Article(id=1241023935635059296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023927812682133, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409182, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726243200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812763364, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812763364, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812763364, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812763364, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241023927812682133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812761500, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812858867, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241024336258200259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023927812682133, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241024336258200260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023927812682133, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=447, endPage=454, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241023936037712501, articleId=1241023935635059296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Influence of relative humidity, temperature and atmospheric pollutants on respiratory disease mortality in a city in southwest China from 2018 to 2022, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the influence and lag effects of different groups of relative humidity, temperature, atmospheric pollutants and their interactions on respiratory disease mortality in a basin city in southwest China under a subtropical humid climate.

Methods

Daily meteorological, air pollutant and respiratory-related mortality data of residents in a city in southwest China from 2018 to 2022 were collected, and time-series analysis was carried out using the distributed lag-wise nonlinear model (DLNM) with quasi-Poisson distribution and the generalized additive model (GAM).

Results

A total of 11 779 people died of respiratory diseases in this city. At lag15, when the SO2 concentration increased by 10 μg/m3, the impact on the respiratory disease mortality of the population was the greatest, with RR=1.055 (95%CI: 0.993-1.120). In the single-factor grouped lag model, in the extremely high-temperature group (≥P95), when the temperature increased by 1 °C, the impact on respiratory disease mortality was the greatest at lag0, which was 1.710(95%CI: 1.209-2.418). In the multi-factor model, when SO2 and NO2 were taken as synergistic factors, the impact of relative humidity on respiratory mortality was the greatest at lag18, which was 1.026 (95%CI: 1.000-1.053), and the RR of temperature on mortality was the greatest at lag0, which was 1.024 (95%CI: 1.010-1.038). Interaction analysis showed that there were interactions among relative humidity, temperature and various pollutants, and the mortality risk generated by the interaction between 60%-80% humidity level and SO2 and NO2 was the greatest.

Conclusion

Each factor has an independent influence and lag effect on respiratory disease mortality.The interactions between different humidity levels and pollutants have different impacts on respiratory disease mortality and may have synergistic or antagonistic effects. Among them, the mortality risk generated by the interaction between medium humidity level and pollutants is the greatest, while the impact generated by the interaction between high humidity and pollutants is instead reduced.

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目的

探讨亚热带湿润气候下中国西南某盆地城市中不同组别的相对湿度、温度、大气污染物及其交互作用对呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响及滞后效应。

方法

收集2018—2022年中国西南某市逐日的气象、空气污染物和居民呼吸系统死亡的资料,采用准泊松分布的分布滞后非线性模型(distributed lag-wise nonlinear model,DLNM)和广义加性模型(generalized additive model,GAM)进行时间序列分析。

结果

该市呼吸系统疾病累积死亡11 779人。在lag15时,SO2浓度每升高10 ug/m3对人群呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响最大,RR=1.055(95%CI: 0.993~1.120)。单因素分组滞后模型中,极高温组(≥P95)中温度每上升1℃对呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响在lag0时最大,为1.710(95%CI: 1.209~2.418)。多因素模型中,以SO2,NO2为协同因素时,相对湿度对呼吸系统死亡影响在lag18时最大,为1.026(95%CI: 1.000~1.053),温度对死亡的RR在lag0时最大,为1.024(95%CI: 1.010~1.038)。交互作用显示:相对湿度、温度与各污染物均存在交互作用,60%~80%的湿度水平与SO2、NO2交互产生的死亡风险最大。

结论

各因素对呼吸系统疾病死亡存在独立影响和滞后效应。不同湿度水平与污染物交互作用对呼吸系统疾病死亡影响不同且可能存在协同或拮抗效应,其中中等湿度水平与污染物交互产生的死亡风险最大,高湿度与污染物交互产生的影响反而降低。

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谢惠芳,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zP60JHm7QxUb/bNsTQJjnA==, magXml=DsisHP9KPEEdkpmDX1dsaA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=mIC3J/8gv89DelMGN+N9dw==, pdfFileSize=2509307, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=2vBSIUj0mB2Jd32chFskpg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Z3MDjVAf7mJAwv8A3SvXaQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

苏恒宇(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:呼吸道疾病与环境研究

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Chemosphere,2021, 263: 128214., articleTitle=Short-term exposure to ambient particulate matter and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases among children: A time-series study in five Chinese cities, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241023946296979686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆维吾尔自治区“十四五”高等学校特色学科-公共卫生与预防医学, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241023946401837290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, awardId=TSYC202301B073, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”医药卫生高层次人才培养计划(TSYC202301B073), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241023940429148978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023940437537587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, companyId=1241023940429148978, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023940441731892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, companyId=1241023940429148978, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.新疆医科大学公共卫生学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241023940559172412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023940567561022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, companyId=1241023940559172412, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.乌鲁木齐市疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241023944094969916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The exposure lag response results of air pollutants and meteorological factors in a certain city from 2018 to 2022, figureFileSmall=6cviHKohxDmB6ToUudDbLQ==, figureFileBig=2vBSIUj0mB2Jd32chFskpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023944212410439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2018—2022年某市大气污染物和气象因素的暴露滞后响应结果, figureFileSmall=6cviHKohxDmB6ToUudDbLQ==, figureFileBig=2vBSIUj0mB2Jd32chFskpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023944627646565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Single-factor grouping lag effects of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, Temp and RH in the city from 2018 to 2022, figureFileSmall=h7oFRUgJ9P7HYKjXRsGd+g==, figureFileBig=vDEl7REYLJ3biRDtKxtTsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023944719921259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2018—2022年该市PM2.5、PM10、NO2、温度和相对湿度的单因素分组滞后效应, figureFileSmall=h7oFRUgJ9P7HYKjXRsGd+g==, figureFileBig=vDEl7REYLJ3biRDtKxtTsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023944833167476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Single-factor grouping lag effects of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, Temp and RH in the city from 2018 to 2022, figureFileSmall=sOUyl4jIY/ue5e5w8/8o/A==, figureFileBig=ONn5z+TvwApItUAZvqpqyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023944954802299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2018—2022年该市PM2.5、PM10、NO2、温度和相对湿度的单因素分组滞后效应

注:PM2.5和PM10中type1、2、3分别代表Min~初级标准、初级标准~二级标准、二级标准~Max;温度和湿度中type1、2、3、4、5分别代表Min~P5P5P25P25P75P75P95P95~Max;NO2中type1、2分别代表min~阈值、阈值~max。

, figureFileSmall=sOUyl4jIY/ue5e5w8/8o/A==, figureFileBig=ONn5z+TvwApItUAZvqpqyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023945126768777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Dual-independent variable 3D model of the interaction between temperature and atmospheric pollutants in a city from 2018 to 2022, figureFileSmall=7FmyJw7lKlvg9epZq0QgDQ==, figureFileBig=ycTWDMwkq1Z3qYIcfKWknQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023945277763734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2018—2022年某市温度与大气污染物交互作用的的双自变量三维模型

注:Temp为日平均温度;RH为相对湿度。

, figureFileSmall=7FmyJw7lKlvg9epZq0QgDQ==, figureFileBig=ycTWDMwkq1Z3qYIcfKWknQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023945378427043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Double-independent variable 3D model for the interaction between relative humidity and air pollutants in a city in 2018 to 2022, figureFileSmall=HxPOBquJjeQDWxanQQ29zw==, figureFileBig=WNKHFkq4AAizowmGgxUjyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023945537810608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2018—2022年某市相对湿度与大气污染物交互作用的用双自变量三维模型

注:RH为相对湿度。

, figureFileSmall=HxPOBquJjeQDWxanQQ29zw==, figureFileBig=WNKHFkq4AAizowmGgxUjyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023945596530873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Number of respiratory disease deaths, air pollutants and meteorological factors in a municipal population from 2018 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型因素最小值P25P50P75最大值《GB3095-2012》a
死亡人数6.45±5.610.003.005.0010.0051.00
大气污染物PM2.5(μg/m3)109.08±31.2344.1386.32103.95127.77337.5875μg/m3
PM10(μg/m3)152.18±47.7061.71120.97145.05178.65445.83150μg/m1
SO2(μg/m3)33.64±5.3017.4129.8933.5937.3251.05150μg/m1
NO2(μg/m3)41.40±9.0318.3935.4840.1246.10107.3380μg/m3
O38h((μg/m3)48.39±21.364.6331.9245.1364.56121.59160μg/m1
CO(mg/m3)1.02±0.340.320.780.951.222.434mg/m1
气象因素日平均气温(℃)18.24±7.491.7411.5918.6224.6336.12
气压(hPa)962.72±8.35945.20955.15963.24969.55985.22
风速(m/s)1.76±0.560.761.351.632.064.83
相对湿度(%)75.79±10.9622.2469.6177.5883.7596.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241023945722360004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2018—2022年某市人群呼吸系统疾病死亡数、空气污染物和气象因子指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型因素最小值P25P50P75最大值《GB3095-2012》a
死亡人数6.45±5.610.003.005.0010.0051.00
大气污染物PM2.5(μg/m3)109.08±31.2344.1386.32103.95127.77337.5875μg/m3
PM10(μg/m3)152.18±47.7061.71120.97145.05178.65445.83150μg/m1
SO2(μg/m3)33.64±5.3017.4129.8933.5937.3251.05150μg/m1
NO2(μg/m3)41.40±9.0318.3935.4840.1246.10107.3380μg/m3
O38h((μg/m3)48.39±21.364.6331.9245.1364.56121.59160μg/m1
CO(mg/m3)1.02±0.340.320.780.951.222.434mg/m1
气象因素日平均气温(℃)18.24±7.491.7411.5918.6224.6336.12
气压(hPa)962.72±8.35945.20955.15963.24969.55985.22
风速(m/s)1.76±0.560.761.351.632.064.83
相对湿度(%)75.79±10.9622.2469.6177.5883.7596.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241023945810440393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Multi-pollutant model of air pollutants and meteorological factors in a certain city from 2018 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素RR(95%CI因素RR(95%CI
温度1.018(1.006~1.030)a,c相对湿度1.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+PM2.51.017(1.007~1.027)a,c相对湿度+PM2.51.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+PM101.017(1.006~1.027)a,c相对湿度+PM101.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+CO1.020(1.006~1.033)a,c相对湿度+CO1.025(1.000~1.050)b,c
温度+SO21.022(1.008~1.036)a,c相对湿度+SO21.025(1.000~1.051)b,c
温度+NO21.020(1.008~1.033)a,c相对湿度+NO21.022(1.001~1.050)b,c
温度+PM+SO2.521.018(1.000~1.030)a,c相对湿度+O38h1.010(0.984~1.037)b
温度+PM2.5+NO21.017(1.006~1.030)a,c相对湿度+PM2.5+SO21.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+PM10+SO21.017(1.005~1.029)a,c相对湿度+PM2.5+NO21.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+PM10+NO21.017(1.005~1.029)a,c相对湿度+PM10+SO21.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+SO2+NO21.024(1.010~1.038)a,c相对湿度+PM10+NO21.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+PM2.5+SO2+NO21.018(1.006~1.031)a,c相对湿度+PM2.5+O38h1.000(0.999~1.002)b
温度+PM10+SO2+NO21.018(1.005~1.031)a,c相对湿度+PM10+O38h1.000(0.999~1.002)b
相对湿度+NO+SO221.026(1.000~1.053)b,c
相对湿度+PM2.5+NO2+SO21.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
相对湿度+PM+NO+SO10221.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
相对湿度+NO+SO+O2238h1.015(0.987~1.044)b
相对湿度+PM+NO+SO+O2.52238h1.001(0.999~1.002)b
相对湿度+PM10+NO2+SO2+O38h1.001(0.999~1.002)b
), ArticleFig(id=1241023945969823957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023935635059296, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2018—2022年某市空气污染物和气象因素的多污染物模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素RR(95%CI因素RR(95%CI
温度1.018(1.006~1.030)a,c相对湿度1.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+PM2.51.017(1.007~1.027)a,c相对湿度+PM2.51.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+PM101.017(1.006~1.027)a,c相对湿度+PM101.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+CO1.020(1.006~1.033)a,c相对湿度+CO1.025(1.000~1.050)b,c
温度+SO21.022(1.008~1.036)a,c相对湿度+SO21.025(1.000~1.051)b,c
温度+NO21.020(1.008~1.033)a,c相对湿度+NO21.022(1.001~1.050)b,c
温度+PM+SO2.521.018(1.000~1.030)a,c相对湿度+O38h1.010(0.984~1.037)b
温度+PM2.5+NO21.017(1.006~1.030)a,c相对湿度+PM2.5+SO21.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+PM10+SO21.017(1.005~1.029)a,c相对湿度+PM2.5+NO21.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+PM10+NO21.017(1.005~1.029)a,c相对湿度+PM10+SO21.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+SO2+NO21.024(1.010~1.038)a,c相对湿度+PM10+NO21.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
温度+PM2.5+SO2+NO21.018(1.006~1.031)a,c相对湿度+PM2.5+O38h1.000(0.999~1.002)b
温度+PM10+SO2+NO21.018(1.005~1.031)a,c相对湿度+PM10+O38h1.000(0.999~1.002)b
相对湿度+NO+SO221.026(1.000~1.053)b,c
相对湿度+PM2.5+NO2+SO21.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
相对湿度+PM+NO+SO10221.001(1.000~1.002)b,c
相对湿度+NO+SO+O2238h1.015(0.987~1.044)b
相对湿度+PM+NO+SO+O2.52238h1.001(0.999~1.002)b
相对湿度+PM10+NO2+SO2+O38h1.001(0.999~1.002)b
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2018—2022年中国西南某市相对湿度、温度与大气污染物对呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响
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苏恒宇 1 , 孙高峰 2 , 谢惠芳 1
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025,52(3): 447-454
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2025, 52(3): 447-454
2018—2022年中国西南某市相对湿度、温度与大气污染物对呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响
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苏恒宇1, 孙高峰2, 谢惠芳1
作者信息
  • 1.新疆医科大学公共卫生学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 2.乌鲁木齐市疾病预防控制中心
  • 苏恒宇(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:呼吸道疾病与环境研究

通讯作者:

谢惠芳,E-mail:
Influence of relative humidity, temperature and atmospheric pollutants on respiratory disease mortality in a city in southwest China from 2018 to 2022
Heng-yu SU1, Gao-feng SUN2, Hui-fang XIE1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409182
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目的

探讨亚热带湿润气候下中国西南某盆地城市中不同组别的相对湿度、温度、大气污染物及其交互作用对呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响及滞后效应。

方法

收集2018—2022年中国西南某市逐日的气象、空气污染物和居民呼吸系统死亡的资料,采用准泊松分布的分布滞后非线性模型(distributed lag-wise nonlinear model,DLNM)和广义加性模型(generalized additive model,GAM)进行时间序列分析。

结果

该市呼吸系统疾病累积死亡11 779人。在lag15时,SO2浓度每升高10 ug/m3对人群呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响最大,RR=1.055(95%CI: 0.993~1.120)。单因素分组滞后模型中,极高温组(≥P95)中温度每上升1℃对呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响在lag0时最大,为1.710(95%CI: 1.209~2.418)。多因素模型中,以SO2,NO2为协同因素时,相对湿度对呼吸系统死亡影响在lag18时最大,为1.026(95%CI: 1.000~1.053),温度对死亡的RR在lag0时最大,为1.024(95%CI: 1.010~1.038)。交互作用显示:相对湿度、温度与各污染物均存在交互作用,60%~80%的湿度水平与SO2、NO2交互产生的死亡风险最大。

结论

各因素对呼吸系统疾病死亡存在独立影响和滞后效应。不同湿度水平与污染物交互作用对呼吸系统疾病死亡影响不同且可能存在协同或拮抗效应,其中中等湿度水平与污染物交互产生的死亡风险最大,高湿度与污染物交互产生的影响反而降低。

大气污染物  /  气象因素  /  呼吸系统疾病死亡  /  交互作用
Objective

To explore the influence and lag effects of different groups of relative humidity, temperature, atmospheric pollutants and their interactions on respiratory disease mortality in a basin city in southwest China under a subtropical humid climate.

Methods

Daily meteorological, air pollutant and respiratory-related mortality data of residents in a city in southwest China from 2018 to 2022 were collected, and time-series analysis was carried out using the distributed lag-wise nonlinear model (DLNM) with quasi-Poisson distribution and the generalized additive model (GAM).

Results

A total of 11 779 people died of respiratory diseases in this city. At lag15, when the SO2 concentration increased by 10 μg/m3, the impact on the respiratory disease mortality of the population was the greatest, with RR=1.055 (95%CI: 0.993-1.120). In the single-factor grouped lag model, in the extremely high-temperature group (≥P95), when the temperature increased by 1 °C, the impact on respiratory disease mortality was the greatest at lag0, which was 1.710(95%CI: 1.209-2.418). In the multi-factor model, when SO2 and NO2 were taken as synergistic factors, the impact of relative humidity on respiratory mortality was the greatest at lag18, which was 1.026 (95%CI: 1.000-1.053), and the RR of temperature on mortality was the greatest at lag0, which was 1.024 (95%CI: 1.010-1.038). Interaction analysis showed that there were interactions among relative humidity, temperature and various pollutants, and the mortality risk generated by the interaction between 60%-80% humidity level and SO2 and NO2 was the greatest.

Conclusion

Each factor has an independent influence and lag effect on respiratory disease mortality.The interactions between different humidity levels and pollutants have different impacts on respiratory disease mortality and may have synergistic or antagonistic effects. Among them, the mortality risk generated by the interaction between medium humidity level and pollutants is the greatest, while the impact generated by the interaction between high humidity and pollutants is instead reduced.

Atmospheric pollutants  /  Meteorological factors  /  Respiratorydisease mortality  /  Interaction
苏恒宇, 孙高峰, 谢惠芳. 2018—2022年中国西南某市相对湿度、温度与大气污染物对呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (3) : 447 -454 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409182
Heng-yu SU, Gao-feng SUN, Hui-fang XIE. Influence of relative humidity, temperature and atmospheric pollutants on respiratory disease mortality in a city in southwest China from 2018 to 2022[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (3) : 447 -454 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409182
空气污染和气候变化是导致呼吸系统疾病发病和死亡的主要原因之一,极端气象条件能够增加人群呼吸系统疾病的发病率和死亡率,结局通常为非线性关系[1]。最近的研究显示,在全球气候变化的背景下,应仔细考虑气候变化与空气污染之间的双向交互作用及其对呼吸系统疾病的影响[2]。许多研究报道了温度的死亡率效应,但很少有研究湿度的死亡风险。中国空气污染和气候变化对呼吸系统疾病影响的研究主要集中在东部、长三角等地区[3-5];中国西南城市的研究有限,特别是独特的地理和气候造成的高温高湿和重污染环境对呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响。本研究从环境医学的角度开展温度、相对湿度、污染物的单因素分析,以及单因素分组滞后、多因素及交互作用分别对某西南盆地城市人群呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响研究,以此揭示极端气象因素和大气污染物交互致病的成因,对保护当地居民健康具有重要的科学价值和现实意义,也为当地有效开展空气污染的风险评估和制定健康策略提供科学依据。
本研究从该市的疾病控制预防中心系统中检索了2018年1月—2022年12月期间的每日死亡数据,包括户籍、死亡时间、直接死亡原因的信息。两名疾控专家根据《国际疾病分类第10版》(ICD-10)编码标准(J00-J99)对数据进行了筛选,排除了生前未居住该市5年的人群,确保数据的准确性和科学性。
气象数据来自欧洲中程天气预报中心(ECMWF),其中包括日平均气温、气压、相对湿度和风速。空气污染物数据来源于哥白尼大气监测服务中心(CAMS),包括PM2.5、PM10、SO2、CO、O38h、NO2。ECMWF数据准确率可以达到70%~90%,是通过全球气象观测网络(包括地面气象站、气象卫星等)进行数据收集。CAMS通过卫星遥感技术、地面监测站、气象球等多种渠道收集大气成分数据,其高精度及准确的空间匹配度确保研究的精确性。
数据质量控制包括消除偏离长期平均值超过三个标准差的缺失值和交叉检查值。死亡统计数据按日期与空气污染和气象数据相匹配。
经检验均呈非正态分布,使用R版本4.3.0中的stats软件包进行了Spearman相关性检验。准泊松分布的GAM和DLNM模型能估计空气污染物、气象因素及其相互作用之间的暴露-滞后-反应关系。利用DLNM进行单因素,单因素分组滞后和多因素分析,使用GAM开发双变量响应模型进行交互作用分析。
第一步,利用DLNM建立单污染模型,单污染分组滞后模型和多因素模型分析独立影响和滞后影响。基本代数表达式如下:
公式(1)中:μt为第t日呼吸系统疾病死亡人数,β、γ、λ为回归系数。Tt,l:各因素的交叉矩阵。确定大气污染物的最大滞后天数为15 d,气象因素为21,自由度v设置为3。自然三次样条函数ns用于处理混杂因素。根据以往的研究[4-5]和AIC信息准则(Akaike information guidelines),时间变量和各因素的自由度分别设置为v1=7/年和v2=3。控制星期效应(DOWt)和假日效应(Holidayt)。
第二步,利用GAM建立双自变量响应模型。基本代数表达式如下:
公式(2)中:TS为薄板样条函数。TS(PtL,Xt)为因素间的相互作用项,其中PtL为第L天对第t天污染物的移动平均值。其余参数与-Eq(1)保持一致。
鉴于该地区独特的地理位置,具有较高的温度和相对湿度,本研究考察了主要污染物PM2.5、PM10、NO2和温度、相对湿度这五种因素的分组滞后效应。由于全球范围内缺乏对高温低温、高湿低湿的统一定义,本研究利用温度和相对湿度的百分位数间隔以及《GB3095—2012》中规定的污染物阈值进行定义,根据“Min~初级标准~二级标准~Max”将PM10,PM2.5分为3组(NO2只有一组阈值,即分为2组);根据“Min~P5P25P75P95~Max”将温度和湿度分为5组进行单因素分组滞后分析。
本文中,所有空气污染物的浓度增加10 μg/m3(CO 1 mg/m3),气象指标增加1单位进行分析。结果以相对风险(relative risk,RR,95%CI)呈现。因素对死亡风险的累积效应被定义为累积相对风险(cumulative relative risk,CRR,95%CI)。本研究估计了从lag 0到lag 15和从lag 0到lag 21的单日滞后效应,其中lag 0和lag 1分别代表了第一天和第二天暴露因素对呼吸系统死亡的滞后效应;lag 01表示暴露因素从第二天到第一天对死亡的累积滞后效应。采用双侧检验,检验水准α=0.05。
通过改变模型中时间趋势的自由度v(3,5,6)参数来进行敏感性分析和评估建模方法的稳健性。
2018年1月1日—2022年12月31日,该市共有11 779人死于呼吸系统疾病,见表1。该市主要空气污染物为PM2.5、PM10和NO2。日平均气温为18.24℃(范围:10.75~25.73℃),相对湿度平均值为75.79%(范围:64.83%~86.75%)。空气污染物浓度呈季节性变化,O38h在夏季达到峰值,NO2、SO2、CO、PM2.5和PM10在冬季较高。见图1
PM10和PM2.5呈正相关,r=为1.00(P<0.001)。O38h与温度呈正相关,r=为0.76(P<0.001)。CO与PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2呈负相关,相关系数分别为r=0.70、r=0.71、r=0.73、r=0.74(P all<0.001)。温度与大气压呈负相关,负相关系数为r=-0.88(P<0.001)。风速与其余因素不存在强相关性。见图1
PM2.5,PM10浓度升高10 μg/m3,呼吸系统死亡的RR在lag 0最高,分别为1.009(95% CI:0.984~1.034)、1.010(95%CI:0.991~1.029)。O38h、CO、NO2、相对湿度的RR值随滞后时间的增加呈“M”形,其中相对湿度的CRR在滞后时间lag7~lag18之间存在统计学意义。SO2随滞后时间呈逆“J”形。温度升高1℃,死亡的RR在lag 0最大,为1.018(95%CI:1.006~1.030),温度的CRR有统计学意义。见图2
图3显示PM2.5、PM10的第3组在lag0~lag2、lag8~lag15期间的RR高于其他组。NO2的第2组在lag10~lag15期间的RR高于第1组。温度第5组在lag0~lag2、lag5~lag14、lag20~lag21期间的RR高于其余组且有统计学意义。相对湿度第5组在lag0~lag14、lag21期间的RR低于其余组。
本研究以温度的RR最高点lag0和相对湿度的RR最高点lag18为分析节点进行多污染物模型分析。Spearman相关性检验中具有强相关性的因素(r>0.7)没有被包括在同一个模型中[5]且利用“ns”函数控制。见表2
结果提示日均温度与PM10、PM2.5、CO、SO2、NO2、相对湿度存在相互作用(Pall<0.05),相对湿度也与各因子存在相互作用(Pall<0.001)。
低温下,PM2.5、PM10的浓度升高对死亡风险升高有显著影响。在中温时(19℃左右),低水平的PM2.5、SO2、相对湿度与温度相互作用对死亡的影响很小。高浓度的CO、PM10、SO2、NO2和高温交互作用产生的影响最为显著。见图4
低湿度与低浓度污染物交互作用对死亡数增加的影响不大。湿度升高到60%~80%时,与高浓度的PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO交互作用对疾病死亡产生影响增加。随着湿度继续上升,PM2.5、O38h、SO2、NO2与相对湿度交互作用对呼吸系统疾病死亡数的影响有不同程度的下降。见图5
结果表明分别改变时间趋势的自由度和滞后天数的参数设置对气象因素和空气污染物的累积暴露响应曲线影响不大,提示该模型的稳定性较好。
本研究是为数不多关于相对湿度与大气污染物对呼吸系统疾病死亡数影响的研究,具有一定的研究价值和意义。结果显示温度、相对湿度和各污染物的独立效应和联合效应对呼吸系统疾病死亡人数的影响存在不同程度的暴露-滞后-效应。
PM2.5、PM10作为该市首要的大气颗粒污染物,对人群死亡风险影响较大。PM2.5与PM10浓度升高对呼吸系统疾病死亡造成的危害存在及时效应。本研究显示,PM10RR值略大于PM2.5,但部分研究[5-6]认为PM2.5的危害更大,这可能与该地区环境中PM10浓度更大有关。从lag14起,PM2.5CRR值为1.023(95%CI:0.980~1.068),大于PM10CRR值1.022(95%CI:0.988~1.056),说明PM2.5对人体呼吸系统累积的危害更大,这可能是因为PM2.5的物理特性能携带更多有害物质,造成更大的危害。本研究发现,高温造成的死亡风险要大于低温,而Kristie L.Ebi[7]发现呼吸道死亡率与低温的关联性更强。这可能与该地区并不存在极寒冷(<0℃)天气,反而高温天气(≥25℃)占到了每年的29%有关。从生物学机制来看,高温可能导致呼吸道黏膜干燥,也可能使人们更容易出现脱水和电解质紊乱,导致不良的呼吸道症状加重[8]。因此,该地高温对呼吸系统疾病死亡的影响更为显著。
单因素分组滞后分析显示,极高温组(30~37℃)的RR值为1.710(95%CI:1.209~2.418),温度阈值和死亡风险结果均高于chen[9]在中国其他亚热带城市的极高温(29~31.6℃)研究结果[RR=1.27(95%CI:1.17~1.38)],这可能是因为该地区的特殊环境和各地区人群对温度的耐受性不同而造成的差异。本研究显示湿度滞后曲线除lag17~19外,极低湿度组(Min~P5)对人群呼吸系统疾病死亡影响最大,与俞[10]研究结果类似,湿度越低,人群上呼吸道疾病发生率越高。此外,高湿度易滋生霉菌等细菌,可能会增加呼吸道疾病的发生。
本研究发现SO2作为协同因素纳入PM2.5模型中时,死亡的RR降低了,继续纳入NO2、O38h时,联合作用产生的RR要大于PM2.5的独立效应,这可能是各污染物之间存在拮抗或协同相加作用,这与乌鲁木齐的研究结果不同[11],这可能是两地环境中污染物浓度不同而造成的差异。当各污染物纳入温度和湿度模型中,RR有不同程度的升高,提示各污染物与温度、湿度联合作用对人群呼吸道死亡的影响较大,其中NO2、SO2与湿度联合作用的RR增长最为明显,可能是湿度的增加促进了NO2和SO2向NO42-和SO42-转化[12],根据Sung-Hee H的研究发现,SO42-与呼吸急诊就诊有关[13],根据动物实验发现,长期NO42-暴露导致呼吸功能显著下降,主要表现为气流阻塞,肺中性粒细胞浸润增加7.90%[14]。因此,针对该地高湿度的气候环境,我们不仅需要关注颗粒污染物的浓度,也应该注意气态污染物对人群的影响,需制定和出台相应的空气治理措施,减少污染物和湿度联合作用对人群呼吸系统疾病的影响。
双自变量响应模型显示,在不同温度和湿度水平下,各因素对人群呼吸道死亡的影响不完全一致。在低温、低湿度时,各因素浓度的增加,呼吸系统疾病死亡人数上升,其中低温-低湿造成的死亡风险大于高温-高湿。包海荣[15]研究发现低温和干燥的环境(温度≤11°C,相对湿度≤50%)会增加COPD患者的就诊风险。当温度和湿度上升到中度水平后,人群的死亡结局相反。温度上升到19℃(P50),各因素浓度变化对人群呼吸道死亡造成的影响最小,这与贵州的研究结果类似[16]。湿度上升到60%~80%(P25P50)时,各因素浓度变化对死亡造成的影响最大,此时污染物浓度在吸湿特性下持续增大,且较高湿度容易使大气形成逆温层,降低大气的扩散能力,减少光解反应[17],从而影响呼吸系统健康。随着温度继续上升,高温-高浓度CO的死亡风险最大,这可能是高温环境下,空气中CO升高,人体为了调节体温散热会增加呼吸频率,吸入更多的CO,导致组织和器官缺氧,加剧呼吸系统的负担[18]。但室外环境中CO浓度不会骤然增大,因此普遍情况下,CO的影响仍有滞后性。湿度达到极高值84%(P75)之后,污染物与湿度交互作用对人群呼吸道死亡产生的影响存在不同程度的降低,与昆明地区的研究类似[19]。在中国五座城市的研究发现[20],低湿度与儿童呼吸系统疾病门诊量增加有关,高湿度与就诊量降低有关。这可能是因为,极高湿度会与污染物相互作用,形成水溶液或气溶胶物质,减少了空气中的浓度,对人群呼吸系统的影响反而降低了。
本研究存在一定的局限性:站点间的监测结果存在偏差;不同气象因素条件下的行为变化(如空调使用和室内外活动时间)可能会使污染物与个人实际暴露量间存在差异。
该市常见污染物和温度、湿度均会独立影响呼吸系统疾病的死亡风险,污染物之间也存在协同或拮抗效应。温度、湿度和各因素之间的相互作用造成的影响不同。因此更应针对该地区特殊的高温高湿高污染物浓度的环境进行治理和防控,不同湿度水平与大气气态污染物交互作用产生的影响尤其值得关注。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区“十四五”高等学校特色学科-公共卫生与预防医学
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”医药卫生高层次人才培养计划(TSYC202301B073)
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2025年第52卷第3期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409182
  • 接收时间:2024-09-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-14
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新疆维吾尔自治区“十四五”高等学校特色学科-公共卫生与预防医学
新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”医药卫生高层次人才培养计划(TSYC202301B073)
作者信息
    1.新疆医科大学公共卫生学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
    2.乌鲁木齐市疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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