23.3)85 352(22.9)116 887(22.6)
大专及以上37 352(12.3)44 124(11.8)57 921(11.2)
离退休前最后工作职业
有职业148 065（48.7）170 226（45.6）219 046（42.3）
无职业156 000(51.3)202 892(54.4)298 698(57.7)
婚姻状况
未婚200(0.1)282(0.1)564(0.1)
已婚292 449(96.2)359 001(96.2)498 066(96.2)
离婚705(0.2)848(0.2)1 080(0.2)
丧偶10 606(3.5)12 837(3.4)17 745(3.4)
), ArticleFig(id=1241050837993181613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in the ranking of the top ten abnormal health conditions of physical examination elderly people aged 65 and above in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
顺位2021年2022年2023年
健康异常检出率（%）健康异常检出率（%）健康异常检出率（%）
1超重或肥胖59.5超重或肥胖59.4超重或肥胖59.0
2高脂血症或血脂异常55.7高脂血症或血脂异常57.2心电图异常57.2
3心电图异常51.6心电图异常54.9高脂血症或血脂异常55.8
4高血压或血压偏高47.6高血压或血压偏高52.6高血压或血压偏高52.4
5糖尿病或血糖偏高33.9脂肪肝33.5脂肪肝36.3
6脂肪肝31.4尿常规异常32.2糖尿病或血糖偏高34.0
7尿常规异常31.2糖尿病或血糖偏高32.0尿常规异常31.4
8尿酸偏高26.4尿酸偏高28.5尿酸偏高28.2
9肾囊肿16.0肾囊肿18.1肾囊肿19.9
10龋齿15.0龋齿14.7龋齿14.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241050838181925305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241034443440320828, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2021—2023年深圳市65岁及以上体检老年人前十位健康异常情况顺位变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
顺位2021年2022年2023年
健康异常检出率（%）健康异常检出率（%）健康异常检出率（%）
1超重或肥胖59.5超重或肥胖59.4超重或肥胖59.0
2高脂血症或血脂异常55.7高脂血症或血脂异常57.2心电图异常57.2
3心电图异常51.6心电图异常54.9高脂血症或血脂异常55.8
4高血压或血压偏高47.6高血压或血压偏高52.6高血压或血压偏高52.4
5糖尿病或血糖偏高33.9脂肪肝33.5脂肪肝36.3
6脂肪肝31.4尿常规异常32.2糖尿病或血糖偏高34.0
7尿常规异常31.2糖尿病或血糖偏高32.0尿常规异常31.4
8尿酸偏高26.4尿酸偏高28.5尿酸偏高28.2
9肾囊肿16.0肾囊肿18.1肾囊肿19.9
10龋齿15.0龋齿14.7龋齿14.8
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2021—2023年深圳市国家基本公共卫生服务项目≥65岁老年人健康体检结果分析
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蔡欢乐 1 , 王奕婧 2 , 孙诺敏 1 , 席俊彦 1 , 明睿琦 3 , 顾菁 1 , 刘刚 2 , 郝元涛 4, 5
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025,52(11): 2034-2039
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025, 52(11): 2034-2039
2021—2023年深圳市国家基本公共卫生服务项目≥65岁老年人健康体检结果分析
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蔡欢乐1, 王奕婧2 , 孙诺敏1, 席俊彦1, 明睿琦3, 顾菁1, 刘刚2, 郝元涛4, 5
作者信息
  • 1.中山大学公共卫生学院，广东 广州 510000
  • 2.深圳市疾病预防控制中心，广东 深圳 518000
  • 3.广东医科大学公共卫生学院
  • 4.北京大学公众健康与重大疫情防控战略研究中心
  • 5.重大疾病流行病学教育部重点实验室（北京大学）

    • 蔡欢乐（1999—），男，本科，无职称，研究方向：卫生统计方法、社区卫生服务

通讯作者:

王奕婧，E-mail:
Analysis of health examination results for elderly individuals aged ≥ 65 in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023
Huan-le CAI1, Yi-jing WANG2 , Nuo-min SUN1, Jun-yan XI1, Rui-qi MING3, Jing GU1, Gang LIU2, Yuan-tao HAO4, 5
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502203
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摘要
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目的

了解2021—2023年深圳市≥65岁老年人健康体检异常状况的检出情况。

方法

本研究基于2021—2023年深圳市国家基本公共卫生服务项目中所有参与免费健康体检的≥65岁老年人，提取其体检记录中的健康异常状况，分别描述单个、两种及三种健康异常状况共存的检出率，并对性别和年龄分组中两种疾病共存的检出率进行描述。

结果

2021—2023年共计1 194 927人次健康体检记录中，老年人健康异常检出率整体呈现上升并维持高位的趋势。其中，超重或肥胖检出率顺位第一，2021—2023年检出率为59.0%～59.5%。超重或肥胖+高脂血症或血脂异常两种共存的检出率最高，为34.3%～35.3%。整体而言，女性和75岁及以上的老年人健康风险更高。此外，三种健康异常状态共存比例最高的为超重或肥胖+心电图异常+高脂血症或血脂异常，检出率为19.2%～20.1%。

结论

≥65岁老年人健康体检中超重或肥胖检出率最高，而且与其他慢病共存情况最多。女性和高龄老年人更应该被关注。基层公共卫生机构应做好重点疾病和人群早发现、早干预、早治疗的健康管理。

老年人  /  深圳  /  国家基本公共卫生服务  /  健康体检  /  共病
Objective

To understand the prevalence of health abnormalities detected in health examinations of elderly individuals aged ≥65 in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023.

Methods

This study extracted health examination records of all participants aged ≥65 who underwent free health check-ups as part of the National Basic Public Health Service Project in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023.The prevalence rates of single, dual, and triple health abnormalities were described, and the co-occurrence rates of two diseases were analyzed by gender and age groups.

Results

A total of 1 194 927 health examination records were reviewed from 2021 to 2023, showing an overall increasing trend in the detection rate of health abnormalities among the elderly, which remained high.The detection rate for overweight or obesity ranked first, ranging from 59.0% to 59.5% during this period. The highest co-occurrence rate was observed for overweight or obesity combined with dyslipidemia or abnormal blood lipids, ranging from 34.3%to 35.3%. Overall, females and individuals aged 75 and older exhibited higher health risks. Furthermore, the highest cooccurrence of three health abnormalities was found in individuals with overweight or obesity, electrocardiogram abnormalities, and dyslipidemia or abnormal blood lipids, with a detection rate of 19.2% to 20.1%.

Conclusion

Among elderly individuals aged ≥65,the highest detection rate was for overweight or obesity, which frequently coexists with other chronic diseases. There is a pressing need to focus on women and older seniors. Public health institutions at the grassroots level should enhance health management for early detection, intervention, and treatment of key diseases and populations.

Elderly  /  Shenzhen  /  National basic public health services  /  Health examination  /  Comorbidity
蔡欢乐, 王奕婧, 孙诺敏, 席俊彦, 明睿琦, 顾菁, 刘刚, 郝元涛. 2021—2023年深圳市国家基本公共卫生服务项目≥65岁老年人健康体检结果分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (11) : 2034 -2039 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502203
Huan-le CAI, Yi-jing WANG, Nuo-min SUN, Jun-yan XI, Rui-qi MING, Jing GU, Gang LIU, Yuan-tao HAO. Analysis of health examination results for elderly individuals aged ≥ 65 in Shenzhen from 2021 to 2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (11) : 2034 -2039 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502203
正文
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随着社会和经济的迅速发展，我国已步入深度老龄化的社会，表现出老年人口众多，老龄化速度快等特点[1]。老年人健康管理是国家基本公共卫生服务项目的重点项目之一，其每年将为社区常住老年人提供一次免费体检。老年人体检有助于早期发现潜在疾病、评估健康状况、制定个性化的保健方案，从而有效预防疾病、延缓衰老、提高生活质量和延长健康寿命[2]。本研究拟对2021—2023年间深圳市每年≥65岁老年人健康体检结果展开分析，为了解老年人整体健康状况以及制定针对性的健康管理措施提供证据支持。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　研究对象
本研究纳入2021—2023年深圳市国家基本公共卫生服务项目中老年人健康管理项目的全部参与免费体检的老年人。纳入标准：年龄在65岁及以上者；完成了所有的体检项目。最终共纳入2021—2023年共计1 194 927人次健康体检记录。本研究已获得深圳市疾病预防控制中心科技伦理审查委员会的批准（批准号：SZCDC-IRB2024076），所有参与者均签署了知情同意书。
1.2　研究方法
健康体检依据深圳市老年人健康管理服务规范中有关老年人健康管理的要求开展。体检开始前，社区工作人员会电话通知辖区内常住老年人前往指定社区健康服务中心参加免费体检。体检由培训合格的全科医生负责，并在体检结束后，进行健康评估，将体检结果规范化地记录在居民电子健康档案中。本研究收集了所有人次的健康体检结果记录，提取体检记录中健康评价部分所记录的健康异常状态，作为老年人是否存在该健康异常的判断依据。若从健康体检记录的提取结果中，两种异常状态均存在，那么即为共存状态。
1.3　统计学方法
采用R软件（4.4.0版本）进行统计分析。计数资料描述其例数和百分比。健康异常状态顺位排序后展示其比例最高的前十位。本研究还进一步探索了前十种比例最高的两种健康异常状态共存顺位情况在性别、年龄中的差异，以及三种健康异常状态共存的顺位情况。
2　结果
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2.1　每年参与体检老年人基本情况
2021—2023年深圳市接受健康体检的≥65岁健康管理老年人（简称体检老年人）呈现逐年上升的趋势，从2021年的304 065人增长至2023年的517 744人；其中，各年男性比例为44.5%～44.7%，女性占比55.3%～55.5%。65～69岁体检老年人呈现逐年单调增加的趋势，从2021年的117 665人（占比38.7%）增长至2023年的254 875人(占比49.2%)，其余各年龄段基本呈现逐年单调下降趋势。体检老年人2021—2023年的基本特征见表1。
2.2　各年健康体检异常顺位前十情况
2021—2023年深圳市65岁及以上体检老年人健康体检异常检出率最高的为超重或肥胖，2021—2023年检出率为59.0%～59.5%，三年整体情况基本维持稳定，检出率在59.0%以上。除超重或肥胖外，本研究发现高脂血症或血脂异常、心电图异常、高血压或血压偏高三种健康体检异常状况的检出率较高。高脂血症或血脂异常的检出率保持在55.0%以上。心电图异常的检出率整体呈现上升趋势，从2021年的51.6%上升至2023年的57.2%。此外，高血压或血压偏高的检出率保持在50%左右，且常年维持在顺位第四。各年顺位前十的健康体检异常状态基本维持不变。2021—2023年深圳市65岁及以上体检老年人前十位健康体检异常检出率见表2。
2.3　各年健康体检两种异常状态共存顺位前十情况
2021—2023年深圳市65岁以上体检老年人前十位两种健康异常共存情况见图1。总体而言，体检老年人健康体检两种异常状态共存的检出率基本维持稳定。两种健康异常状态共存比例最高的为超重或肥胖+高脂血症或血脂异常，2021—2023年两者共存检出率在为34.3%～35.3%，其中2022年检出率最高。各年健康体检结果中与超重或肥胖共存的健康异常状态前十位中共计占五个，从高到低分别为高脂血症或血脂异常、心电图异常、高血压或血压偏高、脂肪肝、糖尿病或血糖偏高。与高脂血症或血脂异常共存的健康异常状态前十位中也共计占五个，从高到低分别为超重或肥胖、心电图异常、高血压或血压偏高、脂肪肝、糖尿病或血糖偏高。
不同性别的健康异常状态共存情况如图2所示。其中，男性人群中两种健康异常状态共存比例最高为超重或肥胖+心电图异常，为31.0%～34.4%。女性人群中两种健康异常状态共存比例最高为超重或肥胖+高脂血症或血脂异常，为37.5%～38.5%。相较而言，女性健康体检两种异常状态检出率整体高于男性。在男性中，与超重或肥胖共存的健康异常状态最多，前十位中共占六个；而女性中，与高脂血症或血脂异常共存的健康异常状态最多，前十位中共占六个。
不同年龄段的健康异常状态共存情况如图3所示。其中，65～74岁体检老年人中，两种健康异常状态共存比例最高为超重或肥胖+高脂血症或血脂异常，为35.0%～36.1%；而75岁及以上体检老年人中比例最高为超重或肥胖+心电图异常，为34.4%～37.6%。65～74岁体检老年人中，与超重或肥胖以及高脂血症或血脂异常共存的健康异常状态种类并列最多，前十位中均存在五个；75岁及以上体检老年人中，与超重或肥胖共存的健康异常状态最多，前十位中共占六个。
2.4　各年健康体检三种异常状态共存顺位前十情况
2021—2023年深圳市65岁以上体检老年人前十位三种健康异常共存情况见图4。整体而言，三种健康异常状态共存比例较高的为超重或肥胖+心电图异常+高脂血症或血脂异常以及超重或肥胖+高脂血症或血脂异常+高血压或血压偏高。其中，超重或肥胖+心电图异常+高脂血症或血脂异常三年间的检出率为19.2%～20.1%，超重或肥胖+高脂血症或血脂异常+高血压或血压偏高三年间的检出率为18.4%～20.5%。在各年的健康体检结果中，超重或肥胖与其他健康异常状态共存的情况最为多见。在各年前十位的三种健康异常共存的检出结果中，出现了十种类型。三种健康异常状态共存的类型中，不包含超重或肥胖的情况分别为：心电图异常+高脂血症或血脂异常+高血压或血压偏高、高脂血症或血脂异常+高血压或血压偏高+脂肪肝。
3　讨论
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本研究对2021—2023年深圳市所有65岁及以上体检老年人每年参加国家基本公共卫生服务中免费健康体检的结果进行了多角度的描述性分析。研究发现，65岁及以上老年人的健康体检异常整体检出率基本维持稳定，其中以超重或肥胖比率最高，为59.0%～59.5%。超重或肥胖+高脂血症或血脂异常共同被检出的比率在两种健康体检异常共存的检出率中最高，前十位的两种健康体检异常检出率在不同性别和年龄段的人群中不同。此外，我们进一步的分析发现，超重或肥胖+心电图异常+高脂血症或血脂异常以及超重或肥胖+高脂血症或血脂异常+高血压或血压偏高在三种健康体检异常状态共存的检出率中占比较高。
本研究发现65岁及以上老年人的整体健康异常检出率呈现出上升并稳定高位的趋势，这与之前的研究结果是相似的[3-6]。可能的原因：一是我国社会人口老龄化加剧[7]，由于老年人体身体机能和多种器官功能的减弱[4]，随着高龄群体的比例不断升高，人群中老年人健康体检异常检出率将不断增加；二是现代社会老年人可能存在更多的不良生活方式，例如饮食不均衡、缺乏运动、吸烟、过量饮酒等[8]，这些因素都会导致老年人健康受到影响。此外，随着医疗技术的进步，诊疗手段的灵敏度不断提高，能够发现更多的潜在健康问题，从而导致老年人健康体检异常检出率上升。因此，进一步完善老年人健康管理项目，定期为老年人进行健康体检，加强老年人的健康教育与健康促进，对防治老年人健康问题具有重要的公共卫生意义。
本研究发现超重或肥胖检出率在所有健康异常中比例最高，达59.5%，其与高脂血症或血脂异常共存所占比例在性别、年龄和全部老年人群均占据较高的水平，并且在三种健康异常状况共存情况中，其比例顺位前十也占据了最多的绝对数量。超重或肥胖近年来已经成为了老年人中显著的健康威胁之一[9-10]，在我国多个城市开展的老年人超重或肥胖的流行趋势研究均提示，我国老年群体的超重或肥胖流行率已高达50%～80%[11-12]，与本研究结果类似。超重或肥胖本身是一种慢性代谢性疾病，并会促进2型糖尿病、心脑血管疾病等多种慢性病的发生和发展，给老年人造成验证的健康经济负担[12-13]。此外，研究发现高脂血症或血脂异常的检出率仅次于超重或肥胖，最高达57.2%，并且是最常见的与其他健康异常共存的异常状态，这与之前的研究发现高血压、血脂异常、心电图异常等是最常见共病疾病种类的结论一致[14-15]。因此，应积极鼓励老年人控制体重和腰围，坚持均衡饮食、合理营养，加强体育锻炼，结合自身实际情况预防和控制肥胖及其相关疾病[12]。
此外，本研究在分性别的两种健康体检异常状况共存中发现，近三年女性健康异常检出比例最高的为超重或肥胖+高脂血症或血脂异常，而男性为超重或肥胖+心电图异常，且整体而言女性健康异常检出率高于男性。这一发现与之前有关研究的结果基本一致[14,16]，可能的原因：一是女性群体特有的风险因素如绝经、妊娠等，增加了其罹患上述疾病的可能性[17]；二是围绝经期后女性雌激素水平下降，可使高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平降低、胆固醇水平升高，从而增加其患高脂血症或血脂异常的风险[18]。在75岁以下和以上的老年人群中，整体上两者健康异常检出率接近，75岁以上者略偏高。这与深圳市福田区的一项研究结果类似，可能是在65～74岁发现健康异常后加强了自我健康管理，并且这也是75岁以上老年人长寿的原因[14]。因此，建议基层公共卫生机构关注重点人群，依据不同特征的人群健康异常状态共存模式的差别，对其患相关共病风险实施早期评估与个性化管理。此外，随着不同健康异常情况的检出率不断提高，共病问题将日益显著，基层医疗卫生工作人员也需适时转变理念，以慢性病共病模式作为参考证据，调整慢性病防治与管理策略，对慢性病共病模式的变化保持警惕[19-20]。
本研究存在一定的局限性。首先，本研究分析对象仅包含深圳市所有国家基本公共卫生服务项目中老年人健康管理项目建档的65岁及以上老年人，能够代表深圳市的情况，但结果外推至全国，甚至全老年人群时需谨慎。其次，本研究所分析的健康体检异常情况是来自老年人免费健康体检中全科医生的诊断记录，可能存在全科医生的诊断偏好而造成的偏倚。
基金
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  • “深圳市‘医疗卫生三名工程’项目(SZSM202311001)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第52卷第11期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502203
  • 接收时间：2025-02-13
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-06-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-13
基金
“深圳市‘医疗卫生三名工程’项目(SZSM202311001)
作者信息
    1.中山大学公共卫生学院，广东 广州 510000
    2.深圳市疾病预防控制中心，广东 深圳 518000
    3.广东医科大学公共卫生学院
    4.北京大学公众健康与重大疫情防控战略研究中心
    5.重大疾病流行病学教育部重点实验室（北京大学）

通讯作者:

王奕婧，E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502203
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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