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Article(id=1241023928626377113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023927812682133, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408051, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722787200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812761694, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812761694, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812761694, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812761694, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241023927812682133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812761500, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812858867, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241024336258200259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023927812682133, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241024336258200260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023927812682133, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=497, endPage=502, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241023928974504348, articleId=1241023928626377113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The impact of self-rated health and self-care ability and their interaction on depression symptoms in the elderly, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the effects of self-rated health and self-care ability, as well as their interaction, on depression symptoms in the elderly.

Methods

Based on data from the 2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, relevant data from 8 948 individuals aged 65 and above were collected. Statistical analyses were conducted using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression, followed by interaction analysis using an additive model.

Results

Among the elderly, 3 616 (40.41%) exhibited depression symptoms. After adjusting for gender, age, education level, marital status, living area, exercise habits, and sleep conditions, the regression model indicated that self-rated health (OR=2.60, 95%CI: 2.34-2.89) and self-care ability (OR=2.32, 95%CI: 2.10-2.56) were independent risk factors for depression symptoms in the elderly (P<0.001). The interaction analysis revealed a synergistic additive interaction between self-rated health and self-care ability (OR=5.98, 95%CI: 5.27-6.79),with the excess relative risk, attributable proportion of interaction, and interaction index being 1.92 (95%CI: 1.65-2.71), 0.32(95%CI: 0.21-0.41), and 1.63 (95%CI: 1.34-1.97), respectively.

Conclusion

Poor self-rated health and impaired self-care ability both increase the risk of depression in the elderly, and there is a synergistic additive interaction between the two. Efforts to prevent and treat depression in the elderly should focus on improving their self-rated health and self-care ability.

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目的

探究自评健康和自理能力及其交互作用对老年人抑郁症状的影响。

方法

基于2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据，收集8 948名65岁及以上老年人的相关数据，采用χ2检验和多因素logistic回归进行统计分析，再采用相加模型进行交互作用分析。

结果

出现抑郁症状的老年人有3 616(40.41%)例。调整性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、居住地、锻炼习惯和睡眠状况后，回归模型显示，自评健康(OR=2.60, 95%CI:2.34～2.89)和自理能力(OR=2.32, 95%CI:2.10～2.56)是老年人发生抑郁症状的独立影响因素(P<0.001)。交互作用分析结果显示，自评健康和自理能力之间存在协同相加交互作用(OR=5.98，95%CI:5.27～6.79)，超额相对危险度、交互作用归因比、交互作用指数分别为1.92 (95%CI:1.65～2.71)、0.32 (95%CI:0.21～0.41)、1.63 (95%CI:1.34～1.97)。

结论

自评健康状况差、自理能力受损均增加了老年人抑郁风险，二者存在协同相加交互作用。防治老年抑郁应着力改善老年人的自评健康及自理能力。

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吕启圆，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=V7F1JXar73E7v0tisZtr6g==, magXml=sN1rm4fMcwTz808f+AFptQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=6pru7LwjD5J4dV8eY1KfPA==, pdfFileSize=701663, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=nPQwnjg8dfCpJii0Xx+A6w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7ndcAaj0CpMzOqYY5HD5nw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

庄荘（2002—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：延续护理

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庄荘（2002—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：延续护理

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庄荘（2002—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：延续护理

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Chinese Journal of Health Statistics, 2020, 37(4): 629-636.(In Chinese), articleTitle=A review of interactions in medical research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241023945948852435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=48, authorNames=王慧, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王慧.交互作用分析与Ⅰ型错误控制中的若干问题[D].太原：山西医科大学，2020., articleTitle=交互作用分析与Ⅰ型错误控制中的若干问题, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241023946070487260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Wang H, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang H. Interaction analysis and some problems in type I error control[D].Taiyuan: Shanxi Medical University, 2020.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Interaction analysis and some problems in type I error control, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241023946288591078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=18, issue=11, pageStart=5690, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Corbett CF, Daratha KB, McPherson S, journalName=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Corbett CF, Daratha KB, McPherson S, et al. Patient activation, depressive symptoms, and Self-Rated health: care management intervention effects among High-Need, medically complex adults[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, 18(11): 5690., articleTitle=Patient activation, depressive symptoms, and Self-Rated health: care management intervention effects among High-Need, medically complex adults, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241023937124037293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, awardId=72274078, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(72274078), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241023937237283510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, awardId=21619326, language=CN, fundingSource=暨南大学中央高校基本科研业务费项目(21619326), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241023931587555778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023931595944387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, companyId=1241023931587555778, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023931604332996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, companyId=1241023931587555778, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=暨南大学护理学院，广东 广州510632)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241023935366623829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Flow chart of sample selection, figureFileSmall=iYBLGZ9zK825SbYai3Wfvg==, figureFileBig=nPQwnjg8dfCpJii0Xx+A6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023935450509913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, language=CN, label=图1, caption=样本筛选流程图, figureFileSmall=iYBLGZ9zK825SbYai3Wfvg==, figureFileBig=nPQwnjg8dfCpJii0Xx+A6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023935798637159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Current status of depressive symptoms in elderly individuals with different characteristics ［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量例数抑郁症状χ2值P值
性别231.300<0.001
男4 3251 395(32.25)
女4 6232 221(48.04)
年龄（岁）6.4930.039
65～745 9602 374(39.83)
75～842 5101 063(42.35)
≥85478179(37.45)
居住地113.010<0.001
城镇2 058624(30.32)
农村6 8902 992(43.43)
教育程度197.291<0.001
小学以下6 7152 983(44.42)
初中1 390441(31.73)
高中及以上843192(22.78)
婚姻状况63.157<0.001
有配偶6 9132 639(38.17)
无配偶2 035977(48.01)
养老金3.6590.056
有7 7343 095(40.02)
无1 214521(42.92)
体育锻炼7.7490.005
有7 8363 124(39.87)
无1 112492(44.24)
夜间睡眠时长239.473<0.001
短睡眠5 5642 592(46.59)
最佳睡眠2 673779(29.14)
长睡眠711245(34.46)
), ArticleFig(id=1241023935907689068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征老年人抑郁症状现况［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量例数抑郁症状χ2值P值
性别231.300<0.001
男4 3251 395(32.25)
女4 6232 221(48.04)
年龄（岁）6.4930.039
65～745 9602 374(39.83)
75～842 5101 063(42.35)
≥85478179(37.45)
居住地113.010<0.001
城镇2 058624(30.32)
农村6 8902 992(43.43)
教育程度197.291<0.001
小学以下6 7152 983(44.42)
初中1 390441(31.73)
高中及以上843192(22.78)
婚姻状况63.157<0.001
有配偶6 9132 639(38.17)
无配偶2 035977(48.01)
养老金3.6590.056
有7 7343 095(40.02)
无1 214521(42.92)
体育锻炼7.7490.005
有7 8363 124(39.87)
无1 112492(44.24)
夜间睡眠时长239.473<0.001
短睡眠5 5642 592(46.59)
最佳睡眠2 673779(29.14)
长睡眠711245(34.46)
), ArticleFig(id=1241023936058684023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variable assignment table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型变量名称赋值
因变量抑郁症状有=1，无=0
自变量自评健康好=1，差=2
自理能力未受损=1，受损=2
协变量性别男=1，女=2
年龄（岁）65～74=1，75～84=2，≥85=3
居住地城镇=1，农村=2
教育程度小学及以下=1，初中=2，高中及以上=3
婚姻状况有配偶=1，无配偶=2
养老金有=1，无=2
体育锻炼无=1，有=2
夜间睡眠时长最佳睡眠=1，短睡眠=2，长睡眠=3
), ArticleFig(id=1241023936251622014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变量赋值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类型变量名称赋值
因变量抑郁症状有=1，无=0
自变量自评健康好=1，差=2
自理能力未受损=1，受损=2
协变量性别男=1，女=2
年龄（岁）65～74=1，75～84=2，≥85=3
居住地城镇=1，农村=2
教育程度小学及以下=1，初中=2，高中及以上=3
婚姻状况有配偶=1，无配偶=2
养老金有=1，无=2
体育锻炼无=1，有=2
夜间睡眠时长最佳睡眠=1，短睡眠=2，长睡眠=3
), ArticleFig(id=1241023936369062532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Influencing factors of depressive symptoms in elderly individuals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量βWald χ2值P值OR值(95%CI)
自评健康
差0.9550.053319.453<0.0012.60(2.34～2.88)
日常生活能力
受损0.8420.051277.376<0.0012.32(2.10～2.56)
性别
女0.4170.05070.192<0.0011.52(1.38～1.67)
年龄（岁）
75～84-0.1100.0554.0380.0440.90(0.81～1.00)
≥85-0.5250.11222.064<0.0010.59(0.48～0.74)
居住地
农村0.3870.06239.000<0.0011.47(1.30～1.66)
教育程度
初中-0.2080.0708.7100.0030.81(0.71～0.93)
高中及以上-0.5200.09629.099<0.0010.59(0.49～0.72)
婚姻状况
无配偶0.2580.05919.191<0.0011.29(1.15～1.45)
养老金
无0.0610.0690.7880.3751.06(0.93～1.22)
体育锻炼
有0.1550.0724.5620.0331.17(1.01～1.35)
夜间睡眠时长
短睡眠0.5510.054103.119<0.0011.74(1.56～1.93)
长睡眠0.0280.0960.0860.7701.03(0.85～1.24)
), ArticleFig(id=1241023936457142920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

老年人抑郁症状发生的影响因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量βWald χ2值P值OR值(95%CI)
自评健康
差0.9550.053319.453<0.0012.60(2.34～2.88)
日常生活能力
受损0.8420.051277.376<0.0012.32(2.10～2.56)
性别
女0.4170.05070.192<0.0011.52(1.38～1.67)
年龄（岁）
75～84-0.1100.0554.0380.0440.90(0.81～1.00)
≥85-0.5250.11222.064<0.0010.59(0.48～0.74)
居住地
农村0.3870.06239.000<0.0011.47(1.30～1.66)
教育程度
初中-0.2080.0708.7100.0030.81(0.71～0.93)
高中及以上-0.5200.09629.099<0.0010.59(0.49～0.72)
婚姻状况
无配偶0.2580.05919.191<0.0011.29(1.15～1.45)
养老金
无0.0610.0690.7880.3751.06(0.93～1.22)
体育锻炼
有0.1550.0724.5620.0331.17(1.01～1.35)
夜间睡眠时长
短睡眠0.5510.054103.119<0.0011.74(1.56～1.93)
长睡眠0.0280.0960.0860.7701.03(0.85～1.24)
), ArticleFig(id=1241023936582972048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Multiplicative interaction of self-rated health and self-care ability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量βWald χ2值P值OR值(95%CI)
自评健康状况差0.9910.081150.561<0.0012.70(2.30～3.16)
日常生活能力受损0.8620.060204.753<0.0012.37(2.10～2.67)
自评健康状况差×日常生活能力受损-0.0650.1070.3670.5450.94(0.76～1.16)
), ArticleFig(id=1241023936696218260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

自评健康和自理能力的相乘交互作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量βWald χ2值P值OR值(95%CI)
自评健康状况差0.9910.081150.561<0.0012.70(2.30～3.16)
日常生活能力受损0.8620.060204.753<0.0012.37(2.10～2.67)
自评健康状况差×日常生活能力受损-0.0650.1070.3670.5450.94(0.76～1.16)
), ArticleFig(id=1241023936872379039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023928626377113, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Additive interaction between self-rated health and self-care ability

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自评健康状况差日常生活能力受损OR值(95%CI)P值
否否1.00—
否是2.37(2.10～2.67)<0.001
是否2.70(2.30～3.16)<0.001
是是5.98(5.27～6.79)<0.001
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自评健康和自理能力相加交互作用

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自评健康状况差日常生活能力受损OR值(95%CI)P值
否否1.00—
否是2.37(2.10～2.67)<0.001
是否2.70(2.30～3.16)<0.001
是是5.98(5.27～6.79)<0.001
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老年人自评健康与自理能力及其交互作用对抑郁症状的影响
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庄荘 , 张芸菁 , 李璨阳 , 王子文 , 吕启圆
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(3): 497-502
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(3): 497-502
老年人自评健康与自理能力及其交互作用对抑郁症状的影响
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庄荘, 张芸菁, 李璨阳, 王子文, 吕启圆
作者信息
  • 暨南大学护理学院，广东 广州510632

    • 庄荘（2002—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：延续护理

通讯作者:

吕启圆，E-mail:
The impact of self-rated health and self-care ability and their interaction on depression symptoms in the elderly
Zhuang ZHUANG, Yun-jing ZHANG, Can-yang LI, Zi-wen WANG, Qi-yuan LV
Affiliations
  • School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408051
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摘要
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目的

探究自评健康和自理能力及其交互作用对老年人抑郁症状的影响。

方法

基于2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据，收集8 948名65岁及以上老年人的相关数据，采用χ2检验和多因素logistic回归进行统计分析，再采用相加模型进行交互作用分析。

结果

出现抑郁症状的老年人有3 616(40.41%)例。调整性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、居住地、锻炼习惯和睡眠状况后，回归模型显示，自评健康(OR=2.60, 95%CI:2.34～2.89)和自理能力(OR=2.32, 95%CI:2.10～2.56)是老年人发生抑郁症状的独立影响因素(P<0.001)。交互作用分析结果显示，自评健康和自理能力之间存在协同相加交互作用(OR=5.98，95%CI:5.27～6.79)，超额相对危险度、交互作用归因比、交互作用指数分别为1.92 (95%CI:1.65～2.71)、0.32 (95%CI:0.21～0.41)、1.63 (95%CI:1.34～1.97)。

结论

自评健康状况差、自理能力受损均增加了老年人抑郁风险，二者存在协同相加交互作用。防治老年抑郁应着力改善老年人的自评健康及自理能力。

自评健康  /  自理能力  /  抑郁  /  老年人
Objective

To explore the effects of self-rated health and self-care ability, as well as their interaction, on depression symptoms in the elderly.

Methods

Based on data from the 2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, relevant data from 8 948 individuals aged 65 and above were collected. Statistical analyses were conducted using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression, followed by interaction analysis using an additive model.

Results

Among the elderly, 3 616 (40.41%) exhibited depression symptoms. After adjusting for gender, age, education level, marital status, living area, exercise habits, and sleep conditions, the regression model indicated that self-rated health (OR=2.60, 95%CI: 2.34-2.89) and self-care ability (OR=2.32, 95%CI: 2.10-2.56) were independent risk factors for depression symptoms in the elderly (P<0.001). The interaction analysis revealed a synergistic additive interaction between self-rated health and self-care ability (OR=5.98, 95%CI: 5.27-6.79),with the excess relative risk, attributable proportion of interaction, and interaction index being 1.92 (95%CI: 1.65-2.71), 0.32(95%CI: 0.21-0.41), and 1.63 (95%CI: 1.34-1.97), respectively.

Conclusion

Poor self-rated health and impaired self-care ability both increase the risk of depression in the elderly, and there is a synergistic additive interaction between the two. Efforts to prevent and treat depression in the elderly should focus on improving their self-rated health and self-care ability.

Self-rated health  /  Self-care ability  /  Depression  /  Elderly
庄荘, 张芸菁, 李璨阳, 王子文, 吕启圆. 老年人自评健康与自理能力及其交互作用对抑郁症状的影响. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (3) : 497 -502 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408051
Zhuang ZHUANG, Yun-jing ZHANG, Can-yang LI, Zi-wen WANG, Qi-yuan LV. The impact of self-rated health and self-care ability and their interaction on depression symptoms in the elderly[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (3) : 497 -502 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408051
正文
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全球超过三分之一的老年人患有抑郁症[1]。抑郁症作为一种精神疾病，对老年人身体功能、生命健康及生活质量产生严重负面影响[2]。随着人口老龄化的加剧，我国老年人的心理健康状况也愈发严峻。25.5%的老年人被诊断患有抑郁症[3]。在中国，抑郁症已成为中国老年人最常见的心理健康问题之一[4]。因此，亟需针对我国老年人群开展抑郁症的积极预防和早期治疗。
老年抑郁与多种因素相关，其中自理能力是一个重要影响因素[5]。随着年龄的增长，老年人自理能力逐渐受限，使其社会交往范围缩小，并增加其经济和心理负担，进而导致抑郁情绪的产生[6]。但在这一过程中，是否受到其他预测变量的影响尚不明确。有研究发现，自评健康是老年人对自身健康状况的主观感知，与抑郁呈显著负相关[7]。老年人认为自身健康状况不佳时，容易产生紧张、焦虑、悲伤等消极情绪，进而影响其心理健康[8]。因此，自理能力和自评健康均与抑郁情绪有关，两者可能在抑郁风险发生过程中发挥协同作用，但目前尚无研究探讨二者交互作用与抑郁症状的关系。基于此，本研究初步探讨老年人的自理能力和自评健康及其交互作用对抑郁症状的影响，为预防和改善老年人抑郁状况提供更有针对性的理论依据。
1　资料与方法
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1.1　资料来源
资料来自中国健康与养老追踪调查项目(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)在2020年开展的第五轮全国调查数据。在2020年CHARLS调查对象中，剔除年龄低于65岁及抑郁评分、自理能力、自评健康以及相关协变量信息缺失的样本，最终纳入本研究的调查对象共8 948人。样本筛选流程图见图1。
1.2　研究方法
1.2.1　抑郁状况
采用流调中心抑郁量表（Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale，CES-D）简表来评价是否患抑郁症[9]。量表包括2道正向和8道负向自评问题，并采用4级评分制，将“很少或者根本没有”“不太多”“有时或者说有一半的时间”“大多数时间”分别赋值0、1、2和3分，正向问题进行反向赋分。当抑郁总分≥10分时，评定为抑郁症状[10]。
1.2.2　自评健康
根据CHARLS问卷“您认为自己的健康状况如何”这一问题回答进行变量划分。参考先前研究[11]，本研究将“很好”“好”“一般”定义为自评健康状况好，将“不好”“很不好”定义为自评健康状况差。
1.2.3　自理能力
CHARLS参照Katz设定的躯体生活自理量表（basic activities of daily living scale,BADL）和工具性日常生活活动能力量表（instrumental activities of daily living scale, IADL）来测量老年人的生活自理能力[12]。其中BADL包括穿衣、洗澡、吃饭、如厕、上下床、控制大小便6项，IADL包括做家务、烹饪、购物、打电话、吃药、管钱6项，每项均选择完成无困难定义为功能完好，否则为功能受损[13]。
1.2.4　协变量
既往研究已报告老年抑郁的相关影响因素[14-15]，本研究选取人口学特征（年龄、性别、居住地、学历、婚姻状况）、经济状况（养老金）及行为习惯（夜间睡眠时长、体育锻炼）作为协变量。CHARLS中的夜间睡眠时长由研究对象自我报告。根据美国睡眠协会，将睡眠时长划分为短睡眠（≤6 h）、最佳睡眠（>6～<9 h）和长睡眠（≥9 h）[16]。
1.3　统计分析
使用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行分析。所有数据均用频数和百分比描述，并采用χ2检验进行单因素分析。以是否存在抑郁症状为因变量，用自评健康和自理能力生成交互项，放入多因素logistic回归模型进行分析。检验水准取双侧α=0.05。采用ANDERSSON等编制的Excel表以计算评价指标超额危险度(RERI)、归因比(AP)、交互作用指数(S)[17]。并参考Rothman提出的评价方法，当RERI和AP的可信区间不包含0, S的可信区间不包含1，则认为两个因素之间存在相加交互作用[18]。
2　结果
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2.1　基本情况
共纳入8 948名老年人，平均年龄为(72.84±6.10)岁，男性4 325人(48.33%)，女性4 623人(51.67%)；居住在城市的有2 058人(23.00%)，居住在农村的有6 890人(77.00%)；文化程度以小学及以下为主，6 715人(75.04%)。
2.2　老年人自评健康、自理能力和抑郁情况
8 948名老年人中，自评健康状况差的有2 591人(28.96%)，自评健康状况好的有6 357人(71.04%)；自理能力受损的有3 682人(41.15%)，自理能力未受损的有5 266人(58.85%)；抑郁症状有3 616人(40.41%)，无抑郁症状的有5 332人(59.59%)。75～84岁老年人抑郁症状检出率高于其他年龄组(P<0.05)。女性、居住在农村、小学及以下学历、无配偶、无体育锻炼习惯和短睡眠的老年人抑郁症状的检出率较高(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.3　老年人自评健康和自理能力与抑郁症状的关系
以老年人是否有抑郁症状为因变量，自评健康和自理能力为自变量，单因素分析中P<0.1的变量为混杂因素，进行多因素logistic回归分析，其中所有纳入变量的赋值见表2。结果显示，自评健康状况差的老年人出现抑郁症状的风险是自评健康状况好的老年人的2.60倍(OR=2.60, 95%CI:2.34～2.88)，自理能力受损的老年人出现抑郁症状的风险是自理能力未受损的老年人的2.32倍(OR=2.32, 95%CI:2.10～2.56)。见表3。
2.4　自评健康、自理能力对老年人抑郁症状的相乘交互作用分析
以自评健康、自理能力及二者乘积为自变量，进一步进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果显示，自评健康和自理能力对老年人抑郁症状发生不存在相乘交互作用(P>0.05)，见表4。
2.5　自评健康、自理能力对老年人抑郁症状的相加交互作用分析
将自评健康和自理能力转变为虚拟变量，生成相加模型，见表5。结果显示，以自评健康状况好且自理能力未受损的老年人为参照，自评健康状况差且自理能力受损的老年人出现抑郁症状的风险是其5.98倍(OR=5.98，95%CI:5.27～6.79)。此外，相加交互作用评价指标的计算结果显示，RERI为1.92(95%CI:1.65～2.71)，表示自评健康状况差和自理能力受损两者相加交互作用和其单独作用之和的差值为1.92；API为0.32(95%CI:0.21～0.41)，表示老年人出现抑郁症状的风险有32%是由于两者交互效应导致；S为1.63(95%CI:1.34～1.97)，表示两个因素同时存在的风险比两个因素独立风险之和大1.63倍。
3　讨论
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老年抑郁是当前易被忽视的健康问题，准确识别和干预对公共卫生具有重要意义。本研究中65岁及以上老年人的抑郁症状检出率为40.41%，与陈金凤等[19]的研究结果（42.82%）相似。然而，该结果低于何昱铮等[20]对60岁以上老年人群的检出率（44.56%），高于段芮等[21]对45岁及以上人群的检出率（35.00%）。这种差异可能源于样本年龄筛选标准的不同。总体而言，相比于一般中老年人群，我国老年群体的心理健康状况较差，更需得到重视。
调整所有混杂因素后，logistic回归结果显示，自评健康是老年人发生抑郁症状的独立影响因素。自评健康在先前多项研究中已被发现与抑郁发生呈负相关[7,22]。自评健康不仅与老年人客观健康状况有关，还与其心理健康水平密切相关[8]。自评健康状况良好的老年人对自身健康充满信心，更可能持有积极乐观的生活态度，从而有助于减少抑郁症状的发生。自评健康受到多种因素影响，包括家庭经济水平、工作性质、社会经济地位、身体质量指数（BMI）、年龄、社交活动、父亲受教育水平等[23]。因此，我们可以从这些方面入手，进行早期识别和综合干预，以提升老年人的自评健康。
此外，自理能力也是老年人抑郁状况的重要预测因素，这与崔珑严[5]的研究结果一致。自理能力的下降会限制老年人与物理和社会环境的互动，增加抑郁风险[24]。同时，老年人随着自理能力下降，日常生活需求无法实现自我满足和自我支持，可能产生心理负担和情绪压力，进而出现抑郁症状[19]。目前，我国老年人自理能力受损状况不容乐观，且受个体特征、生活方式、家庭及社会支持水平等多种因素的影响，需要整合资源并精准施策[25-26]。
当两个危险因素共同作用于某一疾病时的效应显著不同于它们单独作用时的积或和时，即为相乘或相加交互作用[27]。自理能力和自评健康与老年人抑郁症状的发生密切相关，两者之间往往相互影响、互为促进。利用相乘和相加尺度全面了解老年人抑郁症状危险因素间的交互作用，对于老年抑郁的防控具有重要意义。结果显示，自评健康和自理能力在老年人抑郁症状发生上存在正向相加交互作用，而相乘交互作用并不显著。这一结果对于公共卫生干预具有重要意义，因为相加交互作用被认为比相乘交互作用更符合协同作用的生物学概念，并且具有更强的公共卫生相关性[28]。因此，结果表明，自评健康和自理能力在老年人抑郁症状发生过程中发挥了协同作用，即自评健康状况差且自理能力受损的老人出现抑郁症状的风险明显高于自评健康状况差的老人和自理能力受损老人[29]。
完整调整模型中，进一步揭示了两者协同作用的具体风险效应。自评健康状况差且自理能力受损的老年人出现抑郁症状的风险是两者单独作用之和的1.63倍，而其中32%的老年人抑郁症状发生风险可归因于自评健康与自理能力的交互作用。随着自理能力下降，越来越多老年人对自我健康状况产生主观负面评价，从而陷入自责心理和负面情绪[8]。因此，研究结果提示我们应重点关注自理能力受损且自评健康状况差的老年人，鼓励他们积极参与康复锻炼和社会活动，并定期进行身体功能检查，以客观评估健康状况，最大化减少两者协同的负面影响。社区应建立综合支持服务，包括健康知识讲座、定期健康检查、心理健康评估和疏导等，帮助老年人正确评估和管理自身健康状况，提升心理健康水平[30]。此外，政府及相关部门应坚持适老化设施改造与心理支持相结合，增加无障碍设施和安全设备，并支持社会互助小组或专业组织等为半失能、失能老年人提供心理疏导、情绪改善和健康评估服务。同时，扩大医疗保险制度的覆盖范围，提高健康保障水平，为老年人及时就诊和愿意就诊提供保障支持。
本研究基于2020年CHARLS数据筛选出具有全国代表性的大样本进行横断面分析，首次探究了我国老年人自评健康和自理能力及其交互作用与抑郁风险的关系。尽管本研究有一定的新颖性，但也存在不足之处。作为横断面研究，本研究没有纳入所有潜在混杂因素，且无法推断自评健康、自理能力和抑郁症状三者之间的因果关系。未来需要队列研究进一步探究三者之间的关系。
综上所述，我国老年人心理健康状况不容乐观，且自评健康和自理能力及其交互作用显著增加老年人发生抑郁症状的风险。因此，要普及抑郁症知识，开启抑郁症状早期筛查和精准干预，尤其是针对同时存在自评健康状况差且自理能力受损的社区老人。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(72274078)
  • 暨南大学中央高校基本科研业务费项目(21619326)
文献
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2025年第52卷第3期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408051
  • 接收时间：2024-08-05
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期：2024-08-05
基金
国家自然科学基金(72274078)
暨南大学中央高校基本科研业务费项目(21619326)
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    暨南大学护理学院，广东 广州510632

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)		 属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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