Article(id=1241023937551848214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023927812682133, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406146, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718121600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812763822, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812763822, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812763822, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812763822, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241023927812682133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812761500, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812858867, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241024336258200259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023927812682133, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241024336258200260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023927812682133, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=436, endPage=440, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241023937962890052, articleId=1241023937551848214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of nitrate exposure levels in rural drinking water in Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2022, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the external exposure levels of nitrate in rural drinking water in Guangdong Province and provide technical support for the safety management of rural water supply.

Methods

Monitoring was conducted on the finished water and terminal water from rural drinking water supply units in Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2022. The compliance of nitrate levels in water quality was evaluated according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2022). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data. For non-normally distributed data, the median was used for description. The chisquare test or Fisher’s exact test was employed to analyze differences in rates between groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare nitrate exposure levels between two groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was applied for comparisons among multiple groups.

Results

A total of 62 998 water samples were monitored, with an overall compliance rate of 99.52%. The nitrate exposure levels ranged from 0.001 to 63.80 mg/L. Significant differences in nitrate exposure levels were observed across different years (H=445.586, P<0.01), regions (H=2 050.151, P<0.01), water source types (Z=-5.268, P<0.01), sample types (Z=-11.888, P<0.05), water supply capacities (Z=-33.794, P<0.01), water treatment methods (H=27.750, P<0.01), and the presence or absence of advanced treatment (Z=-2.121, P<0.05).

Conclusion

The overall compliance rate of nitrate levels in rural drinking water in Guangdong Province is relatively high. However, special attention should be paid to nitrate pollution in certain areas of western and eastern Guangdong, groundwater sources, decentralized and small-scale centralized water supplies, as well as the high exposure risks for infants and young children.

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目的

分析广东省农村饮用水硝酸盐的人群外暴露水平,为农村供水安全管理提供技术支撑。

方法

对2018-2022年广东省农村饮用水供水单位的出厂水和末梢水进行监测,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2022)对水质硝酸盐达标情况进行评价。运用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验来判定数据的正态性,不符合正态分布的数据用中位数描述,采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法分析不同组间率的差异,Mann-Whitney U检验用于比较两组间硝酸盐暴露水平差异,Kruskal-Wallis H检验用于比较多组间硝酸盐暴露水平差异。

结果

共监测水样62 998份,总体达标率为99.52%,硝酸盐暴露水平为0.001~63.80 mg/L,其在不同年份(H=445.586,P<0.01)、区域(H=2 050.151,P<0.01)、水源类型(Z=-5.268,P<0.01)、水样类型(Z=-11.888,P<0.05)、供水能力(Z=-33.794,P<0.01)、水处理方式(H=27.750,P<0.01)和有无深度处理间(Z=-2.121,P<0.05)存在显著差异。

结论

广东省农村饮用水硝酸盐达标率总体较高,但需特别关注粤西和粤东部分地区、地下水源、分散式及小型集中式供水的硝酸盐污染,关注婴幼儿的高暴露风险。

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陈曦,E-mail:
屠鸿薇,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=00C23SDnMuolrDo35VplYg==, magXml=Na/XNnwjixvn2/rzv6k8lA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CSszx6mZlc35hAW5Pjy+Vg==, pdfFileSize=608271, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=lDPscaeRkb8UaKegflG+Jg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈曦与屠鸿薇为共同通信作者

黄锦叙(1982—),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:环境卫生学

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Research advances of groundwater nitrate pollution and source apportionment in China[J]. 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Groundwater nitrate pollution risk assessment and remediation zoning study based on random forest method in a plain area[D]. Changchun:Jilin University, 2024.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Groundwater nitrate pollution risk assessment and remediation zoning study based on random forest method in a plain area, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241023949790826978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=89, pageEnd=94, 126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=35, authorNames=陈诗琦, 刘成, 黄俊亮, journalName=净水技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈诗琦,刘成,黄俊亮,等.XC水厂硝酸盐去除应急工程实例[J].净水技术202443(6):89-94, 126., articleTitle=XC水厂硝酸盐去除应急工程实例, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241023949883101669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=89, pageEnd=94, 126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Chen SQ, Liu C, Huang JL, journalName=Water Purification Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen SQ, Liu C, Huang JL, et al. XC Water plant nitrate removal emergency engineering case study[J]. Water Purification Technology, 2024,43(6): 89-94, 126.(In Chinese), articleTitle=XC Water plant nitrate removal emergency engineering case study, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241023945948844335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, awardId=82003487, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(82003487), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241023946070479158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, awardId=C2023003, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省医学科研基金(C2023003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241023940508832703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023940517221312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, companyId=1241023940508832703, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Environmental and School Health, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023940525609922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, companyId=1241023940508832703, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广东省疾病预防控制中心,环境与学校卫生所,广东 广州 510)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241023940617884622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023940626273232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, companyId=1241023940617884622, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南方医科大学公共卫生学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241023940718547930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023940726936539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, companyId=1241023940718547930, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,北京 100021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241023945470693643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The compliance status of nitrate in drinking water in the rural areas of Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组水样份数达标率(%)供水点数量超标供水点比例(%)χ2P
年份(年)
20187 54999.481 9131.3140.554<0.01
20197 47099.091 7922.12
202017 27499.582 1171.51
202115 29399.481 8782.24
202215 41299.71 8211.59
区域
粤北21 40599.6610430.58389.853<0.01
粤东9 41999.781 4633.08
粤西14 41698.541 5096.23
珠三角17 75899.991 0440.10
水期
枯水期31 59099.494 8151.950.856>0.05
丰水期31 40899.544 7081.76
水源类型
地表水50 45899.893 3600.98724.864<0.01
地下水12 54098.021 7476.47
水样类型
出厂水19 88499.53 6091.860.213>0.05
末梢水43 11499.524 9692.76
供水能力
小型集中式供水55 02399.464 7272.9827.92<0.01
大型集中式供水7 97599.96700.75
水处理方式
常规处理39 58199.922 0460.731 288.78<0.01
沉淀过滤18 21099.332 2572.70
仅消毒1 08799.911950.51
未处理3 89196.847586.46
分散式取水22988.659321.51
深度处理
无深度处理62 86999.515 0562.890.025>0.05
有深度处理1 290100500.00
合计62 99899.525 0562.89
), ArticleFig(id=1241023945571356949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2018-2022年广东省农村地区饮用水硝酸盐达标情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组水样份数达标率(%)供水点数量超标供水点比例(%)χ2P
年份(年)
20187 54999.481 9131.3140.554<0.01
20197 47099.091 7922.12
202017 27499.582 1171.51
202115 29399.481 8782.24
202215 41299.71 8211.59
区域
粤北21 40599.6610430.58389.853<0.01
粤东9 41999.781 4633.08
粤西14 41698.541 5096.23
珠三角17 75899.991 0440.10
水期
枯水期31 59099.494 8151.950.856>0.05
丰水期31 40899.544 7081.76
水源类型
地表水50 45899.893 3600.98724.864<0.01
地下水12 54098.021 7476.47
水样类型
出厂水19 88499.53 6091.860.213>0.05
末梢水43 11499.524 9692.76
供水能力
小型集中式供水55 02399.464 7272.9827.92<0.01
大型集中式供水7 97599.96700.75
水处理方式
常规处理39 58199.922 0460.731 288.78<0.01
沉淀过滤18 21099.332 2572.70
仅消毒1 08799.911950.51
未处理3 89196.847586.46
分散式取水22988.659321.51
深度处理
无深度处理62 86999.515 0562.890.025>0.05
有深度处理1 290100500.00
合计62 99899.525 0562.89
), ArticleFig(id=1241023945684603162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Nitrate exposure levels in drinking water in the rural areas of Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别水样份数暴露水平 (mg/L)Z值/HP
95%CI范围MIQR
年份(年)
20187 5491.27~1.350~63.800.75(1.50)445.586<0.01
20197 4701.29~1.380~27.000.78(1.37)
202017 2741.15~1.980~26.680.67(1.54)
202115 2931.25~1.300~24.920.76(1.43)
202215 4121.19~1.240~21.090.74(1.42)
区域
粤北21 4051.04~1.080~20.610.54(1.10)2 050.151<0.01
粤东9 4191.08~1.100~21.091.00(1.25)
粤西14 4161.64~1.720~18.091.05(1.65)
珠三角17 7581.38~1.460~63.800.60(1.72)
水期
枯水期31 5901.23~1.270~27.000.71(1.38)-1.240>0.05
丰水期31 4081.22~1.260~63.800.75(1.35)
水源类型
出厂水19 8841.14~1.190~26.500.65(1.27)-11.888<0.01
末梢水43 1141.26~1.300~63.800.78(1.41)
供水能力
小型集中式供水55 0231.38~1.440~21.091.26(1.37)-33.794<0.01
大型集中式供水7 9751.20~1.230~63.800.68(1.34)
水处理方式
常规处理39 5811.20~1.230~21.090.85(1.39)27.750<0.01
沉淀过滤18 2101.08~1.320~63.800.50(1.20)
仅消毒1 0871.11~1.340~14.240.53(1.14)
未处理3 8911.95~2.140~27.000.95(2.05)
分散式取水2293.42~4.760~26.282.20(4.40)
深度处理
无深度处理62 8691.23~1.260~63.800.73(1.36)-2.121<0.05
有深度处理1 2901.01~1.430~3.791.25(1.54)
合计62 9981.23~1.260~63.800.73(1.36)
), ArticleFig(id=1241023945802043682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023937551848214, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2018-2022年广东省农村地区饮用水硝酸盐暴露水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别水样份数暴露水平 (mg/L)Z值/HP
95%CI范围MIQR
年份(年)
20187 5491.27~1.350~63.800.75(1.50)445.586<0.01
20197 4701.29~1.380~27.000.78(1.37)
202017 2741.15~1.980~26.680.67(1.54)
202115 2931.25~1.300~24.920.76(1.43)
202215 4121.19~1.240~21.090.74(1.42)
区域
粤北21 4051.04~1.080~20.610.54(1.10)2 050.151<0.01
粤东9 4191.08~1.100~21.091.00(1.25)
粤西14 4161.64~1.720~18.091.05(1.65)
珠三角17 7581.38~1.460~63.800.60(1.72)
水期
枯水期31 5901.23~1.270~27.000.71(1.38)-1.240>0.05
丰水期31 4081.22~1.260~63.800.75(1.35)
水源类型
出厂水19 8841.14~1.190~26.500.65(1.27)-11.888<0.01
末梢水43 1141.26~1.300~63.800.78(1.41)
供水能力
小型集中式供水55 0231.38~1.440~21.091.26(1.37)-33.794<0.01
大型集中式供水7 9751.20~1.230~63.800.68(1.34)
水处理方式
常规处理39 5811.20~1.230~21.090.85(1.39)27.750<0.01
沉淀过滤18 2101.08~1.320~63.800.50(1.20)
仅消毒1 0871.11~1.340~14.240.53(1.14)
未处理3 8911.95~2.140~27.000.95(2.05)
分散式取水2293.42~4.760~26.282.20(4.40)
深度处理
无深度处理62 8691.23~1.260~63.800.73(1.36)-2.121<0.05
有深度处理1 2901.01~1.430~3.791.25(1.54)
合计62 9981.23~1.260~63.800.73(1.36)
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2018-2022年广东省农村饮用水硝酸盐暴露水平分析
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黄锦叙 1 , 蒋静 1 , 许雪丹 1 , 陈秋霞 1 , 李文洋 2 , 王道钦 1 , 陈曦 3 , 屠鸿薇 1
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025,52(3): 436-440
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025, 52(3): 436-440
2018-2022年广东省农村饮用水硝酸盐暴露水平分析
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黄锦叙1, 蒋静1, 许雪丹1, 陈秋霞1, 李文洋2, 王道钦1, 陈曦3 , 屠鸿薇1
作者信息
  • 1.广东省疾病预防控制中心,环境与学校卫生所,广东 广州 510
  • 2.南方医科大学公共卫生学院
  • 3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,北京 100021
  • 黄锦叙(1982—),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:环境卫生学

通讯作者:

陈曦,E-mail:
屠鸿薇,E-mail:
Analysis of nitrate exposure levels in rural drinking water in Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2022
Jin-xu HUANG1, Jing JIANG1, Xue-dan XU1, Qiu-xia CHEN1, Wen-yang LI2, Dao-qin WANG1, Xi CHEN3 , Hong-wei TU1
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Environmental and School Health, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406146
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目的

分析广东省农村饮用水硝酸盐的人群外暴露水平,为农村供水安全管理提供技术支撑。

方法

对2018-2022年广东省农村饮用水供水单位的出厂水和末梢水进行监测,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2022)对水质硝酸盐达标情况进行评价。运用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验来判定数据的正态性,不符合正态分布的数据用中位数描述,采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法分析不同组间率的差异,Mann-Whitney U检验用于比较两组间硝酸盐暴露水平差异,Kruskal-Wallis H检验用于比较多组间硝酸盐暴露水平差异。

结果

共监测水样62 998份,总体达标率为99.52%,硝酸盐暴露水平为0.001~63.80 mg/L,其在不同年份(H=445.586,P<0.01)、区域(H=2 050.151,P<0.01)、水源类型(Z=-5.268,P<0.01)、水样类型(Z=-11.888,P<0.05)、供水能力(Z=-33.794,P<0.01)、水处理方式(H=27.750,P<0.01)和有无深度处理间(Z=-2.121,P<0.05)存在显著差异。

结论

广东省农村饮用水硝酸盐达标率总体较高,但需特别关注粤西和粤东部分地区、地下水源、分散式及小型集中式供水的硝酸盐污染,关注婴幼儿的高暴露风险。

硝酸盐  /  农村饮用水  /  暴露水平
Objective

To analyze the external exposure levels of nitrate in rural drinking water in Guangdong Province and provide technical support for the safety management of rural water supply.

Methods

Monitoring was conducted on the finished water and terminal water from rural drinking water supply units in Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2022. The compliance of nitrate levels in water quality was evaluated according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2022). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data. For non-normally distributed data, the median was used for description. The chisquare test or Fisher’s exact test was employed to analyze differences in rates between groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare nitrate exposure levels between two groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was applied for comparisons among multiple groups.

Results

A total of 62 998 water samples were monitored, with an overall compliance rate of 99.52%. The nitrate exposure levels ranged from 0.001 to 63.80 mg/L. Significant differences in nitrate exposure levels were observed across different years (H=445.586, P<0.01), regions (H=2 050.151, P<0.01), water source types (Z=-5.268, P<0.01), sample types (Z=-11.888, P<0.05), water supply capacities (Z=-33.794, P<0.01), water treatment methods (H=27.750, P<0.01), and the presence or absence of advanced treatment (Z=-2.121, P<0.05).

Conclusion

The overall compliance rate of nitrate levels in rural drinking water in Guangdong Province is relatively high. However, special attention should be paid to nitrate pollution in certain areas of western and eastern Guangdong, groundwater sources, decentralized and small-scale centralized water supplies, as well as the high exposure risks for infants and young children.

Nitrate  /  Rural drinking water  /  Exposure level
黄锦叙, 蒋静, 许雪丹, 陈秋霞, 李文洋, 王道钦, 陈曦, 屠鸿薇. 2018-2022年广东省农村饮用水硝酸盐暴露水平分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (3) : 436 -440 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406146
Jin-xu HUANG, Jing JIANG, Xue-dan XU, Qiu-xia CHEN, Wen-yang LI, Dao-qin WANG, Xi CHEN, Hong-wei TU. Analysis of nitrate exposure levels in rural drinking water in Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2022[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (3) : 436 -440 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406146
随着人们生活水平的不断提高,农村饮用水中的硝酸盐越来越受到关注。作为饮用水中一种关键的毒理指标,硝酸盐的过量摄入会对人类健康构成严峻威胁,特别是对婴幼儿群体,可能诱发蓝婴综合症等严重疾病。尽管已有研究关注广东省局部地区地下水硝酸盐的含量、来源和影响,但未见全省农村饮用水硝酸盐暴露水平分析的报道,本文首次从不同水源、年份、区域、水期、水样类型、供水方式、供水能力、水处理工艺、是否深度处理等不同角度,对2018—2022年广东省农村饮用水中硝酸盐暴露水平进行分析。本研究的创新性在于多层次暴露风险的深入分析,旨在为农村供水安全管理提供技术支撑。
2018-2022年每季度(全年分枯水期、丰水期)在广东省全部乡镇每个乡镇采集2~4个份生活饮用水,水样类型包括出厂水和末梢水。按照《生活饮用水卫生标准检验方法》(GB/T5750-2006)[1]开展对水样进行采集、保存、运输和检测,采用离子色谱进行分析。
按照现行《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749)[2]规定的硝酸盐(以N计)不超过10 mg/L判定为达标,超过10 mg/L判定为不达标。
数据分析采用了SPSS 21.0软件。使用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验数据的正态性,采用中位数对不符合正态分布的数据进行统计描述。使用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法分析不同组间率的差异。使用Mann-Whitney U检验比较两组间硝酸盐暴露水平的差异,使用Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较多组间硝酸盐暴露水平的差异,双侧检验水准α=0.05。
2018-2022年共监测水样62 998份,饮用水中硝酸盐总体达标率为99.52%,人群总体暴露水平为0.001~63.80 mg/L。根据Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态性检验结果,硝酸盐含量的分布显著偏离正态分布(P<0.05),表明其变异性不符合正态分布的假设,全省农村饮用水硝酸盐(以N计)中位数为0.73 mg/L,见表1表2
2018-2022年水质硝酸盐达标率范围为99.09%~99.70%,年份间硝酸盐达标率的比较显示,存在显著的统计学差异(P<0.01),年份间硝酸盐的达标率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),无明显的上升或下降趋势。进一步进行年份间达标率间两两比较,2018与2019年、2019与2020年、2019与2021年、2019与2022年、2021与2022年硝酸盐达标率的差异均具有统计学上的显著性(P值均<0.05),其中2019年水质硝酸盐达标率(99.09%)最低,2022年水质硝酸盐达标率(99.70%)最高,其余年份间硝酸盐达标率差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。本研究中,不同年度间的硝酸盐暴露水平分布存在显著的统计学差异(P<0.01)。进一步进行多重比较分析显示,2018与2019年、2021与2022年的硝酸盐暴露水平分布差异在统计学上不显著(P>0.05),其余各年间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),其中2019年的硝酸盐的暴露水平最高,中位数为0.78 mg/L,见表1表2
广东省珠三角地区、粤东地区、粤西和粤北地区监测水样分别为17 758、9 419、14 416和21 405份,地区水质硝酸盐达标率范围为98.54%~99.99%,达标率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。进一步进行多重比较,粤东地区与粤北地区间硝酸盐达标率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),其余地区之间差异显示出显著的统计学差异(P值均<0.01)。不同区域间的硝酸盐暴露水平的分布差异表现出显著的统计学意义(P<0.01),其中珠三角水质硝酸盐达标率(99.99%)最高,粤西水质硝酸盐达标率(98.54%)最低。通过应用Mann-Whitney U检验对不同地区间的硝酸盐暴露水平进行多重比较分析,结果为粤西地区>粤东地区>珠三角地区>粤北地区,表明地区差异具有显著的统计学意义(P值均<0.01),见表1表2
丰水期、枯水期监测水样分别为31 408和31 590份,水质硝酸盐达标率分别为99.54%、99.49%,两个水期硝酸盐达标率和暴露水平分布差异不具有统计学意义(P值均>0.05),说明硝酸盐暴露水平与水期无关。见表1表2
地表水、地下水分别监测50 458和12 540份,硝酸盐达标率为地表水99.89%>地下水98.02%(P<0.01);地下水硝酸盐的暴露水平分布均大于地表水(P<0.01)。见表1表2
出厂水、末梢水监测水样分别为19 884和43 114份,水质硝酸盐达标率分别为99.50 %、99.52%,两种水样类型间达标率的差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05);末梢水硝酸盐的暴露水平分布均大于出厂水(P<0.05)。见表1表2
小型、大型集中式供水监测水样分别为55 023和7 975份,水质硝酸盐达标率分别为99.46%、 99.90%,两者间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01) ;两者的硝酸盐的暴露水平分布均为小型集中式供水>大型集中式供水(P<0.01)。见表1表2
集中式供水常规处理(含混凝、沉淀、过滤、消毒)、沉淀过滤、仅消毒、未处理和分散式供水(含人力取水、手压泵、机器取水)监测水样分别为39 581、18 210、1 087、3 891和229份,不同水处理方式间硝酸盐达标率存在差异(P<0.01),水质硝酸盐达标率范围为88.65%~99.92%。进一步进行多重比较,常规处理与仅消毒、沉淀过滤和仅消毒间差异无统计学意义(P值均<0.05),其中分散式供水水质硝酸盐达标率最低,为88.65%。不同水处理方式间硝酸盐的暴露水平分布存在差异(P<0.01)。采用Mann-Whitney U检验进行进一步多重比较发现,沉淀过滤与仅消毒间这两种水处理方式间硝酸盐的暴露水平分布无差异(P值均>0.05),其中分散式供水的硝酸盐暴露水平均最高,其硝酸盐中位数为2.20 mg/L。见表1表2
为了进一步提高饮用水的质量,部分农村大型水厂在制水常规工艺(混凝、沉淀、过滤和消毒)的基础上,采用活性炭等方式对饮用水中的污染物进行深度处理。深度处理和无深度处理监测水样分别为1 290和62 869份,硝酸盐达标率分别为100%和99.51%,两者间的差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05)。硝酸盐的暴露水平分布在有无深度处理间均存在差异(P<0.05),为无深度处理>有深度处理。见表1表2
本研究结果显示,2018-2022年广东省农村饮用水水质硝酸盐暴露水平范围为0.001~63.80 mg/L,总体达标率为99.52%,与同期北京市(2017-2020年北京市密云区农村,达标率93.75%)、大连市(2014—2019年全市6个涉农市区县,达标率87.72%)、淄博市(2016—2020年全市3个涉农市区县,达标率89.24%)、晋中市(晋中市2018年—2020年农村,达标率98.91%)、宝鸡市(2018—2020年宝鸡市,达标率99.46%)、辽宁省(2015—2019年,达标率94.20%)、陕西省(2018-2020全省,达标率98.91%)、河北省(2016—2029年河北省全省农村,达标率95%)、武汉市(2015—2018 年4个涉农市区县,达标率99.88%)农村饮用水达标率调查结果持平[3-12],但硝酸盐的暴露水平在不同年份、区域、水源类型、水处理方式、供水能力和有无深度处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05),存在超标情况,提示硝酸盐氮污染持续监测的重要性。这一发现对于未来的水质监控和管理具有重要的指导意义。
2018—2022年广东省农村地区饮用水中硝酸盐的暴露水平在不同年份之间并未表现出明显的升高或下降趋势,总体上保持稳定,这可能反映了广东省在农村饮用水水质管理方面的持续努力和有效控制。从地理分布角度来看,农村饮用水硝酸盐超标率从高到低的城市依次为ZJ市3.47%(185/5 328)、YJ市0.79%(15/1 888)、HY市0.70%(41/5 883)、CZ市0.65%(15/2 299)、MZ市0.47%(24/5 119)、MM市0.23%(10/4 307)、JY市0.15%(5/3 244)、SG市0.08%(5/6 065)、QY市0.07%(3/4 338)、ST市0.07%(1/1 532)、FS市0.06%(1/1 644)。粤西地区饮用水中硝酸盐暴露水平最高,其次是粤东地区,而珠三角与粤北地区相对较低。值得注意的是,粤西ZJ市超标供水点数占全省超标供水点数的51.37%(75/146),超标水样数占全省超标水样数的60.66%(185/305),约有3万居民受到硝酸盐污染威胁。硝酸盐暴露水平最高(63.80 mg/L)的的超标供水点也在ZJ市,该供水点以地下水为水源,采用沉淀、过滤处理工艺,供水能力640吨/d,覆盖人口3 200人,现场调查发现硝酸盐超标是由输水管网破损,周边生活污水进入管网引起,随后当地有关部门立即对管网进行修复。高浓度的硝酸盐可能会导致6个月以下婴儿患高铁血红蛋白血症或“蓝婴”综合征,儿童长期饮用硝酸盐含量高的水,则听力和视觉的条件反射都会比较迟钝[13]。因此,粤西和粤东地区(尤其是ZJ市)的农村饮用水硝酸盐污染问题亟需政府相关部门的密切关注,通过防护水源污染、更改水源或完善水处理工艺等方式控制硝酸盐污染[14-15],保障当地居民的饮水安全。
此外,广东省农村地下水中的硝酸盐暴露水平普遍超过地表水,尤其值得关注的是,在所有超标水样中,81.31%(248/305)水样来源于地下水,有报道称广东地区的地下水受到了硝酸盐污染[16]。硝酸盐在地下水中是常见的不达标化学污染物之一,粪便污水和农业施肥是地下水中硝酸盐不达标的主要原因[17-18],应采取措施防止生活污水和农业肥料污染地下水源。本研究中,分散式供水硝酸盐超标的比例高达21.51%,暴露水平显著高于其他水处理方式,这与分散式供水多取自地下水有关。另外,采用常规处理工艺处理硝酸盐超标的水样仅占10.82%(33/305),常规处理工艺对硝酸盐可能具有一定的去除效果。小型集中式供水的硝酸盐暴露水平高于大型集中式供水,这与后者通常采用更为先进的常规处理工艺和以地表水为水源有关,本研究所有超标水样中,97.38%(297/305)来源于小型集中式供水。因此,应考虑逐步取消分散式供水和小型集中式供水,改为采用常规处理工艺的大型集中式供水,以降低硝酸盐的暴露风险。此外,与深度处理相比,无深度处理的水样硝酸盐暴露水平较高,提示有条件的地区可以采用深度处理去除饮用水中硝酸盐[19],提高水质安全性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82003487)
  • 广东省医学科研基金(C2023003)
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2025年第52卷第3期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406146
  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82003487)
广东省医学科研基金(C2023003)
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    1.广东省疾病预防控制中心,环境与学校卫生所,广东 广州 510
    2.南方医科大学公共卫生学院
    3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,北京 100021

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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