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Article(id=1241025211303252698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241025201983508979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407231, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720800000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773813067507, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773813067507, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773813067507, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773813067507, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241025201983508979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='7', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773813065285, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815493878, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241035388320543403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241025201983508979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241035388320543404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241025201983508979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1263, endPage=1267, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241025211697517291, articleId=1241025211303252698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of provincial-level infant and toddler care service policies from the perspective of government attention allocation, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the focus and central aspects of government attention allocation in provincial-level infant and toddler care service policies in China to reveal the characteristics of provincial governments’ attention to various issues related to infant and toddler care services, providing a basis for rational allocation of government attention in the next phase and optimizing policy resources for these services.

Method

A total of 87 provincial-level government policies on infant and toddler care services issued from April 2018 to July 2023 were selected as the research subjects. The study primarily employed word frequency analysis and semantic network analysis to measure the direction and center of government attention allocation in the policy texts.

Results

The direction of government attention allocation in infant and toddler care policies across different regions was relatively consistent, with the top ten high-frequency words including “service”, “care”, “institution”, “infant and toddler”, “care”,“elderly”, and “health”. The central focus of attention allocation in the eastern, central, and western regions was “institution”,while the northeastern region showed a different central focus. The node with the highest intermediary centrality was “service”,followed by “infant and toddler” and “elderly” as secondary central nodes.

Conclusion

Provincial governments have placed excessive emphasis on services provided by care institutions, necessitating greater attention to the diversity of infant and toddler care service types. There is also a need to enhance focus on inclusive infant and toddler care services, with the northeastern region particularly requiring innovative models for the coordinated development of elderly and infant and toddler care services.

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目的

了解我国省级政府婴幼儿照护服务政策中政府注意力配置的指向和中心，揭示当前省级政府对婴幼儿照护服务不同议题的关注特征，为下一阶段政府注意力合理配置提供依据，从而优化婴幼儿照护服务的政策资源。

方法

选取2018年4月—2023年7月省级政府颁布的87份婴幼儿照护服务政策为研究对象，主要选择词频分析法、语义网络分析法实现对政策文本的政府注意力配置指向和中心的测量。

结果

不同地区婴幼儿照护政策中省级政府注意力配置的指向较为一致，尤其前十位的高频词均出现了“服务”“托育”“机构”“婴幼儿”“照护”“养老”“健康”这七个词。东部、中部和西部地区注意力配置的中心均为“机构”，东北地区政府注意力配置的中心与其他地区存在差异，中介中心度最高的节点为“服务”，“婴幼儿”和“养老”为次中心节点。

结论

省级政府注意力配置过于偏重托育机构提供的服务，需要进一步关注婴幼儿照护服务类型的多元性，并加强对普惠性婴幼儿照护服务的关注，东北地区尤其需要创新养老和婴幼儿照护统筹发展模式。

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江夏，E-mail:
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江夏（1986—），女，博士，副教授，研究方向：早期儿童政策

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China' s population development， changes and current situation，reference to data of the seventh population census[J]. Population and Development， 2021， 27(4): 74-88.(In Chinese), articleTitle=China' s population development， changes and current situation，reference to data of the seventh population census, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241025217028476981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025211303252698, awardId=21CSH060, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金青年项目(21CSH060), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241025212561543971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025211303252698, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241025212569932581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025211303252698, companyId=1241025212561543971, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241025212578321190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025211303252698, companyId=1241025212561543971, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=扬州大学教育科学学院，江苏 扬州 225002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241025215858267079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025211303252698, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Semantic network of high-frequency words in child care policies in Northeast China, figureFileSmall=EfGyCvblL6uQ5vi6u6iiqw==, figureFileBig=gtbXR9h5FFoeD+4gNC4bzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241025215937958862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025211303252698, language=CN, label=图1, caption=东北地区婴幼儿照护政策中高频词的语义网络, figureFileSmall=EfGyCvblL6uQ5vi6u6iiqw==, figureFileBig=gtbXR9h5FFoeD+4gNC4bzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241025216286086125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025211303252698, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Number of publications on child care policies in different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区发文总数（份）省均发文（份）
东北82.66
西部292.42
中部203.33
东部303.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241025216390943734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025211303252698, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同地区婴幼儿照护服务政策的发文数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区发文总数（份）省均发文（份）
东北82.66
西部292.42
中部203.33
东部303.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241025216483218428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025211303252698, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Top 20 high-frequency words in child care policies in different regions (partial)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
词频排序东北地区东部地区西部地区中部地区
词语词频词语词频词语词频词语词频
1服务640服务2 094服务1 995机构947
2机构512托育1 930托育1 477服务812
3托育491机构1 540机构1 458婴幼儿743
4婴幼儿425婴幼儿1 048婴幼儿1 369托育732
5养老407照护829养老1 364照护437
6照护297发展666照护909健康353
7健康261养老635发展732养老329
8发展253建设499健康626发展329
9卫生171健康435卫生469卫生286
10建设153支持431支持462应当258
11部门135提供407建设450管理229
12职责135管理390提供328工作210
13支持131工作365鼓励307建设192
14社区117加强350加强300部门180
15分工负责117指导340社区278加强179
16提供113部门327部门276安全174
17备案104卫生322管理268支持157
18管理103家庭300社会263托幼150
19应当102幼儿297单位252卫生保健146
20加强95社区289职责242备案141
), ArticleFig(id=1241025216579686406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025211303252698, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同地区婴幼儿照护政策前20位高频词（部分）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
词频排序东北地区东部地区西部地区中部地区
词语词频词语词频词语词频词语词频
1服务640服务2 094服务1 995机构947
2机构512托育1 930托育1 477服务812
3托育491机构1 540机构1 458婴幼儿743
4婴幼儿425婴幼儿1 048婴幼儿1 369托育732
5养老407照护829养老1 364照护437
6照护297发展666照护909健康353
7健康261养老635发展732养老329
8发展253建设499健康626发展329
9卫生171健康435卫生469卫生286
10建设153支持431支持462应当258
11部门135提供407建设450管理229
12职责135管理390提供328工作210
13支持131工作365鼓励307建设192
14社区117加强350加强300部门180
15分工负责117指导340社区278加强179
16提供113部门327部门276安全174
17备案104卫生322管理268支持157
18管理103家庭300社会263托幼150
19应当102幼儿297单位252卫生保健146
20加强95社区289职责242备案141
), ArticleFig(id=1241025216692932629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025211303252698, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Betweenness centrality ranking of high-frequency word co-occurrence networks in different regions (partial)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
次序东部中部西部东北
高频词中介中心度高频词中介中心度高频词中介中心度高频词中介中心度
1机构43.901机构103.623机构73.426服务112.216
2托育39.861管理69.584管理57.011婴幼儿77.113
3提供27.578服务53.138婴幼儿55.815养老58.370
4建设25.395婴幼儿50.824服务45.467加强58.042
5服务23.943开展40.034加强41.311机构46.201
6工作23.800工作37.065养老30.978支持42.712
7支持23.623托育34.664托育28.878管理38.051
8管理22.744养老34.645鼓励27.460托育37.033
9建立20.825部门29.368开展26.790工作31.355
10婴幼儿20.152建设26.910发展24.678部门30.133
), ArticleFig(id=1241025216822956064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025211303252698, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同地区高频词共现网络的中介中心度排序（部分）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
次序东部中部西部东北
高频词中介中心度高频词中介中心度高频词中介中心度高频词中介中心度
1机构43.901机构103.623机构73.426服务112.216
2托育39.861管理69.584管理57.011婴幼儿77.113
3提供27.578服务53.138婴幼儿55.815养老58.370
4建设25.395婴幼儿50.824服务45.467加强58.042
5服务23.943开展40.034加强41.311机构46.201
6工作23.800工作37.065养老30.978支持42.712
7支持23.623托育34.664托育28.878管理38.051
8管理22.744养老34.645鼓励27.460托育37.033
9建立20.825部门29.368开展26.790工作31.355
10婴幼儿20.152建设26.910发展24.678部门30.133
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政府注意力配置视角下的省级婴幼儿照护服务政策文本分析
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江夏 , 赵佳颖 , 董雅楠
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025,52(7): 1263-1267
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现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025, 52(7): 1263-1267
政府注意力配置视角下的省级婴幼儿照护服务政策文本分析
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江夏 , 赵佳颖, 董雅楠
作者信息
  • 扬州大学教育科学学院，江苏 扬州 225002

    • 江夏（1986—），女，博士，副教授，研究方向：早期儿童政策

通讯作者:

江夏，E-mail:
Analysis of provincial-level infant and toddler care service policies from the perspective of government attention allocation
Xia JIANG , Jia-ying ZHAO, Ya-nan DONG
Affiliations
  • School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407231
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摘要
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目的

了解我国省级政府婴幼儿照护服务政策中政府注意力配置的指向和中心，揭示当前省级政府对婴幼儿照护服务不同议题的关注特征，为下一阶段政府注意力合理配置提供依据，从而优化婴幼儿照护服务的政策资源。

方法

选取2018年4月—2023年7月省级政府颁布的87份婴幼儿照护服务政策为研究对象，主要选择词频分析法、语义网络分析法实现对政策文本的政府注意力配置指向和中心的测量。

结果

不同地区婴幼儿照护政策中省级政府注意力配置的指向较为一致，尤其前十位的高频词均出现了“服务”“托育”“机构”“婴幼儿”“照护”“养老”“健康”这七个词。东部、中部和西部地区注意力配置的中心均为“机构”，东北地区政府注意力配置的中心与其他地区存在差异，中介中心度最高的节点为“服务”，“婴幼儿”和“养老”为次中心节点。

结论

省级政府注意力配置过于偏重托育机构提供的服务，需要进一步关注婴幼儿照护服务类型的多元性，并加强对普惠性婴幼儿照护服务的关注，东北地区尤其需要创新养老和婴幼儿照护统筹发展模式。

婴幼儿照护服务  /  政府注意力  /  政策文本分析
Objective

To understand the focus and central aspects of government attention allocation in provincial-level infant and toddler care service policies in China to reveal the characteristics of provincial governments’ attention to various issues related to infant and toddler care services, providing a basis for rational allocation of government attention in the next phase and optimizing policy resources for these services.

Method

A total of 87 provincial-level government policies on infant and toddler care services issued from April 2018 to July 2023 were selected as the research subjects. The study primarily employed word frequency analysis and semantic network analysis to measure the direction and center of government attention allocation in the policy texts.

Results

The direction of government attention allocation in infant and toddler care policies across different regions was relatively consistent, with the top ten high-frequency words including “service”, “care”, “institution”, “infant and toddler”, “care”,“elderly”, and “health”. The central focus of attention allocation in the eastern, central, and western regions was “institution”,while the northeastern region showed a different central focus. The node with the highest intermediary centrality was “service”,followed by “infant and toddler” and “elderly” as secondary central nodes.

Conclusion

Provincial governments have placed excessive emphasis on services provided by care institutions, necessitating greater attention to the diversity of infant and toddler care service types. There is also a need to enhance focus on inclusive infant and toddler care services, with the northeastern region particularly requiring innovative models for the coordinated development of elderly and infant and toddler care services.

Infant and toddler care services  /  Government attention  /  Policy text analysis
江夏, 赵佳颖, 董雅楠. 政府注意力配置视角下的省级婴幼儿照护服务政策文本分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (7) : 1263 -1267 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407231
Xia JIANG, Jia-ying ZHAO, Ya-nan DONG. Analysis of provincial-level infant and toddler care service policies from the perspective of government attention allocation[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (7) : 1263 -1267 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407231
正文
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为了应对低生育率时代的危机，有效缓解家庭育儿负担，发展婴幼儿照护服务成为近年来各级政府关注的重要议题。然而作为一个涉及多学科、跨领域的复杂性议题，婴幼儿照护服务与政府的教育、卫生健康、人口、社会、经济、福利等政策密切相关[1]，各级政府在制定政策时需要回应的公众需要和公共话题众多，而政府在一段时期里只能选择回应部分议题，这使得政府的有效决策面临着诸多挑战，实质上凸显出政府注意力资源的稀缺性。
“注意力”作为一个心理学概念，目前已经逐渐扩展至经济学、管理学、政治学等学科。在心理学中，注意力配置本质上是一种选择性认知状态，是个体对环境中各类信息作出差别处理[2]。以赫伯特·西蒙（Herbert A.Simon）为代表的学者则首先将注意力引入组织决策，布莱恩·琼斯（Bryan D.Jones）则关注到注意力与政府决策之间的关系，认为所有决策一定都会涉及选择性，注意力与决策行为有着密切的关系[3] 。因此，在政策科学层面，政府注意力配置被看做是影响政府决策行为和政策形成的重要因素，是政府治理资源对某一议题或某一类事务的集中关注和指向[4]。
作为政策过程的起点，政府注意力配置会影响政策资源的分配，进而对政策执行和政府绩效产生重要影响[5]。但目前婴幼儿照护政策的相关研究中还缺少对于政府注意力配置的关注和分析，已有研究大多从政策工具角度分析婴幼儿照护政策[6-7]，无法揭示政府究竟关注婴幼儿照护服务中的哪些议题。本研究旨在聚焦省级政府发布的婴幼儿照护服务政策，聚焦不同地区政府注意力配置的共性和差异，从而为下一阶段政府注意力合理配置提供依据，从而优化政策资源，促进我国婴幼儿照护服务的健康发展。
1　数据与方法
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1.1　数据来源
本研究以“婴幼儿照护”“托育”作为关键词，以2018年4月27日上海市《上海市关于促进和加强本市3岁以下幼儿托育服务工作的指导意见》出台为起点，以2023年7月31日为截止时间。在北大法宝数据库、国家卫健委、31个省级行政区官方网站（不含台湾省、香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区）等多个检索平台进行搜集。政策纳入标准：（1）政策标题和政策内容包含婴幼儿照护的具体内容；（2）政策内容为意见、办法、标准、指南等。排除标准：不涉及到婴幼儿照护实质内容的预算拨款通知、优秀案例征集通知等。最终纳入省级相关政策87份。
1.2　研究方法
1.2.1　政府注意力配置的测量路径
对政府注意力的有效测量是分析政府注意力配置的重要一环，目前主要形成了政策文本、政府组织行为、个体决策行为三种测量路径，其中基于政策文本的分析是测量政府注意力最常见的路径[4]。本研究主要测量政府注意力配置的指向和中心，其中政府注意力配置的指向是指政府注意力的分配方向，决策者关注什么问题和不关注什么问题；政府注意力配置的中心也被称作政府注意力配置的强度，是指注意力的聚焦程度，意味着决策者对某议题投入多少注意力[4]。
1.2.2　政府注意力配置的测量方法
本文主要选择词频分析法、语义网络分析（semantic network analysis）实现对政策文本的政府注意力测量。其中高频词在文本中出现的频次可以测量政府的注意力指向，指向是政府注意力的分配方向，词汇的频次越高代表着决策者越关注这些问题。语义网络分析则侧重词语与词语之间的关系，以高频词为节点，以高频词组合共同出现的次数反映节点关系[8]，通过计算中介中心度来体现节点在语义网络中的位置，从而反映政府注意力配置的中心。除此之外，对政策发文数量、发文时间等外部特征的统计也能够从侧面反映政府注意力配置的程度。
1.2.3　数据处理路径
首先，本研究使用了Python编程语言中的jieba工具对收集到的政策文本进行分词，并借助“哈工大中文停用词库”去除停用词，提升分词的准确性。其次，借助jieba工具对分词后的文本进行词频统计，提取前50位的高频词。最后，借助Python编程语言对政策文本高频词构建共现矩阵，在此基础上，借助UCINET软件进行语义网络分析，并使用Netdraw软件进行可视化，绘制语义网络，直观反映高频词的网络分布情况。
2　结果
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2.1　政策文本特征
本文采用《中国统计年鉴》的划分方式，将31个省级政府划分为东部、西部、中部和东北地区，揭示婴幼儿照护政策中省级政府注意力配置的空间分布差异。
如表1所示，从政策发文数量来看，东部和中部地区省均发布的政策数量要多于西部和东北地区，尤其是上海市和安徽省发布的政策数量远远超出其他省份。从政策发文时间来看，中部、西部和东北地区的政策通常在中央同类政策之后发布，而东部地区的多个政策发文时间早于中央同类政策，政府注意力配置具有前瞻性。例如上海市人民政府早在2018年4月就颁布了《上海市关于促进和加强本市3岁以下幼儿托育服务工作的指导意见》，除此之外，河北省卫健委、发改委、市场监督管理局于2019年12月出台了《保教师专业能力要求》，是全国首个制定婴幼儿照护服务人才能力标准的省份。浙江省教育厅于2021年4月出台了全国首个针对幼儿园托班管理的《浙江省幼儿园托班管理指南（试行）》。
2.2　不同地区婴幼儿照护政策中省级政府注意力配置的指向
表2显示，东北、东部、西部和中部地区前十位的高频词内容高度一致，都涉及到“服务”“托育”“机构”“婴幼儿”“照护”“养老”“健康”这七个词，符合婴幼儿照护政策的应有之义。从词频中还可以发现在婴幼儿照护服务所涉及的众多内容中，“托育”“机构”等词汇的词频排序靠前，“家庭”“社区”等词汇的词频排序相对靠后，而“亲子”“科学”“养育”“咨询”等涉及到其他形式婴幼儿照护内容的词频排序则在20以外。这说明目前在婴幼儿照护服务的众多内容中，政府注意力配置主要指向托育机构提供的服务。
在前十位高频词中均能看到“养老”一词，这反映出政府并未孤立看待托育服务，而是将其放置于当前人口发展的态势之中考量。“一老一小”目前作为生命周期的重要两端，“老龄化”和“少子化”是相互嵌构的两个重要问题，也是当前迫切需要解决的重要人口问题，获取了政府的共同关注。
不同地区婴幼儿照护政策排序前20的高频词均出现了“健康”“卫生”这两个词汇，一方面充分凸显出目前我国婴幼儿照护服务发展工作的牵头部门为卫生健康部门，另一方面也体现出当前我国婴幼儿照护服务政策的重心是保障婴幼儿的身心健康，符合“安全健康，科学规范”这一婴幼儿照护服务发展的基本原则。
2.3　不同地区省级政府注意力配置的中心
表3所示，东部、中部和西部地区中介中心度最高的节点均为“机构”，说明这些地区婴幼儿照护政策中政府注意力配置的中心都是“机构”，从其他次中心节点来看，东部地区婴幼儿照护政策中政府注意力配置主要是围绕托育机构的建设以及服务的提供展开，中部和西部地区政府注意力配置则更加侧重围绕机构的管理展开。
与东部、中部和西部地区不同，东北地区中介中心度最高的节点则为“服务”，且中介中心度达到了112.216，明显高于其他节点。从图1的语义网络中也可以看出，“服务”这一节点最大且位于整个网络的中心位置，说明政府注意力配置的中心为“服务”。除此之外，对于东北地区而言，“婴幼儿”“养老”“加强”“机构”等节点的中介中心度也较高，从语义网络图来看，这些节点与网络中心节点“服务”的距离更近，联系更紧密，位于次中心位置，说明东北地区的婴幼儿照护政策相比于其他地区更加强调“一老一小”的共同发展，这也反映出东北地区政府注意力配置与其目前所面临的人口问题有着密切关联。
3　讨论
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3.1　省级政府注意力配置过于偏重托育机构提供的服务，需要进一步关注婴幼儿照护服务类型的多元性
托育机构提供的服务不能简单等同于婴幼儿照护服务，托育机构只能满足具有送托意愿的家长需要，无法满足在家庭内部照护婴幼儿的需要。目前政府的注意力配置偏向托育机构服务，势必会削弱其他类型婴幼儿照护服务所能够获得的政策资源。按照2019年国务院办公厅《关于促进3岁以下婴幼儿照护服务发展的指导意见》中提出的“家庭为主，托育补充”这一原则，“发展婴幼儿照护服务的重点是为家庭提供科学养育指导，并对确有照护困难的家庭或婴幼儿提供必要的服务”。已有研究也表明，我国不满1岁的婴幼儿家庭对母婴健康服务期待性最高，1岁以后的婴幼儿家庭才对托育类服务具有更高需求[9]。因此，政府应协调托育机构服务与其他类型照护服务之间的组合协同发展，加强对各类早期发展指导服务以及妇幼保健服务的注意力配置，通过发展社区嵌入式的育儿指导中心、医教结合的早期发展指导中心等[10]，切实为婴幼儿家庭提供婴幼儿访视、入户指导、育儿咨询以及亲子活动等多种类型的育儿支持，满足家庭个性化、多元化的照护需要。
3.2　现阶段政府注意力配置未指向“普惠”，未来需加强对普惠性婴幼儿照护服务的关注
现阶段不同省域政府对于婴幼儿照护服务的注意力配置均指向健康、营养、卫生、保健等内容，这些固然是符合婴幼儿发展特点的重要内容，也是最大限度保护婴幼儿发展的基本要求，同时也凸显出卫生健康部门在婴幼儿照护服务发展工作中的主体责任。
但是现有政策体系中政府对婴幼儿照护服务的“普惠”关注不足，如何为婴幼儿家庭提供质量可靠、价格实惠、方便可及的照护服务应该成为未来一段时期政府注意力配置的重要指向。因此，应围绕普惠性婴幼儿照护服务的认定、管理和扶持出台专门性政策，探索合理的普惠性婴幼儿照护服务定价机制、成本分担机制以及切实可行的质量监管机制，以解决当前普惠性婴幼儿照护服务发展的核心问题，使家庭能够获得真正符合其需要的高质量普惠性婴幼儿照护服务。
3.3　东北地区尤其需要创新养老和婴幼儿照护统筹发展模式
东北地区政府注意力配置的中心聚焦于“服务”而非“机构”，“婴幼儿”和“养老”处于注意力配置的次中心，反映出东北地区相比其他地区更为关注“一老一小”协调发展。从空间上看，东北地区的人口负增长程度最为严重[11]，超低生育水平使东北常住人口增量逐年下降，在全国排名倒数，人口出生率也是全国倒数[12]，与此同时，东北地区是中国老龄化最严重的地区，根据2020年第七次全国人口普查数据，辽宁、黑龙江和吉林60岁以上人口占总人口比例比分别为25.7%、23.2%、23.1%，排在全国第一、第三和第四[13]。与其他地区相比，由于城镇化和工业化程度高，东北地区更早面临低生育率和人口严重老龄化的双重压力，所面临的人口长期均衡发展压力要明显大得多。虽然东北地区政府目前已经在关注“一老一小”协调发展，但未来仍需要创新养老和婴幼儿照护统筹发展模式，在空间规划、工作机制、资源支持、机构建设等方面寻求适宜于“老幼友好”的新路径，在积极争取中央财政和政策支持的基础上，结合省域内人口特点探索老幼共托、智慧托养等代际融合的发展新模式。
基金
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  • 国家社会科学基金青年项目(21CSH060)
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2025年第52卷第7期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407231
  • 接收时间：2024-07-13
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-04-10
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-13
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    扬州大学教育科学学院，江苏 扬州 225002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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