Article(id=1241023936813650638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023927812682133, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403126, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710086400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812763646, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812763646, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812763646, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812763646, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241023927812682133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812761500, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812858867, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241024336258200259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023927812682133, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241024336258200260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023927812682133, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=481, endPage=486, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241023937258246906, articleId=1241023936813650638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Research on the relationship between body mass index trajectories and cognitive impairment and cognitive function in the elderly in China, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) trajectories and cognitive impairment and cognitive function in the elderly in China.

Methods

Based on data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2005 to 2018, a sample of 6 423 elderly individuals was selected. Group-based trajectory modeling was employed to construct BMI trajectories, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the relationship between BMI trajectories and the risk of cognitive impairment. Generalized linear models were applied to examine the relationship between BMI trajectories and cognitive function.

Results

Three BMI trajectory groups were identified among males: “Normal-Stable Group (57.59%)”, “Normal-Overweight Group (36.27%)”, and “Overweight-Stable Group (6.13%)”. Among females, three BMI trajectory groups were identified:“Normal-Stable Group (68.14%)”, “Normal-Overweight Group (26.70%)”, and “Overweight-Obese Group (5.16%)”. Using the Normal-Stable Group as reference, after adjusting for confounding factors, the risk of cognitive impairment for males in the Normal-Overweight Group and Overweight-Stable Group was [HR (95%CI)] 0.76 (0.64-0.91), P<0.01 and 0.65 (0.43-0.99), P<0.05,respectively. For females, the risk of cognitive impairment in the Normal-Overweight Group and Overweight-Obese Group was [HR(95%CI)] 0.74 (0.63-0.87), P<0.001 and 0.70 (0.50-0.99), P<0.05, respectively. Cognitive function scores for males in the Normal-Overweight Group and Overweight-Stable Group increased by 0.66 (0.42-0.89) points, P<0.001 and 0.78 (0.32-1.24) points, P<0.01,respectively. For females, cognitive function scores in the Normal-Overweight Group and Overweight-Obese Group increased by 1.19(0.91-1.46) points, P<0.001 and 1.44 (0.91-1.96) points, P<0.001, respectively.

Conclusion

There is heterogeneity in the BMI trajectories of the elderly in China, and the classification of BMI trajectories is significantly associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive function. Trajectories of increasing BMI are associated with a reduced risk of cognitive impairment, and cognitive function is generally higher in populations where BMI remains at normal levels.

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目的

探究我国老年人体质指数(body mass index,BMI)轨迹与认知障碍及认知功能的关系。

方法

基于2005—2018年中国老年健康调查数据,选取6 423名老年人,应用组基轨迹模型构建BMI轨迹,Cox比例风险回归模型分析BMI轨迹与认知障碍发生风险的关系,广义线性模型分析BMI轨迹与认知功能的关系。

结果

男性中识别出3个BMI轨迹组,正常-稳定组(57.59%)、正常-超重组(36.27%)及超重-稳定组(6.13%)。女性中识别出3个BMI轨迹组,正常-稳定组(68.14%)、正常-超重组(26.70%)及超重-肥胖组(5.16%)。以正常-稳定组为参照组,调整混杂因素发现,男性正常-超重组、超重-稳定组发生认知障碍的风险[HR(95%CI)]分别为0.76(0.64~0.91)(P<0.01)和0.65(0.43~0.99)(P<0.05)。女性正常-超重组和超重-肥胖组发生认知障碍的风险[HR(95%CI)]为0.74(0.63~0.87)(P<0.001)和0.70(0.50~0.99)(P<0.05)。男性正常-超重组、超重-稳定组认知功能得分升高0.66(0.42~0.89)(P<0.001)和0.78(0.32~1.24)分(P<0.01)。女性正常-超重组和超重-肥胖组认知功能得分升高1.19(0.91~1.46)(P<0.001)和1.44(0.91~1.96)分(P<0.001)。

结论

我国老年人BMI轨迹存在异质性,BMI轨迹归属与认知障碍和认知功能显著相关。BMI升高的轨迹会降低认知障碍发生风险,认知功能较BMI维持在正常水平的人群均较高。

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陈娜,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=wC3GIBtZaAR4LlEHKjeF7w==, magXml=DAb4nFbkhrWvkBYkyTRlBg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=IcQr4mlD4kTjFXVoH8gMDg==, pdfFileSize=708223, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=FPFe9aqeFoXVa4bqCZRGWg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=WR5PUk2SxJJeolMcmmMFyg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

卓力(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年人口社会学

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Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2012, 60(5): 896-904., articleTitle=The association between geriatric syndromes and survival, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241023945764294944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, awardId=19CGL063, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学青年基金项目(19CGL063), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241023945843986727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, awardId=ZT202202, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省中医药科技发展计划专题研究项目(ZT202202), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241023945953038640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, awardId=2021JSJG053, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省高等教育教改研究课题重点项目(2021JSJG053), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241023946070479157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏高校“青蓝工程”资助, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241023946166948155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, awardId=2023YLFWYGL013, language=CN, fundingSource=养老服务与管理学院(南京中医药大学)专项研究项目(2023YLFWYGL013), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241023940236202908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023940244591518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, companyId=1241023940236202908, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Elderly Care Service and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023940252980128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, companyId=1241023940236202908, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京中医药大学养老服务与管理学院,江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241023940349449130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023940357837740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, companyId=1241023940349449130, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南京中医药大学卫生经济管理学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241023944032047278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=BMI trajectories of older adults by gender, figureFileSmall=FMZN7Qxoumkp1uUp8PPI+Q==, figureFileBig=FPFe9aqeFoXVa4bqCZRGWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023944132710583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, language=CN, label=图1, caption=老年男性、女性的BMI轨迹, figureFileSmall=FMZN7Qxoumkp1uUp8PPI+Q==, figureFileBig=FPFe9aqeFoXVa4bqCZRGWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023944426311883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Model tests for BMI trajectories for different trajectory groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组数男性女性
BICAIC模型估计的各组比例(%)BICAIC模型估计的各组比例(%)
224 93424 91376.8923.1128 38828 38479.4820.52
324 84224 81754.7738.486.7428 22828 19564.8529.215.94
424 68124 64258.6334.345.481.5528 21828 21268.4317.1111.223.23
), ArticleFig(id=1241023944644415700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同轨迹组数BMI轨迹的模型检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组数男性女性
BICAIC模型估计的各组比例(%)BICAIC模型估计的各组比例(%)
224 93424 91376.8923.1128 38828 38479.4820.52
324 84224 81754.7738.486.7428 22828 19564.8529.215.94
424 68124 64258.6334.345.481.5528 21828 21268.4317.1111.223.23
), ArticleFig(id=1241023944774439133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Estimated and actual proportions and probabilities for each group of BMI trajectory

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轨迹类型男性女性
类型1类型2类型3类型1类型2类型3
类型10.8320.1680.0000.8870.1130.000
类型20.1890.7670.0440.1660.7780.057
类型30.0050.1580.8370.0010.1470.852
估计总体比例54.7738.496.7464.8529.215.94
实际总体比例57.5936.276.1468.1426.75.16
), ArticleFig(id=1241023944904462566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

BMI轨迹类型各组估计及实际总体占比和资格概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轨迹类型男性女性
类型1类型2类型3类型1类型2类型3
类型10.8320.1680.0000.8870.1130.000
类型20.1890.7670.0440.1660.7780.057
类型30.0050.1580.8370.0010.1470.852
估计总体比例54.7738.496.7464.8529.215.94
实际总体比例57.5936.276.1468.1426.75.16
), ArticleFig(id=1241023945026097389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023936813650638, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of baseline characteristics of older adults with BMI trajectories by different genders [n=6 423(%),n(%),()

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征男性BMI轨迹[n=3049(47.47%)]F/χ2P女性BMI轨迹[n=3374(52.53%)F/χ2P
正常-稳定组正常-超重组超重-稳定组正常-稳定组正常-超重组超重-肥胖组
人数1 756(57.59)1 106(36.27)187(6.13)2 299(68.14)901(26.70)174(5.16)
年龄154.76<0.001324.71<0.001
(岁)80.64±9.6676.67±8.9474.28±7.9183.13±10.6776.41±9.3274.13±8.35
65~74539(30.69)547(49.46)109(58.29)592(25.75)459(50.94)111(63.79)
75~84527(30.01)301(27.22)51(27.27)578(25.14)247(27.41)42(24.14)
≥85690(39.29)258(23.33)27(14.44)1 129(49.11)195(21.64)21(12.07)
居住地128.24<0.00166.29<0.001
农村1 149(65.43)532(48.10)63(33.69)1 438(62.55)452(50.17)69(39.66)
出生地39.30<0.00119.09<0.001
农村1 541(87.76)895(81.00)139(74.33)1 985(86.53)741(82.33)133(76.44)
婚姻状况72.83<0.001119.83<0.001
无配偶815(46.41)360(32.55)47(25.13)1 744(75.86)526(58.38)92(52.87)
是否上学29.56<0.00161.81<0.001
585(33.33)299(27.06)31(16.67)1 806(78.90)599(66.70)112(64.37)
是否吸烟10.130.00611.370.003
998(58.87)672(60.76)126(67.38)2 126(92.47)820(91.01)159(91.38)
是否饮酒0.170.9175.500.064
1 111(63.27)694(62.75)116(62.03)2 029(88.26)821(91.12)154(88.51)
是否锻炼96.25<0.001105.72<0.001
1 117(63.61)541(48.92)66(35.29)1 670(72.64)533(59.16)74(42.53)
是否吃蔬菜83.22<0.00165.22<0.001
1 212(69.20)620(56.06)82(43.85)1 527(66.42)496(55.05)82(47.13)
ADL受损10.370.00610.680.005
1 649(93.91)1 029(93.04)164(87.70)2 029(88.29)829(92.01)160(91.95)
慢性病数量44.09<0.00156.02<0.001
890(50.68)468(42.31)66(35.29)1 117(48.59)372(41.29)49(28.16)
1种497(28.30)356(32.19)49(26.20)696(30.27)275(30.52)53(30.46)
≥2种369(21.01)282(25.50)72(38.50)486(21.14)254(28.19)72(41.38)
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不同性别下BMI轨迹老年人基线特征比较[n=6 423(%),n(%),()]

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特征男性BMI轨迹[n=3049(47.47%)]F/χ2P女性BMI轨迹[n=3374(52.53%)F/χ2P
正常-稳定组正常-超重组超重-稳定组正常-稳定组正常-超重组超重-肥胖组
人数1 756(57.59)1 106(36.27)187(6.13)2 299(68.14)901(26.70)174(5.16)
年龄154.76<0.001324.71<0.001
(岁)80.64±9.6676.67±8.9474.28±7.9183.13±10.6776.41±9.3274.13±8.35
65~74539(30.69)547(49.46)109(58.29)592(25.75)459(50.94)111(63.79)
75~84527(30.01)301(27.22)51(27.27)578(25.14)247(27.41)42(24.14)
≥85690(39.29)258(23.33)27(14.44)1 129(49.11)195(21.64)21(12.07)
居住地128.24<0.00166.29<0.001
农村1 149(65.43)532(48.10)63(33.69)1 438(62.55)452(50.17)69(39.66)
出生地39.30<0.00119.09<0.001
农村1 541(87.76)895(81.00)139(74.33)1 985(86.53)741(82.33)133(76.44)
婚姻状况72.83<0.001119.83<0.001
无配偶815(46.41)360(32.55)47(25.13)1 744(75.86)526(58.38)92(52.87)
是否上学29.56<0.00161.81<0.001
585(33.33)299(27.06)31(16.67)1 806(78.90)599(66.70)112(64.37)
是否吸烟10.130.00611.370.003
998(58.87)672(60.76)126(67.38)2 126(92.47)820(91.01)159(91.38)
是否饮酒0.170.9175.500.064
1 111(63.27)694(62.75)116(62.03)2 029(88.26)821(91.12)154(88.51)
是否锻炼96.25<0.001105.72<0.001
1 117(63.61)541(48.92)66(35.29)1 670(72.64)533(59.16)74(42.53)
是否吃蔬菜83.22<0.00165.22<0.001
1 212(69.20)620(56.06)82(43.85)1 527(66.42)496(55.05)82(47.13)
ADL受损10.370.00610.680.005
1 649(93.91)1 029(93.04)164(87.70)2 029(88.29)829(92.01)160(91.95)
慢性病数量44.09<0.00156.02<0.001
890(50.68)468(42.31)66(35.29)1 117(48.59)372(41.29)49(28.16)
1种497(28.30)356(32.19)49(26.20)696(30.27)275(30.52)53(30.46)
≥2种369(21.01)282(25.50)72(38.50)486(21.14)254(28.19)72(41.38)
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Cox proportional risk regression models for the relationship between body mass index trajectories and cognitive impairment in men and women [HR (95%CI)]

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性别模型正常-超重组(n=1 106)P超重-稳定组(n=187)P
男性模型10.64(0.54~0.77)<0.0010.58(0.40~0.85)<0.001
模型20.72(0.60~0.87)<0.0010.62(0.41~0.93)0.034
模型30.72(0.60~0.86)<0.0010.63(0.42~0.95)0.029
模型40.76(0.64~0.91)0.0030.65(0.43~0.99)0.038
女性模型10.50(0.43~0.59)<0.0010.49(0.36~0.66)<0.001
模型20.63(0.54~0.73)<0.0010.58(0.42~0.81)0.001
模型30.68(0.58~0.80)<0.0010.70(0.50~0.99)0.041
模型40.74(0.63~0.87)<0.0010.70(0.50~0.99)0.044
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男性、女性BMI轨迹和认知障碍关系的Cox比例风险回归模型[HR(95%CI)]

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性别模型正常-超重组(n=1 106)P超重-稳定组(n=187)P
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模型20.72(0.60~0.87)<0.0010.62(0.41~0.93)0.034
模型30.72(0.60~0.86)<0.0010.63(0.42~0.95)0.029
模型40.76(0.64~0.91)0.0030.65(0.43~0.99)0.038
女性模型10.50(0.43~0.59)<0.0010.49(0.36~0.66)<0.001
模型20.63(0.54~0.73)<0.0010.58(0.42~0.81)0.001
模型30.68(0.58~0.80)<0.0010.70(0.50~0.99)0.041
模型40.74(0.63~0.87)<0.0010.70(0.50~0.99)0.044
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Generalized linear model of the relationship between body mass index trajectories and cognitive function scores in men and women [β(95%CI)]

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性别模型正常-超重组P超重-稳定组P
男性模型11.11(0.85~1.36)<0.0011.23(0.72~1.73)<0.001
模型20.75(0.49~1.01)<0.0010.69(0.19~1.20)0.007
模型30.78(0.52~1.03)<0.0010.75(0.25~1.26)0.003
模型40.66(0.42~0.89)<0.0010.78(0.32~1.24)0.001
女性模型12.11(1.80~2.41)<0.0012.40(1.82~2.98)<0.001
模型21.37(1.06~1.67)<0.0011.71(1.13~2.29)<0.001
模型31.38(1.08~1.67)<0.0011.49(0.93~2.05)<0.001
模型41.19(0.91~1.46)<0.0011.44(0.91~1.96)<0.001
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男性、女性BMI轨迹和认知功能得分关系的广义线性模型[β(95%CI)]

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性别模型正常-超重组P超重-稳定组P
男性模型11.11(0.85~1.36)<0.0011.23(0.72~1.73)<0.001
模型20.75(0.49~1.01)<0.0010.69(0.19~1.20)0.007
模型30.78(0.52~1.03)<0.0010.75(0.25~1.26)0.003
模型40.66(0.42~0.89)<0.0010.78(0.32~1.24)0.001
女性模型12.11(1.80~2.41)<0.0012.40(1.82~2.98)<0.001
模型21.37(1.06~1.67)<0.0011.71(1.13~2.29)<0.001
模型31.38(1.08~1.67)<0.0011.49(0.93~2.05)<0.001
模型41.19(0.91~1.46)<0.0011.44(0.91~1.96)<0.001
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我国老年人体质指数轨迹与认知障碍及认知功能关系研究
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卓力 1 , 陈娜 1 , 秦慧 2
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025,52(3): 481-486
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025, 52(3): 481-486
我国老年人体质指数轨迹与认知障碍及认知功能关系研究
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卓力1, 陈娜1 , 秦慧2
作者信息
  • 1.南京中医药大学养老服务与管理学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.南京中医药大学卫生经济管理学院
  • 卓力(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年人口社会学

通讯作者:

陈娜,E-mail:
Research on the relationship between body mass index trajectories and cognitive impairment and cognitive function in the elderly in China
Li ZHUO1, Na CHEN1 , Hui QIN2
Affiliations
  • School of Elderly Care Service and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403126
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目的

探究我国老年人体质指数(body mass index,BMI)轨迹与认知障碍及认知功能的关系。

方法

基于2005—2018年中国老年健康调查数据,选取6 423名老年人,应用组基轨迹模型构建BMI轨迹,Cox比例风险回归模型分析BMI轨迹与认知障碍发生风险的关系,广义线性模型分析BMI轨迹与认知功能的关系。

结果

男性中识别出3个BMI轨迹组,正常-稳定组(57.59%)、正常-超重组(36.27%)及超重-稳定组(6.13%)。女性中识别出3个BMI轨迹组,正常-稳定组(68.14%)、正常-超重组(26.70%)及超重-肥胖组(5.16%)。以正常-稳定组为参照组,调整混杂因素发现,男性正常-超重组、超重-稳定组发生认知障碍的风险[HR(95%CI)]分别为0.76(0.64~0.91)(P<0.01)和0.65(0.43~0.99)(P<0.05)。女性正常-超重组和超重-肥胖组发生认知障碍的风险[HR(95%CI)]为0.74(0.63~0.87)(P<0.001)和0.70(0.50~0.99)(P<0.05)。男性正常-超重组、超重-稳定组认知功能得分升高0.66(0.42~0.89)(P<0.001)和0.78(0.32~1.24)分(P<0.01)。女性正常-超重组和超重-肥胖组认知功能得分升高1.19(0.91~1.46)(P<0.001)和1.44(0.91~1.96)分(P<0.001)。

结论

我国老年人BMI轨迹存在异质性,BMI轨迹归属与认知障碍和认知功能显著相关。BMI升高的轨迹会降低认知障碍发生风险,认知功能较BMI维持在正常水平的人群均较高。

体质指数  /  认知障碍  /  认知功能  /  组基轨迹模型  /  老年人
Objective

To explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) trajectories and cognitive impairment and cognitive function in the elderly in China.

Methods

Based on data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2005 to 2018, a sample of 6 423 elderly individuals was selected. Group-based trajectory modeling was employed to construct BMI trajectories, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the relationship between BMI trajectories and the risk of cognitive impairment. Generalized linear models were applied to examine the relationship between BMI trajectories and cognitive function.

Results

Three BMI trajectory groups were identified among males: “Normal-Stable Group (57.59%)”, “Normal-Overweight Group (36.27%)”, and “Overweight-Stable Group (6.13%)”. Among females, three BMI trajectory groups were identified:“Normal-Stable Group (68.14%)”, “Normal-Overweight Group (26.70%)”, and “Overweight-Obese Group (5.16%)”. Using the Normal-Stable Group as reference, after adjusting for confounding factors, the risk of cognitive impairment for males in the Normal-Overweight Group and Overweight-Stable Group was [HR (95%CI)] 0.76 (0.64-0.91), P<0.01 and 0.65 (0.43-0.99), P<0.05,respectively. For females, the risk of cognitive impairment in the Normal-Overweight Group and Overweight-Obese Group was [HR(95%CI)] 0.74 (0.63-0.87), P<0.001 and 0.70 (0.50-0.99), P<0.05, respectively. Cognitive function scores for males in the Normal-Overweight Group and Overweight-Stable Group increased by 0.66 (0.42-0.89) points, P<0.001 and 0.78 (0.32-1.24) points, P<0.01,respectively. For females, cognitive function scores in the Normal-Overweight Group and Overweight-Obese Group increased by 1.19(0.91-1.46) points, P<0.001 and 1.44 (0.91-1.96) points, P<0.001, respectively.

Conclusion

There is heterogeneity in the BMI trajectories of the elderly in China, and the classification of BMI trajectories is significantly associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive function. Trajectories of increasing BMI are associated with a reduced risk of cognitive impairment, and cognitive function is generally higher in populations where BMI remains at normal levels.

Body mass index  /  Cognitive impairment  /  Cognitive function  /  Group-based trajectory model  /  Elderly
卓力, 陈娜, 秦慧. 我国老年人体质指数轨迹与认知障碍及认知功能关系研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (3) : 481 -486 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403126
Li ZHUO, Na CHEN, Hui QIN. Research on the relationship between body mass index trajectories and cognitive impairment and cognitive function in the elderly in China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (3) : 481 -486 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403126
认知障碍指一项或多项认知功能受损,包括记忆力、语言能力、理解判断能力、执行能力和计算能力等[1]。其特点有病程较长、病理改变不可逆、暂无有效治疗方案等,易对患者日常生活自理能力造成影响[2],给家庭和社会带来沉重负担[3]。目前认知障碍已成为危害老年健康的主要疾病之一,由于我国老年人群基数大、老龄化速度快导致老年认知问题更加严峻。2020年一项流行病学调查指出,我国60岁及以上老年人认知障碍率为21.58%[4],因此亟需确认老年认知障碍的风险因素。研究发现,体质指数(body mass index,BMI)与认知障碍和认知功能显著相关[5-6],但目前大多研究都基于横断面数据或地区性样本,既无法追踪BMI长期变化对认知的影响[7],又缺少全国代表性的证据。因此,本研究利用CLHLS 2005—2018年追踪数据,用组基轨迹模型构建老年人BMI轨迹,探究其与认知障碍发生风险及认知功能的关系,以期为认知障碍的识别和干预提供科学依据。
本研究数据来源为中国老年健康调查(Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey,CLHLS)。作为一项开始早、质量高、内容丰富的老年健康调查项目,内容涉及个人及家庭基本情况、健康状况、生活方式、社会经济地位等多方面,为研究老年健康和长寿提供重要数据来源。
本研究将老年人定义为65岁及以上个体,选用2005—2018年5期追访数据。有15 613名≥65岁老年人参与基线调查,剔除年龄在105岁以上样本(n=258),再依次排除身高/体重存在缺失项者(n=172)、BMI报告异常者(BMI<15 kg/m2或BMI>50 kg/m2,n=221)、认知功能测试存在缺失项者(n=49)、基线认知障碍者(MMSE得分<18分,n=3 574)、其他重要变量缺失者(n=2 328)以及随后4次随访调查都未完成认知功能测试者(n=2 648)。共有6 423名老年人纳入研究。
1.2.1 BMI采用CLHLS中身高和体重计算,BMI(kg/m2)=体重(kg)/身高的二次方(m)2。分类为偏低(<18.5 kg/m2)、正常(18.5 ~ 23.9 kg/m2)、超重(24 ~ 27.9 kg/m2)和肥胖(≥ 28 kg/m2[8]。低于15 kg/m2和超过50 kg/m2在生物学上被视为不可能,作为异常值剔除[9]
1.2.2 认知功能及认知障碍 认知功能根据CLHLS中略加调整的简易认知量表(MMSE)确定,包括方向定位、计算、记忆、反应、语言理解与自我协调等能力,共24题。除1 min说出能吃的东西数满分为7分,其他题目每题1分,总分为30分,分值越高代表认知功能越好。得分低于18分的老年人为认知障碍[10]
1.2.3 协变量 基于以往文献选择协变量[5-6]。包括年龄、居住地、出生地、婚姻状况、是否上过学、现在是否吸烟、现在是否喝酒、现在是否锻炼、是否吃蔬菜、日常生活活动能力(ADL)是否受损、慢性病数量。
数据处理采用stataMP16软件。采用χ2检验和方差分析比较BMI轨迹亚组的基线特征。采用组基轨迹模型(group-based trajectory models,GBTM)拟合BMI轨迹,从较少亚组数、高阶项开始拟合,若无统计学意义则继续拟合低阶项,直至每条轨迹参数均显著。根据贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterions,BIC)、平均后验概率(average posterior probability,AvePP)、每个亚组个体数量占比评价模型拟合的效果[11]
采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析BMI轨迹组与认知障碍发生风险的关系,从基线调查开始,到研究对象发生认知障碍或最后一次测量未发生认知障碍为止,最后一次测量未发生认知障碍标记为删失。采用广义线性模型分析BMI轨迹组与认知功能得分的关系,模型类型选择线性回归,以每个研究对象最后一次认知功能测试为结局。为测试关联稳健性,依次建立4个模型,逐步调整社会人口学特征、健康行为变量以及健康状况。双侧检验,水准α=0.05。
将老年人BMI轨迹按照不同组数和不同函数形式拟合。男性和女性BMI 2~4组轨迹模型的BIC、AIC值和模型估计的各组比例见表1。BIC值虽然在4组轨迹模型中最小,但由于存在亚组占总体比例小于5%、Avepp不足0.7的情况,最终确定最佳轨迹数为3。其中各组具体Avepp、估计和实际占总体比例见表2
我国老年男性和女性各识别出3个BMI轨迹组。男性的轨迹组分别命名为正常-稳定组(n=1 756,57.59%)、正常-超重组(n=1 106,36.27%)及超重-稳定组(n=187,6.13%);女性的轨迹组分别命名为正常-稳定组(n=2 299,68.14%)、正常-超重组(n=901,26.70%)及超重-肥胖组(n=174,5.16%)。见图1
按BMI轨迹分组老年人的基本特征见表3。结果显示,不同轨迹亚组老年人社会学人口特征、健康相关行为、健康状况间存在差异,除饮酒因素外,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。
以正常-稳定组为参照组,在等比例Cox回归模型中逐步加入可能的混杂因素。男性中,与正常-稳定组相比,正常-超重组和超重-稳定组发生认知障碍的风险[HR(95%CI)]为0.76(0.64~0.91)和0.65(0.43~0.99)。女性中,与正常-稳定组相比,正常-超重组和超重-肥胖组发生认知障碍的风险[HR(95%CI)]为0.74(0.63~0.87)和0.70(0.50~0.99)。见表4
以正常-稳定组为参照组,在广义线性模型中逐步加入可能的混杂因素。男性正常-超重组和超重-稳定组认知功能得分比正常-稳定组高0.66(0.42~0.89)和0.78(0.32~1.24)分。女性正常-超重组和超重-肥胖组认知功能得分比正常-稳定组高1.19(0.91~1.46)和1.44(0.91~1.96)分。见表5
Hou[5]等发现,我国老年人较高的BMI与认知障碍风险显著降低相关。张兰[6]等发现,高BMI是老年男性和女性认知功能共同的保护因素。但以上横断面研究均基于某一时点BMI,无法追踪其长期发展对认知结局的影响[7]。然而生命历程理论认为,BMI轨迹变化既是个体早期生活方式和健康行为的累积性结果,又是预测潜在健康风险的重要指标,探究BMI轨迹变化对后期认知障碍的发生存在重要价值[12]。研究结果有助于支持高危人群的早期识别,通过控制BMI轨迹达到对认知障碍预防和干预的目的。
已有研究对老年人BMI轨迹进行识别[12-14],均发现其中存在异质性。不同研究拟合出轨迹数量、形态不完全一致,这可能是由于数据处理方式、研究对象平均基线年龄等存在差异。例如,英国老年人BMI轨迹存在稳定(85.3%)、升高(7.2%)、持续高(4.1%)及降低(3.4%)4种类型[13],且稳定组BMI始终维持在26 kg/m2以上的超重水平,高于与本研究中正常-稳定组的水平。国内研究中,Zeng等[14]发现我国中老年人存在3种BMI轨迹,即低稳定组(79.0%)、高稳定(15.0%)和快速增加组(6.0%)。与本研究的组数及趋势更为接近,但研究对象在各轨迹组的构成比例及BMI水平不完全一致,可能是由于中年人和老年人不同健康特征所致。不同国家和地区老年人BMI轨迹的多样性表明,老年人BMI轨迹可能受到社会、经济和文化差异对老年人生活方式、饮食结构、健康观念等方面的影响,应综合考虑这些因素以便理解和干预老年健康。
本研究发现,BMI轨迹组与认知障碍发生风险显著相关。提示BMI升高的轨迹会降低认知障碍发生风险,这与以往报道一致[15-16]。国外研究发现美国老年人的BMI每增加1kg/m2,患认知障碍的风险会降低3%[15]。国内研究中,我国老年男性和女性的BMI增长均会带来认知障碍风险下降[16]。本研究还发现女性中正常-超重组认知障碍风险的降低较男性更明显,这与Zhu[16]的发现一致,即BMI增加导致认知障碍风险的降低存在性别差异。
本研究发现,BMI升高的轨迹与认知功能得分较高显著相关,这与以往发现一致[17],即BMI上升能减缓认知功能衰退速度。本研究还提示BMI维持较高水平也会延缓认知衰退,这与Adrienne[18]研究结果一致,即较高且稳定的BMI与较慢的认知能力下降有关。此外,男性和女性正常-超重组认知功能得分增幅均小于超重-稳定组和超重-肥胖组,这也提示BMI较高的基线水平和较大的增长幅度均可能对认知产生保护作用。
BMI升高保护老年人认知的可能机制如下。(1)高BMI与高的脂肪量相关,脂肪分泌的瘦素能调节和促进海马突触和加工β-淀粉样蛋白,改善学习和记忆能力[19]。(2)高BMI女性体内较高的雌激素能够促进神经元存活、防止神经退化;而高BMI男性体内脂肪中保留了更多的睾丸激素,转化为雌激素后会延缓认知下降[20]。(3)高BMI利于保留高肌肉含量,增强机体对糖的代谢能力,降低血糖紊乱和胰岛素异常损害认知的风险[21]。(4)高BMI的老年人可能摄入更丰富的营养素,对脑功能维持起到积极作用[22]
根据结论提出如下建议。(1)我国老年人BMI轨迹存在异质性。根据BMI变动预测健康风险时,应考虑不同轨迹组特征,为不同类型老年群体制定针对性措施。(2)重视BMI作为识别及干预认知的重要因素。相比遗传、环境等不易改变因素,个体对BMI的自我管理相对便捷。(3)为老年期体重和饮食管理提供参考。适度维持体重能保护认知,提示老年人不必追求过低体重;鼓励老年人建立合理、营养的饮食结构以对抗认知衰退。
本研究尚存局限性。变量测量上,虽然BMI是衡量个体肥胖程度的重要指标,但若想更科学的考察个体肥胖水平,应结合腰围、腰臀比、脂肪量和腹部脂肪等多个指标综合研究。研究设计上,一方面,本研究仍存在一些未被校正的混杂因素,如生活环境、抑郁症状和饮食摄入等,未来应进一步调整更多因素以精准探讨关联;另一方面,本研究模型中以随访轮次作为时间维度,某一年龄群体样本数量和持续追踪到的样本数量均偏少,未来可选择受访者年龄作为时间变量以获更大的可追踪样本量,以便更清晰地发现BMI轨迹的群组差异。
  • 国家社会科学青年基金项目(19CGL063)
  • 江苏省中医药科技发展计划专题研究项目(ZT202202)
  • 江苏省高等教育教改研究课题重点项目(2021JSJG053)
  • 江苏高校“青蓝工程”资助
  • 养老服务与管理学院(南京中医药大学)专项研究项目(2023YLFWYGL013)
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2025年第52卷第3期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403126
  • 接收时间:2024-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-11
基金
国家社会科学青年基金项目(19CGL063)
江苏省中医药科技发展计划专题研究项目(ZT202202)
江苏省高等教育教改研究课题重点项目(2021JSJG053)
江苏高校“青蓝工程”资助
养老服务与管理学院(南京中医药大学)专项研究项目(2023YLFWYGL013)
作者信息
    1.南京中医药大学养老服务与管理学院,江苏 南京 210023
    2.南京中医药大学卫生经济管理学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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