Article(id=1241025204542042826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241025201983508979, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410286, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728835200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773813065896, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773813065896, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773813065896, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773813065896, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241025201983508979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='7', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773813065285, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815493878, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241035388320543403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241025201983508979, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241035388320543404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241025201983508979, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1290, endPage=1295, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241025206467228391, articleId=1241025204542042826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The longitudinal impact of depression on activities of daily living in the elderly under the joint influence of mediation and moderation effects, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the longitudinal mediating role of cognitive function in the relationship between depression and activities of daily living (ADL) among individuals aged 60 and above in China, as well as the moderating effect of sleep quality.

Methods

Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) collected in 2018 (T1) and 2020(T2) were analyzed. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D10), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the ADL scale were used for measurement. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were conducted using STATA 18.0 and SPSS 26.0, while mediation and moderated mediation models were constructed and analyzed using Model 4 and Model 59 in the Process 4.0 program.

Results

T1 depression significantly negatively predicted T2 ADL (r=-0.247, P <0.01). Both T2 cognitive function and T2 sleep quality significantly positively predicted T2 ADL (r=0.227, P < 0.01; r=0.131,P < 0.01). T2 cognitive function served as a longitudinal mediator between T1 depression and T2 ADL, with a mediation effect value of 0.022 (95%CI: -0.027 to -0.018), accounting for 14.5% of the total effect. T2 sleep quality moderated all paths in the mediation model (β=-0.018, P < 0.05; β=0.040, P < 0.001; β=-0.034, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Depression reduces the ability of elderly individuals to perform daily activities by affecting cognitive function. Improving sleep quality can enhance the impact of depression on cognitive function, and can mitigate the effects of depression and cognitive function on ADL.

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目的

探讨我国60岁以上老年人的认知功能在抑郁和日常生活活动能力(ADL)之间的纵向中介作用及睡眠质量的调节作用。

方法

选取2018年(T1)和2020年(T2)CHARLS数据,采用流调中心抑郁水平评定量表(CES-D10)、简易精神状态量表(MMSE)及ADL量表进行测量,采用STATA 18.0和SPSS 26.0进行描述性统计和相关性分析,利用Process 4.0程序中的模型4和模型59构建并分析中介模型和有调节的中介模型。

结果

T1抑郁显著负向预测老年人T2ADL(r=-0.247, P<0.01),T2认知功能和T2睡眠质量均显著正向预测老年人T2ADL(r=0.227, P<0.01;r=0.131, P<0.01);T2认知功能在T1抑郁和T2ADL之间起纵向中介作用,中介效应值为0.022(95%CI:-0.027~-0.018),中介效应占总效应的14.5%;T2睡眠质量对中介模型的所有路径均起到调节作用(β=-0.018, P<0.05;β=0.040, P<0.001;β=-0.034, P<0.001)。

结论

抑郁通过影响认知功能从而降低老年人的ADL;提高睡眠质量可以增强抑郁对认知功能的影响,提高睡眠质量可以减少抑郁对ADL的影响,提高睡眠质量可以减少认知功能对ADL的影响。

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汪晓凡,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=l5kuBsaQ1/mHwzz2RhITFQ==, magXml=q768oKj9n7AiCJrsRgX44w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Ow1LLfFTzDX+pwr86W4lAA==, pdfFileSize=818083, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=wZelzjPU8/82UVU60XLPWw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=BGTGYIYJWJhewLPxuDqBVw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

曾婧菱(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年健康行为和消费行为

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曾婧菱(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年健康行为和消费行为

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A study on the effects of social participation on the level of depression among Chinese elderly[J]. Chinese Journal of Health Policy202316(2): 1-8.(In Chinese), articleTitle=A study on the effects of social participation on the level of depression among Chinese elderly, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241025216177041758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, awardId=2024-JYB-PY-001, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年度基本科研业务费项目(社科培育项目)(2024-JYB-PY-001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241025216286093671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, awardId=90020672220016, language=CN, fundingSource=北京中医药大学科研发展基金项目(90020672220016), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241025210158216087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241025210166604695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, companyId=1241025210158216087, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241025210174993305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, companyId=1241025210158216087, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京中医药大学管理学院,北京 102401)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241025212913873094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The mediating effect model of T2 cognitive function between T1 depression and T2 ability to perform activities of daily living, figureFileSmall=/IT07r21AfPmzv+WJjFd1g==, figureFileBig=wZelzjPU8/82UVU60XLPWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241025214398656719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=CN, label=图1, caption=T2认知功能在T1抑郁与T2ADL之间的中介效应结果

注:控制性别、年龄、自评健康等混杂变量,模型拟合指数(R2)为0.148。

, figureFileSmall=/IT07r21AfPmzv+WJjFd1g==, figureFileBig=wZelzjPU8/82UVU60XLPWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241025214608371937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The relationship model of T1 depression, T2 cognitive function, T2 activity of daily living ability, and T2 sleep quality, figureFileSmall=tI3CCXh7g/KvFMDl2yJbvg==, figureFileBig=NMAuecwWrS7/Ujn1gcxT8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241025214721618152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=CN, label=图2, caption=T1抑郁、T2认知功能、T2ADL、T2睡眠质量的关系模型

注:控制性别、年龄、自评健康等混杂变量,模型拟合指数(R2)为0.173。

, figureFileSmall=tI3CCXh7g/KvFMDl2yJbvg==, figureFileBig=NMAuecwWrS7/Ujn1gcxT8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241025214843252978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The moderating effect of sleep quality on the relationship between depression and cognitive function in the elderly, figureFileSmall=04kkJffE5QMeozCr6s0UBQ==, figureFileBig=E+D4IrfLajssELXvQ2CDxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241025214952304893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=CN, label=图3, caption=睡眠质量对老年人抑郁和认知功能关系的调节作用, figureFileSmall=04kkJffE5QMeozCr6s0UBQ==, figureFileBig=E+D4IrfLajssELXvQ2CDxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241025215044579590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The moderating effect of sleep quality on the relationship between depression and activities of daily living in the elderly, figureFileSmall=B71Asu0YyM4fCJfKln/Gtg==, figureFileBig=HXaqGGRgo5kjYqncUb2ORw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241025215149437200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=CN, label=图4, caption=睡眠质量对老年人抑郁和ADL关系的调节作用, figureFileSmall=B71Asu0YyM4fCJfKln/Gtg==, figureFileBig=HXaqGGRgo5kjYqncUb2ORw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241025215279460629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The moderating effect of sleep quality on the relationship between cognitive function and activities of daily living in the elderly, figureFileSmall=rq1dNJtAEN+6q0Nm04P6GA==, figureFileBig=m5dQvz18BdsvAri4PNKoAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241025215392706851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=CN, label=图5, caption=睡眠质量对老年人认知功能和ADL关系的调节作用, figureFileSmall=rq1dNJtAEN+6q0Nm04P6GA==, figureFileBig=m5dQvz18BdsvAri4PNKoAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241025215489175846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Regression analysis of mediating effect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量回归系数(b)标准误标准化回归系数(b'tPVIF值
常量92.3020.828111.419<0.001
抑郁-0.1130.010-0.123-11.089<0.0011.27
认知功能0.1470.0100.14814.046<0.0011.37
性别0.1970.1270.0161.5540.1201.21
年龄-0.1180.010-0.120-11.775<0.0011.14
自评健康-1.4360.065-0.235-21.988<0.0011.16
睡眠质量0.2820.0540.0565.185<0.0011.19
), ArticleFig(id=1241025215598227759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中介效应的回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量回归系数(b)标准误标准化回归系数(b'tPVIF值
常量92.3020.828111.419<0.001
抑郁-0.1130.010-0.123-11.089<0.0011.27
认知功能0.1470.0100.14814.046<0.0011.37
性别0.1970.1270.0161.5540.1201.21
年龄-0.1180.010-0.120-11.775<0.0011.14
自评健康-1.4360.065-0.235-21.988<0.0011.16
睡眠质量0.2820.0540.0565.185<0.0011.19
), ArticleFig(id=1241025215736639804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of mediating effects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应类型β(95%CIBoot相对效应(%)
总效应-0.135(-0.154~-0.115)0.010
直接效应-0.113(-0.132~-0.093)0.01083.70
间接效应-0.022(-0.027~-0.018)0.00216.30
), ArticleFig(id=1241025215916994878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中介效应分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应类型β(95%CIBoot相对效应(%)
总效应-0.135(-0.154~-0.115)0.010
直接效应-0.113(-0.132~-0.093)0.01083.70
间接效应-0.022(-0.027~-0.018)0.00216.30
), ArticleFig(id=1241025215988298057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of regulating sleep quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因变量R2F独立(中介)因素β tP
T2认知功能(Y)0.11174.099
T1抑郁(X)-0.1540.011-14.494<0.001
T2睡眠质量(W)0.2460.0574.317<0.001
X*W-0.0180.008-2.3550.019
T2ADL(Y)0.173220.225
T1抑郁(X)-0.1030.010-10.031<0.001
T2认知功能(M)0.1470.01014.157<0.001
T2睡眠质量(W)0.2370.0554.340<0.001
X*W0.0400.0085.274<0.001
M*W-0.0340.008-4.287<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241025216067989841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241025204542042826, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

睡眠质量的调节作用结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因变量R2F独立(中介)因素β tP
T2认知功能(Y)0.11174.099
T1抑郁(X)-0.1540.011-14.494<0.001
T2睡眠质量(W)0.2460.0574.317<0.001
X*W-0.0180.008-2.3550.019
T2ADL(Y)0.173220.225
T1抑郁(X)-0.1030.010-10.031<0.001
T2认知功能(M)0.1470.01014.157<0.001
T2睡眠质量(W)0.2370.0554.340<0.001
X*W0.0400.0085.274<0.001
M*W-0.0340.008-4.287<0.001
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中介与调节效应共同作用下的老年人抑郁对日常生活活动能力的纵向影响
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曾婧菱 , 余镜秋 , 汪晓凡 , 杨路莹 , 谢栩雯
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(7): 1290-1295
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(7): 1290-1295
中介与调节效应共同作用下的老年人抑郁对日常生活活动能力的纵向影响
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曾婧菱, 余镜秋, 汪晓凡 , 杨路莹, 谢栩雯
作者信息
  • 北京中医药大学管理学院,北京 102401
  • 曾婧菱(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年健康行为和消费行为

通讯作者:

汪晓凡,E-mail:
The longitudinal impact of depression on activities of daily living in the elderly under the joint influence of mediation and moderation effects
Jing-ling ZENG, Jing-qiu YU, Xiao-fan WANG , Lu-ying YANG, Xu-wen XIE
Affiliations
  • School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, China
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410286
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目的

探讨我国60岁以上老年人的认知功能在抑郁和日常生活活动能力(ADL)之间的纵向中介作用及睡眠质量的调节作用。

方法

选取2018年(T1)和2020年(T2)CHARLS数据,采用流调中心抑郁水平评定量表(CES-D10)、简易精神状态量表(MMSE)及ADL量表进行测量,采用STATA 18.0和SPSS 26.0进行描述性统计和相关性分析,利用Process 4.0程序中的模型4和模型59构建并分析中介模型和有调节的中介模型。

结果

T1抑郁显著负向预测老年人T2ADL(r=-0.247, P<0.01),T2认知功能和T2睡眠质量均显著正向预测老年人T2ADL(r=0.227, P<0.01;r=0.131, P<0.01);T2认知功能在T1抑郁和T2ADL之间起纵向中介作用,中介效应值为0.022(95%CI:-0.027~-0.018),中介效应占总效应的14.5%;T2睡眠质量对中介模型的所有路径均起到调节作用(β=-0.018, P<0.05;β=0.040, P<0.001;β=-0.034, P<0.001)。

结论

抑郁通过影响认知功能从而降低老年人的ADL;提高睡眠质量可以增强抑郁对认知功能的影响,提高睡眠质量可以减少抑郁对ADL的影响,提高睡眠质量可以减少认知功能对ADL的影响。

老年人  /  抑郁  /  认知功能  /  ADL  /  有调节的中介
Objective

To explore the longitudinal mediating role of cognitive function in the relationship between depression and activities of daily living (ADL) among individuals aged 60 and above in China, as well as the moderating effect of sleep quality.

Methods

Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) collected in 2018 (T1) and 2020(T2) were analyzed. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D10), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the ADL scale were used for measurement. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were conducted using STATA 18.0 and SPSS 26.0, while mediation and moderated mediation models were constructed and analyzed using Model 4 and Model 59 in the Process 4.0 program.

Results

T1 depression significantly negatively predicted T2 ADL (r=-0.247, P <0.01). Both T2 cognitive function and T2 sleep quality significantly positively predicted T2 ADL (r=0.227, P < 0.01; r=0.131,P < 0.01). T2 cognitive function served as a longitudinal mediator between T1 depression and T2 ADL, with a mediation effect value of 0.022 (95%CI: -0.027 to -0.018), accounting for 14.5% of the total effect. T2 sleep quality moderated all paths in the mediation model (β=-0.018, P < 0.05; β=0.040, P < 0.001; β=-0.034, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Depression reduces the ability of elderly individuals to perform daily activities by affecting cognitive function. Improving sleep quality can enhance the impact of depression on cognitive function, and can mitigate the effects of depression and cognitive function on ADL.

Elderly  /  Depression  /  Cognitive function  /  ADL  /  Moderated mediation
曾婧菱, 余镜秋, 汪晓凡, 杨路莹, 谢栩雯. 中介与调节效应共同作用下的老年人抑郁对日常生活活动能力的纵向影响. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (7) : 1290 -1295 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410286
Jing-ling ZENG, Jing-qiu YU, Xiao-fan WANG, Lu-ying YANG, Xu-wen XIE. The longitudinal impact of depression on activities of daily living in the elderly under the joint influence of mediation and moderation effects[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (7) : 1290 -1295 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410286
随着我国老龄化和高龄化进程的加速,积极应对老龄化问题已成为当下紧迫的任务。日常生活活动能力(activities of daily living,ADL)是评估老年人身体活动能力的重要维度,反映了功能障碍对日常活动的影响程度[1]。ADL下降不仅严重影响老年人的生活质量,而且还被认为是导致死亡的重要预测因子,目前已成为老年人最主要的健康问题[2]
研究显示,抑郁症会对ADL产生迟发性的负面影响[3],即抑郁可能导致ADL的逐渐下降,这种影响通常会随着抑郁持续存在而逐渐显现。此外,抑郁情绪也可能是影响老年人认知功能的危险因素之一[4],抑郁情绪的持续存在会加速认知功能的衰退[5]。国外研究表明,认知功能与ADL密切相关,认知功能障碍会导致运动皮层受损,降低其运动能力,进而导致日常生活中的自理能力下降[6]
睡眠质量作为影响抑郁、认知功能及ADL的关键因素,其重要性不容忽视。研究表明,睡眠质量差不仅会干扰神经内分泌系统,如导致褪黑素分泌失调和慢性炎症的发生,这些都与抑郁的发病机制紧密相连[7]。其次,睡眠障碍还被证实会导致认知功能障碍的发展,并加速大脑额叶、顶叶和颞叶区域神经细胞的损失,进而增加认知障碍或痴呆的风险[8]。还有研究表明,睡眠质量越差,ADL越可能下降或维持在低水平[9]。综上,优化睡眠质量可能是改善老年人健康状况的重要干预点,对于预防抑郁症、延缓认知衰退以及提高老年人的ADL具有潜在的应用价值。
目前,已有研究探讨了老年人抑郁、认知功能和ADL三者之间的关联,但均局限于横断面研究,尚未有研究从时间序列的角度分析三者关系。因此,需进一步研究老年人抑郁是否通过影响其认知功能来纵向影响ADL,并考察睡眠质量在这一过程中的调节作用。基于此,本研究拟借助2018和2020年中国健康养老与追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)数据,探索中国老年人认知功能在抑郁与ADL之间的纵向中介效应和睡眠质量的调节作用。
本研究采用2018年(T1)和2020年(T2)中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)项目的公开数据,该项目采用了人口规模成比例的概率抽样(PPS)方法,对全国28个省(自治区、直辖市)的150个县的45岁及以上中老年人进行了问卷调查[10]。调查内容包括受访者的社会人口学信息、身体健康和心理健康等情况,其中涵盖了抑郁症状、认知功能和ADL等相关数据,样本数据覆盖面广,具有较好的代表性和可靠性。CHARLS共有样本数据19 816个,经过筛选,剔除60岁以下以及含有抑郁、认知功能、ADL和睡眠质量缺失值的无效样本数据,最终纳入有效样本量8 422例。
采用简版流调中心抑郁量表(the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale,CES-D10)评估受访者的抑郁症状水平[11]。CES-D10共包括10个条目,受访者根据过去一周内的感觉和行为反应进行打分,除第5题和第8题积极情绪条目反向计分外,其余项目所反映的抑郁程度依次计0、1、2和3分,总得分为0~30分,得分越高表明抑郁症状越严重,参考Anderesen等人[12]的标准,将CES-D10累积得分在10分及以上者定义为具有抑郁症状。
采用简易精神状态检查量表(mini mental state exam,MMSE)评估老年人认知功能情况[13],该量表为广泛应用于认知障碍评估的工具。MMSE共包括19个条目,7个维度,分别是时间定向、地点定向、计算与注意、情景记忆、语言能力、活动能力以及读写能力。每个条目按回答正确记1分,回答错误或无法回答记0分,各条目得分相加即为认知功能总分,范围为0~30分,分数越高代表认知功能越好。
采用ADL量表评估老年人ADL情况[14]。ADL量表共包括12个条目,2个维度,分别是基本ADL(BADL)和工具性ADL(IADL)。BADL主要包括上厕所、吃饭、穿衣、控制大小便、上下床及洗澡6项活动,IADL主要包括管理财务、做家务、自主服药、自主备餐、购物及拨打电话6项活动。条目计分参照功能独立性量表(HM)评分标准计算分数,各选项答案分别计为7.0、6.0、4.0和1.5分,计算ADL得分,分数越高代表ADL越好。随后将12个条目总分划分为2个等级:<72分为完全或有条件依赖,≥72分为完全或有条件独立。
采用语义量表测量睡眠质量,题干为“我的睡眠不好”。受访者根据过去一周的睡眠感受进行评分,选项包括“很少或者根本没有(<1 d)”“不太多(1~2 d)”“有时或者说有一半的时间(3 ~4 d)”“大多数的时间(5 ~7 d)”,分别对应得分4、3、2和1分,分数越高代表睡眠质量越好。
采用STATA 18.0和SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行清洗和统计分析。首先,对变量进行描述性统计和相关性分析,然后,采用多元线性回归分析抑郁、认知功能、睡眠质量和协变量(如性别、年龄、自评健康)对ADL的影响。为了检验认知功能的中介作用和睡眠质量的调节作用,使用SPSS宏程序PROCESS v4.0中的模型4和模型59进行分析,通过重复抽取5 000个bootstrap样本进行显著性检验。所有统计检验采用双尾检验,检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入8 422名老年人,其中男性4 287人,占50.9%,女性4 135人,占49.1%,男性数量稍多于女性;平均年龄(69.04±6.27)岁;60~69岁老年人4 949人,占58.8%,70~79岁老年人2 908人,占34.5%,80岁及以上老年人565人,占6.7%;自评健康得分为(3.04±1.00)分,抑郁症状评分为(18.42±6.70)分,认知功能评分为(18.90±6.20)分,ADL能力评分为(81.44±6.13)分,睡眠质量评分为(2.87±1.22)分。
相关性分析结果显示,T1抑郁、T2认知功能、T2ADL和T2睡眠质量相互之间显著相关。具体而言,T1抑郁与T2认知功能(r=-0.199)、T2ADL(r=-0.247)和T2睡眠质量(r=-0.329)呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。同时,T2认知功能与T2ADL和T2睡眠质量呈显著正相关(r=0.227, r=0.131, P<0.01),T2ADL与T2睡眠质量呈显著正相关(r=0.184, P<0.01)。
在回归分析中,使用方差膨胀因子(VIF)和容忍度(Tolerance)检验各变量之间的多重共线性。结果显示,所有检验变量的方差膨胀因子均小于5,表明变量之间没有严重的多重共线性。多元线性回归分析结果显示,抑郁程度升高和认知功能降低显著降低老年人ADL;睡眠质量越好,对老年人ADL有正向影响。见表1
中介效应分析结果显示,T1抑郁显著预测T2ADL,当加入中介变量后,T1抑郁对T2ADL的直接预测作用依然显著。并且,T1抑郁显著预测T2认知功能,T2认知功能显著预测T2ADL。T1抑郁对T2ADL的总效应系数为-0.135,认知功能的中介效应为-0.022,bootstrap法估计的95%置信区间为-0.027~-0.018,置信区间不包含0,表明T2认知功能在T1抑郁与T2ADL之间起部分中介作用,T2认知功能的纵向中介效应占总效应的16.30%。见表2图1
有调节的中介效应检验结果显示,T2睡眠质量与T1抑郁的交互项显著预测T2认知功能,并且T2睡眠质量与T1抑郁的交互项显著预测T2ADL,此外,T2睡眠质量与T2认知功能的交互项也显著预测T2ADL,这表明T2睡眠质量对中介模型的直接路径、前半路径和后半路径均起到调节作用。见表3图2
简单斜率分析显示,当睡眠质量水平较高时,抑郁显著负向预测认知功能(β=-0.175,P<0.001)。当睡眠质量水平较低时,抑郁也显著负向预测认知功能,但其预测作用有所降低(β=-0.132,P<0.001),说明睡眠质量的提高能增强抑郁对认知功能的预测作用,见图3。同理,当睡眠质量水平较高时,抑郁对ADL的负向预测作用较小(β=-0.058,P<0.001),当睡眠质量水平较低时,抑郁对ADL的负向预测作用较大(β=-0.152,P<0.001),见图4。此外,当睡眠质量水平较高时,认知功能对ADL的正向预测作用较小(β=0.109,P<0.001)。当睡眠质量水平较低时,认知功能对ADL的正向预测作用较大(β=0.189,P<0.001)。见图5
ADL是衡量老年人健康水平的重要指标,与老年人身体状况和精神状态密切相关。既往研究表明,抑郁可能会产生情绪障碍、睡眠障碍,导致内分泌功能紊乱,危及老年群体ADL[15]。ADL受损不仅严重影响老年人的生活质量,而且会进一步影响大脑思维、记忆、推理等高级认知功能[16]。抑郁不仅影响认知功能和睡眠质量,还关联到老年人的ADL,这些因素的相互作用较为复杂,深入探究其关联,可为相关部门提供依据,促进对影响老年人ADL危险因素的监测和早期干预,减小失能对家庭和社会产生的不良影响。
研究结果表明,抑郁、认知功能及ADL两两之间呈显著相关,且抑郁显著预测ADL,与以往的横断研究结果一致[11]。抑郁的发生极大增加了老年人自我照顾的难度[17],抑郁可能引发情绪障碍、睡眠障碍,导致内分泌功能紊乱,危及老年群体ADL[15]。其次,国外学者提出,抑郁会加速认知功能的下降,患抑郁的老年人体内发生的病理生理改变可能会导致认知功能损害[5]。Marshall等[18](2011)研究发现,认知障碍是老年人ADL受损的直接原因,认知功能障碍会导致运动皮层受损,不仅在记忆和语言方面出现衰退,还会明显降低运动能力,从而影响日常自理能力[6]
本研究发现抑郁对ADL有间接和直接的显著影响,认知功能在抑郁对ADL之间起到中介作用。ADL会受到抑郁情绪的影响而逐渐减退,这与崔珑严等[19](2023)研究结果一致。这可能是因为当老年人患有抑郁症时,常常导致疲倦、缺乏动力、身体不适感,丧失对生活中事物的兴趣和热情,通常表现为对社交活动、兴趣爱好和身体锻炼等日常活动的参与减少。抑郁情绪也会使老年人对新信息和刺激的接收变得困难,导致大脑得到的刺激减少。这种缺乏刺激的环境会进一步影响大脑的功能和灵活度,加重认知功能的下降。此外,抑郁情绪还可能通过影响神经生化过程和大脑的可塑性[20],导致老年人的记忆力和集中力下降,决策能力和问题解决能力减退,进而导致ADL下降。
研究结果显示,睡眠质量对中介模型的所有路径均起到调节作用。随着抑郁程度的增加,低睡眠质量的老年人ADL下降幅度较大,与以往研究结果一致[9]。这可能是因为睡眠不足会使老年人疲惫感加重、精力下降,导致白天卧床时间增加、活动受限,从而引发ADL的降低。与此相反,低睡眠质量的认知功能下降幅度小于高睡眠质量的人,与耿倩等(2024)研究结果不一致[19],可能是因为某些老年人虽然自我感觉睡眠质量良好,但实际的睡眠时长超过了大脑巩固记忆和认知的最佳时间。国外一项对50岁及以上人群的纵向研究表明,睡眠时间<6.0 h或≥9.0 h均会导致认知功能下降[21],因此睡眠质量高的老年人可能会由于睡眠时长超过9 h,而导致一定程度的认知功能下降。此外,研究表明,轻度认知障碍的老年人群其睡眠质量显著低于认知功能正常的同龄人,这说明认知功能障碍与睡眠障碍间可能存在双向关系[22]。对于已经处于低水平认知功能状态下的老年人来说,进一步的睡眠质量问题可能不再显著增加认知衰退的速度,这可能是由于他们的认知储备已经受到限制,从而表现出相对较小的认知功能下降幅度。研究结果表明,睡眠质量越好,认知功能对ADL的影响越弱,这可能是因为高睡眠质量老年人群的ADL处于相对较高且稳定的水平,认知功能的正向影响在此基础上提升空间较小,因此睡眠质量高的老年人其ADL的增长幅度可能会低于睡眠质量低的老年人。
本研究存在一定的局限性。首先,抑郁评估采用的是CES-D10量表,仅用于对研究对象当前抑郁症状进行评估。其次,本研究仅采用了2个时间点进行追踪,对变量间的因果关系推断较为局限,后续应辅以更多时间点深入探究变量间的动态关系。此外,本研究中认知功能的中介效应是部分中介,这提示除了认知功能外,抑郁还能通过其他途径影响老年人的ADL,后续研究中可以进一步探索潜在的中介因素,进一步探究老年人ADL受损的发展机制。
综上所述,认知功能在抑郁与ADL之间起到了纵向中介作用,意味着抑郁不仅可以直接影响ADL,还能通过认知功能这一中介因素间接作用于ADL。此外,睡眠质量对这一中介效应具有调节作用。虽然已有研究探讨了三个变量之间的关系,但都局限于横断面研究,无法明确三者之间作用的时间先后顺序,本研究首次探讨了认知功能在抑郁与ADL之间的纵向中介作用和睡眠质量在中介模型中的调节作用,一方面,为老年人抑郁对ADL的纵向影响提供了新的研究视角,未来可继续开展两者关系的研究。另一方面,为老年人ADL的干预理论提供了坚实的实证基础,提示政府和社区应积极引导老年人增强其社会主体责任意识,提高老年人的社会归属感[23],针对老年人失能和抑郁发生率高等问题,做好一级预防和健康管理。
  • 2024年度基本科研业务费项目(社科培育项目)(2024-JYB-PY-001)
  • 北京中医药大学科研发展基金项目(90020672220016)
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2025年第52卷第7期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410286
  • 接收时间:2024-10-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-14
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2024年度基本科研业务费项目(社科培育项目)(2024-JYB-PY-001)
北京中医药大学科研发展基金项目(90020672220016)
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    北京中医药大学管理学院,北京 102401

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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