Article(id=1241023855628702315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023847537897695, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409191, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812744290, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812744290, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812744290, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812744290, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241023847537897695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812742361, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812823817, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241024189247845056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023847537897695, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241024189247845057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023847537897695, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=286, endPage=291, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241023855909720698, articleId=1241023855628702315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Mediating role of self-perceived aging between social alienation and health promotion behaviors in community-dwelling older adults with chronic co-morbidities, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the relationship between social alienation and health promotion behaviors in community chronic co-morbid older adults, and explore the mediating role of self-perceived aging.

Methods

Using the convenience sampling method, A questionnaire survey was conducted using the General Information Questionnaire, the General Alienation Scale, the Simplified Self-perceived Aging Scale, and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Scale on 611 community-based older adults with chronic co-morbidities in Hangzhou, and structural equation modeling was constructed using AMOS.

Results

The total score of chronic co-morbid social alienation in the community was (36.38±10.41) points, the total score of self-perceived aging was (50.10±14.68) points, and the score of health promotion behavior was (93.79±15.56) points. The results of the mediation effect test showed that the effect value between social alienation and health promotion behavior was -0.205 (95%CI: -0.285 to -0.121), accounting for 45.86% of the total effect; the effect value of self-perceived aging in the mediation effect between social isolation and health promotion behavior was -0.242 (95%CI: -0.299 to -0.191); the total effect value was -0.447 (95%CI: -0.508 to -0.383), and the mediation effect accounted for 54.14% of the total effect.

Conclusion

Social alienation and self-perceived aging of chronic co-morbid older adults directly affect health promotion behaviors, while social alienation can indirectly affect health promotion behaviors through self-perceived aging.

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目的

分析社区慢性病共病老年人社会疏离与健康促进行为之间的关系,并探究自我感知老化的中介作用。

方法

采用便利抽样法,使用一般资料调查表、一般疏离感量表、简版自我感知老化量表、健康促进生活方式量表对杭州市社区611名慢性病共病老年人进行问卷调查,运用AMOS构建结构方程模型。

结果

社区慢性病共病老年人社会疏离总分为(36.38±10.41)分,自我感知老化总分为(50.10±14.68)分,健康促进行为得分为(93.79±15.56)分。中介效应检验结果显示,社会疏离与健康促进行为间的直接效应为-0.205(95%CI:-0.285~-0.121),占总效应的45.86%;自我感知老化在社会疏离与健康促进行为的中介效应的效应值为-0.242(95%CI:-0.299~-0.191);总效应值为-0.447(95%CI:-0.508~-0.383),中介效应占总效应的54.14%。

结论

社区慢性病共病老年人社会疏离、自我感知老化直接影响健康促进行为,同时社会疏离可通过自我感知老化间接影响健康促进行为。

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沈勤,E-mail:
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李林(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年护理

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李林(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年护理

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李林(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年护理

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Ageing Research Reviews, 2023, 87: 101901., articleTitle=Interventions and management on multimorbidity: An overview of systematic reviews, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241023872036819345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=8, issue=3, pageStart=304, pageEnd=309, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Wu F, Sheng Y, journalName=International Journal of Nursing Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu F, Sheng Y. Social isolation and health-promoting behaviors among older adults living with different health statuses: A cross-sectional study[J]. 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Mediating role of self-efficacy between stigma and social alienation in peritoneal dialysis patients[J]. Military Medicine of Joint Logistics, 2023, 37(12): 1036-1039. (In Chinese), articleTitle=Mediating role of self-efficacy between stigma and social alienation in peritoneal dialysis patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241023872309449116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=17, issue=17, pageStart=6296, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Kim AS, Jang MH, Park KH, journalName=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim AS, Jang MH, Park KH, et al. Effects of Self-Efficacy, depression, and anger on Health-Promoting behaviors of korean elderly women with hypertension[J]. 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Western Journal of Nursing Research, 2021: 193945921989017., articleTitle=Self-Perception of aging among older adults and participation in prevention, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241023865107828922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, awardId=Z24JC003, language=CN, fundingSource=杭州市哲学社会科学规划项目(Z24JC003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241023859156112132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023859164500742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, companyId=1241023859156112132, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241023859168695047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, companyId=1241023859156112132, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江中医药大学护理学院,浙江 杭州 310053)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241023863950200926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Structural equation model of self-perceived aging, social alienation and health-promoting behaviors among community-based older adults with chronic comorbidities, figureFileSmall=8dI7iyUuav+lGPi3Lj1tUg==, figureFileBig=3z/7xf1e+WHzaMHdbbMAnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023864021504098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, language=CN, label=图1, caption=社区共病老年人自我感知老化、社会疏离与健康促进行为的结构方程模型

注:e1~e17为误差变量。

, figureFileSmall=8dI7iyUuav+lGPi3Lj1tUg==, figureFileBig=3z/7xf1e+WHzaMHdbbMAnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023864239607924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

General information of community-based older adults with chronic comorbidities(n=611)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目n(%)
年龄(岁)60~69316(51.72)
70~79221(36.17)
≥8074(12.11)
BMI指数体重过低40(6.55)
体重正常279(45.66)
超重250(40.92)
肥胖42(6.87)
性别313(51.23)
298(48.77)
文化程度小学及以下205(33.55)
初中169(27.66)
高中及中专124(20.29)
大专及以上113(18.49)
居住地类型农村112(18.33)
城镇499(81.67)
子女数量(个)06(0.98)
1317(51.88)
2211(34.53)
≥377(12.60)
个人月收入(元)<100036(5.89)
1 000~2 999191(31.26)
3 000~4 999152(24.88)
≥5 000232(37.97)
医疗费用支付方式自费40(6.55)
职工基本医疗保险354(57.94)
城镇居民基本医疗保险104(17.02)
新农合113(18.49)
是否签约家庭医生387(63.34)
224(36.67)
吸烟史从不391(63.99)
吸烟100(16.37)
戒烟120(19.64)
饮酒史从不332(54.34)
饮酒188(30.77)
戒酒91(14.89)
每日静坐时间(h)<3104(17.02)
3~5368(60.23)
6~8124(20.29)
≥915(2.45)
运动锻炼频率从不/几乎从不运动56(9.17)
每月1~3次44(7.20)
每周1~2次80(13.09)
每周3~5次113(18.49)
每天/几乎每天都锻炼318(52.05)
每日睡眠时间(h)<32(0.33)
3~5202(33.06)
6~8385(63.01)
≥922(3.60)
患慢性病数量(种)2353(57.78)
3185(30.28)
461(9.98)
≥512(1.96)
慢性病最长病程(年)<5153(25.04)
5~9109(17.84)
≥10349(57.12)
跌倒史(近一年)150(24.55)
461(75.45)
住院史(近一年)358(58.59)
253(41.41)
自我评价健康状况很好14(2.29)
249(40.75)
一般264(43.21)
77(12.60)
很差7(1.15)
), ArticleFig(id=1241023864369631358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

社区慢性病共病老年人一般情况(n=611)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目n(%)
年龄(岁)60~69316(51.72)
70~79221(36.17)
≥8074(12.11)
BMI指数体重过低40(6.55)
体重正常279(45.66)
超重250(40.92)
肥胖42(6.87)
性别313(51.23)
298(48.77)
文化程度小学及以下205(33.55)
初中169(27.66)
高中及中专124(20.29)
大专及以上113(18.49)
居住地类型农村112(18.33)
城镇499(81.67)
子女数量(个)06(0.98)
1317(51.88)
2211(34.53)
≥377(12.60)
个人月收入(元)<100036(5.89)
1 000~2 999191(31.26)
3 000~4 999152(24.88)
≥5 000232(37.97)
医疗费用支付方式自费40(6.55)
职工基本医疗保险354(57.94)
城镇居民基本医疗保险104(17.02)
新农合113(18.49)
是否签约家庭医生387(63.34)
224(36.67)
吸烟史从不391(63.99)
吸烟100(16.37)
戒烟120(19.64)
饮酒史从不332(54.34)
饮酒188(30.77)
戒酒91(14.89)
每日静坐时间(h)<3104(17.02)
3~5368(60.23)
6~8124(20.29)
≥915(2.45)
运动锻炼频率从不/几乎从不运动56(9.17)
每月1~3次44(7.20)
每周1~2次80(13.09)
每周3~5次113(18.49)
每天/几乎每天都锻炼318(52.05)
每日睡眠时间(h)<32(0.33)
3~5202(33.06)
6~8385(63.01)
≥922(3.60)
患慢性病数量(种)2353(57.78)
3185(30.28)
461(9.98)
≥512(1.96)
慢性病最长病程(年)<5153(25.04)
5~9109(17.84)
≥10349(57.12)
跌倒史(近一年)150(24.55)
461(75.45)
住院史(近一年)358(58.59)
253(41.41)
自我评价健康状况很好14(2.29)
249(40.75)
一般264(43.21)
77(12.60)
很差7(1.15)
), ArticleFig(id=1241023864478683267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Social alienation, self-perceived aging, and health-promoting behavior scores in older adults with chronic comorbidities[(n=611),()]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目条目数得分范围得分条目均分
社会疏离1515~6036.38±10.412.43±0.69
他人疏离感511.86±3.922.37±0.78
怀疑感410.10±3.142.53±0.78
自我疏离感36.87±2.422.29±0.81
无意义感37.55±2.402.52±0.80
自我感知老化1717~8550.10±14.682.95±0.86
消极结果和控制514.45±5.142.89±1.03
积极结果38.89±3.072.96±1.02
慢性时间39.39±2.623.13±0.87
积极控制38.61±3.082.87±1.03
情感表征38.76±2.982.92±0.99
健康促进行为3636~14493.79±15.562.61±0.43
人际支持615.99±3.102.67±0.52
压力处置718.35±3.522.62±0.50
自我实现513.94±2.562.79±0.51
健康责任1022.32±5.272.23±0.53
活力49.77±2.202.44±0.55
营养行为413.40±1.683.35±0.42
), ArticleFig(id=1241023864608706701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

慢性病共病老年人社会疏离、自我感知老化及健康促进行为得分[(n=611),()]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目条目数得分范围得分条目均分
社会疏离1515~6036.38±10.412.43±0.69
他人疏离感511.86±3.922.37±0.78
怀疑感410.10±3.142.53±0.78
自我疏离感36.87±2.422.29±0.81
无意义感37.55±2.402.52±0.80
自我感知老化1717~8550.10±14.682.95±0.86
消极结果和控制514.45±5.142.89±1.03
积极结果38.89±3.072.96±1.02
慢性时间39.39±2.623.13±0.87
积极控制38.61±3.082.87±1.03
情感表征38.76±2.982.92±0.99
健康促进行为3636~14493.79±15.562.61±0.43
人际支持615.99±3.102.67±0.52
压力处置718.35±3.522.62±0.50
自我实现513.94±2.562.79±0.51
健康责任1022.32±5.272.23±0.53
活力49.77±2.202.44±0.55
营养行为413.40±1.683.35±0.42
), ArticleFig(id=1241023864709370008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlation analysis of social alienation, self-perceived aging, and health-promoting behaviors among older adults with chronic comorbidities(n=611)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量社会疏离自我感知老化健康促进行为
社会疏离1.000
自我感知老化0.486a1.000
健康促进行为-0.400a-0.508a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241023864805839009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

共病老年人社会疏离、自我感知老化及健康促进行为的相关性分析(n=611)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量社会疏离自我感知老化健康促进行为
社会疏离1.000
自我感知老化0.486a1.000
健康促进行为-0.400a-0.508a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241023864902308006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The mediating effect of self-perceived aging on the relationship between social alienation and health-promoting behaviors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径标准化路径系数(95%CISEP效应占比(%)
社会疏离→自我感知老化0.549(0.470~0.616)0.0380.001
自我感知老化→健康促进行为-0.440(-0.511~-0.366)0.0370.001
社会疏离→健康促进行为(总效应)-0.447(-0.508~-0.383)0.032<0.001100.00
社会疏离→健康促进行为(直接效应)-0.205(-0.285~-0.121)0.042<0.00145.86
社会疏离→自我感知老化→健康促进行为(间接效应)-0.242(-0.299~-0.191)0.028<0.00154.14
), ArticleFig(id=1241023864994582705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023855628702315, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

自我感知老化在社会疏离与健康促进行为之间的中介效应检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径标准化路径系数(95%CISEP效应占比(%)
社会疏离→自我感知老化0.549(0.470~0.616)0.0380.001
自我感知老化→健康促进行为-0.440(-0.511~-0.366)0.0370.001
社会疏离→健康促进行为(总效应)-0.447(-0.508~-0.383)0.032<0.001100.00
社会疏离→健康促进行为(直接效应)-0.205(-0.285~-0.121)0.042<0.00145.86
社会疏离→自我感知老化→健康促进行为(间接效应)-0.242(-0.299~-0.191)0.028<0.00154.14
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自我感知老化在社区慢性病共病老年人社会疏离与健康促进行为间的中介作用
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李林 , 吴君娴 , 张思思 , 王伟利 , 俞婧 , 宋婧茹 , 沈勤
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025,52(2): 286-291
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025, 52(2): 286-291
自我感知老化在社区慢性病共病老年人社会疏离与健康促进行为间的中介作用
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李林, 吴君娴, 张思思, 王伟利, 俞婧, 宋婧茹, 沈勤
作者信息
  • 浙江中医药大学护理学院,浙江 杭州 310053
  • 李林(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年护理

通讯作者:

沈勤,E-mail:
Mediating role of self-perceived aging between social alienation and health promotion behaviors in community-dwelling older adults with chronic co-morbidities
Lin LI, Jun-xian WU, Si-si ZHANG, Wei-li WANG, Jing YU, Jing-ru SONG, Qin SHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409191
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目的

分析社区慢性病共病老年人社会疏离与健康促进行为之间的关系,并探究自我感知老化的中介作用。

方法

采用便利抽样法,使用一般资料调查表、一般疏离感量表、简版自我感知老化量表、健康促进生活方式量表对杭州市社区611名慢性病共病老年人进行问卷调查,运用AMOS构建结构方程模型。

结果

社区慢性病共病老年人社会疏离总分为(36.38±10.41)分,自我感知老化总分为(50.10±14.68)分,健康促进行为得分为(93.79±15.56)分。中介效应检验结果显示,社会疏离与健康促进行为间的直接效应为-0.205(95%CI:-0.285~-0.121),占总效应的45.86%;自我感知老化在社会疏离与健康促进行为的中介效应的效应值为-0.242(95%CI:-0.299~-0.191);总效应值为-0.447(95%CI:-0.508~-0.383),中介效应占总效应的54.14%。

结论

社区慢性病共病老年人社会疏离、自我感知老化直接影响健康促进行为,同时社会疏离可通过自我感知老化间接影响健康促进行为。

健康促进行为  /  自我感知老化  /  社会疏离  /  中介效应  /  慢性病共病
Objective

To investigate the relationship between social alienation and health promotion behaviors in community chronic co-morbid older adults, and explore the mediating role of self-perceived aging.

Methods

Using the convenience sampling method, A questionnaire survey was conducted using the General Information Questionnaire, the General Alienation Scale, the Simplified Self-perceived Aging Scale, and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Scale on 611 community-based older adults with chronic co-morbidities in Hangzhou, and structural equation modeling was constructed using AMOS.

Results

The total score of chronic co-morbid social alienation in the community was (36.38±10.41) points, the total score of self-perceived aging was (50.10±14.68) points, and the score of health promotion behavior was (93.79±15.56) points. The results of the mediation effect test showed that the effect value between social alienation and health promotion behavior was -0.205 (95%CI: -0.285 to -0.121), accounting for 45.86% of the total effect; the effect value of self-perceived aging in the mediation effect between social isolation and health promotion behavior was -0.242 (95%CI: -0.299 to -0.191); the total effect value was -0.447 (95%CI: -0.508 to -0.383), and the mediation effect accounted for 54.14% of the total effect.

Conclusion

Social alienation and self-perceived aging of chronic co-morbid older adults directly affect health promotion behaviors, while social alienation can indirectly affect health promotion behaviors through self-perceived aging.

Health promotion behavior  /  Self-perceived aging  /  Social alienation  /  Mediating effect  /  Chronic co-morbidities
李林, 吴君娴, 张思思, 王伟利, 俞婧, 宋婧茹, 沈勤. 自我感知老化在社区慢性病共病老年人社会疏离与健康促进行为间的中介作用. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (2) : 286 -291 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409191
Lin LI, Jun-xian WU, Si-si ZHANG, Wei-li WANG, Jing YU, Jing-ru SONG, Qin SHEN. Mediating role of self-perceived aging between social alienation and health promotion behaviors in community-dwelling older adults with chronic co-morbidities[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (2) : 286 -291 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409191
“慢性病共病”是指同一个体同时患有两种及以上的慢性非传染性疾病[1],我国老年人群体中慢性病共病发生率达36.3%[2],严重影响老年人的生存质量。鉴于慢性病共病趋势不容小觑,对老年人群体影响较大,推广健康相关促进行为可以有效扼制老年人慢性病共病发展。健康促进行为是指个体为维持身心健康,采取多方面促进健康的行为[3],受个人、家庭、社会等多因素影响[4]。社会疏离是个体在参与社会互动时遭到或自我感知到外界的消极对待后,与他人、社会等关系自动疏远,并表现出拒绝、回避等消极行为的现象[5]。自我感知老化是老年人在面对老化威胁时的主观感知和情绪反应,分为积极老化和消极老化[6]。积极的自我感知老化能够促进老年人采取健康促进行为[4],而社会疏离可直接导致消极的自我感知老化[7]。据此推测,自我感知老化、社会疏离与健康促进行为三者之间存在一定关联,但三者之间的具体关系及作用机制尚未见文献报道。因此,本研究拟在分析社会疏离与健康促进行为间的关系基础上,探讨自我感知老化的中介作用,以期为改善社区慢性病共病老年人的健康促进行为,促进老年人身心健康提供参考。
2023年10月至2024年4月,采用便利抽样法选取浙江省杭州市611名社区慢性病共病老人为研究对象。纳入标准:①年龄≥60周岁;②患有2种及以上慢性病患者;③自愿参与完成调查者。排除标准:①患精神疾病或老年痴呆者;②严重语言、听力障碍者;③有其他危重疾病,无法配合完成调查者。本研究共含34个研究变量,根据建立结构方程模型所需研究变量10~20倍[8],考虑15%~20%的流失率,样本量为408~816例。最终本研究纳入有效样本量611例。本研究已获浙江中医药大学伦理委员会批准(20231020-7)。
性别、年龄、居住地类型、体质指数(BMI)、子女数量、文化程度、个人月均收入、医疗保障形式等。
由我国学者吴霜等[9]汉化修订,该量表包括他人疏离感、怀疑感、自我疏离感和无意义感4个维度,15个条目,总分为15~60分,得分越高代表疏离感的程度越严重。本研究中量表Cronbach α系数为0.880。
由我国学者扈娜[10]汉化修订,该量表共5个维度,17个条目,总分为17~85分,得分越高表明老年人自我感知老化越消极。本研究中量表Cronbach α系数为0.896。
该量表由曹文君[11]基于中文版健康促进生活方式量表因子结构的基础上提出,包括36个条目,6个维度(人际支持、压力处置、自我实现、健康责任、活力、营养行为),分数越高健康促进行为越好。本研究中量表Cronbach α系数为0.883。
由经统一培训的调查员发放纸质问卷,问卷使用统一指导语,向研究对象说明研究目的,签署知情同意书后,指导研究对象填写问卷,随时答疑,问卷当场填写当场收回。
采用SPSS 26.0进行统计分析,计数资料采用频数、构成比描述,计量资料采用描述;采用Pearson相关分析检验自我感知老化、社会疏离与健康促进行为的关系。AMOS 24.0构建结构方程模型,并运用非参数百分位Bootstrap法检验中介效应,重复取样5 000次,置信区间为95%。采用χ2/df、GFI、NFI、IFI、RMSEA 等作为模型拟合的指标。若χ2/df在5以内则认为模型可接受,RMSEA取值范围在0~1之间,RMSEA 取值在0.08以下。其它指数如 GFI、IFI、NFI取值范围在0~1之间。中介效应是否存在由Bootstrap 95%置信区间是否包含0来判断,检验水准α=0.05。采用SPSS 26.0进行Harman单因子检验,检验本研究共同方法偏差。
611位社区慢病共病老年人年龄多集中于60~70岁(51.72%);多为男性313(51.23%),详细情况见表1
纳入所有量表条目进行Harman单因素检验,未旋转的探索性因子分析提取特征根值>1的公因子共10个。第1个公因子的方差解释率为31.46%(<40%),说明不存在明显的共同方法偏差。
共病老年人社会疏离总分为(36.38±10.41)分,自我感知老化总分为(50.10±14.68)分,健康促进行为得分为(93.79±15.56)分。各维度得分及条目均分见表2
Pearson相关分析结果显示,社会疏离与自我感知老化呈正相关,健康促进行为与社会疏离、自我感知老化均呈负相关,见表3
采用AMOS 24.0以健康促进行为为因变量,社会疏离为自变量,自我感知老化为中介变量,构建结构方程模型,模型进行拟合指数为:χ2/df=3.892、GFI=0.928、NFI=0.948、IFI=0.961、RMSEA=0.069,模型拟合较好。结果显示:社会疏离与健康促进行为间的标准化路径系数为-0.205,占总效应的45.86%;自我感知老化的中介效应的标准化路径系数为-0.242,总效应值为-0.447,中介效应占总效应的54.14%,见图1表4
结果显示,社区共病老年人社会疏离总分为(36.38±10.41)分,高于王冬华等[12]研究结果。共病老年人病程漫长,长期的疾病侵扰、经济压力等事件会使老年人产生无意义感和挫败感,进而对社会产生疏离感。由于共病老年人生理机能会出现不同程度的障碍,参与活动会受到限制,进而导致社会网络缩小[13],加之共病导致的心理问题,老年人易产生自卑感,活动欲望降低,逐渐选择回避社交,主动疏远人群[14],以至最后出现社会疏离现象。共病老年人自我感知老化总分为(50.10±14.68)分,高于白洁等[7]研究结果,说明共病老年人自我感知老化呈消极水平,究其原因,多病共存会导致老年人生活自理能力下降,使其在进行日常活动时感到困难,增加跌倒甚至失能的风险,加深了他们对自身老化的感知[15]。此外,共病老年人心理状态相对较为消极[16],易产生自我无用感,而消极的衰老态度会加剧慢病老年人对自身老化的感知[17]。共病老年人健康促进行为总分为(93.79±15.56)分,略低于张娜[18]的研究结果。其中人际支持、压力处置、健康责任维度得分差异较大,可能原因是共病导致老年人活动能力下降,参与活动受限,与他人互动机会减少,影响人际支持。长期的共病状态可能导致心理压力的累积,使其在应对日常压力时更加脆弱,降低了压力处置能力[19]。此外,共病老年人健康相关信息获取途径少,自我保健意识差,加之罹患多种慢性病,自我管理过程复杂且难度较大,导致其缺乏自我健康管理信心,不能自觉承担健康责任[20]。本研究结果显示,营养行为、活力、自我实现维度得分差异不明显,可能与共病老年人身患多种疾病,更加重视营养摄入和适量运动有关。同时,尽管共病老年人面临多种慢性疾病的困扰,但他们依然可以保持着对自我价值的认同。
结果显示,共病老年人社会疏离与健康促进行为呈负相关,这与Wu[21]的研究结果相符。老年人社会疏离水平越高,健康促进行为水平越差,社会疏离感较高的老年人,社会参与减少,与外界互动减少,很容易产生孤独、抑郁等情绪,自我效能感下降[22],孤独和抑郁等负面情绪可导致老年人忽视自身健康状况,采取消极态度面对疾病,进而减少健康促进行为的实施。同时,自我效能感的下降会削弱老年人完成健康促进任务的信心及进行健康促进行为的动力,降低其主动从外界获取健康促进知识的意愿[23],使他们认为自己无法有效地改善健康状况,进而减少如锻炼、合理饮食等健康行为的实践,导致健康促进行为水平较低。
共病老年人社会疏离与自我感知老化呈正相关。社会疏离水平高的老年人,社交圈逐渐缩小,与外界的互动减少,会出现主动回避社交的现象,缺乏社交活动会使老年人更容易感到被遗忘,加剧了对自身老化的负面看法[24];同时,老年人因社会疏离缺乏外部刺激,反而将注意力更多转向自身健康问题,放大了对衰老带来的身体变化的感知[7]
共病老年人自我感知老化和健康促进行为之间呈负相关。自我感知老化消极的老年人对衰老的认识存在偏差,对自己的未来持有悲观态度[25],认为即使采取健康促进行为也无法改变健康状况,因此老年人采取行动改善健康状况的动机降低,导致健康促进行为水平下降。
结果显示,自我感知老化在社会疏离与健康促进行为间起部分中介效应。研究表明[7],社会疏离是自我感知老化的预测因素,主动参与社会交往,广泛拓宽人际网络,在此过程中老年人不仅能够收获人际交往的积极体验,还能有效缓解老化带来的消极情绪,增加自身获得价值感和幸福感的渠道,使老年人能够正确看待自身老化,树立积极老化观念[6]。研究证实[4],自我感知老化是健康促进行为的影响因素,自我感知老化越消极的老年人更容易出现负面情绪,采取不健康的生活方式,而自我感知老化积极的老年人则倾向于采取预防性健康行为,如规律运动、健康饮食、遵医嘱用药等,能够保持健康的生活状态[26]
综上所述,共病老年人社会疏离、自我感知老化与健康促进行为两两相关,自我感知老化在其中起部分中介作用。医护人员应识别社会疏离的共病老年人,并通过与亲属、邻里合作,增加社交机会,提升社交能力,鼓励社会参与。通过心理疏导和老化态度校正,降低共病老年人社会疏离,培养积极老化观念,提高健康促进行为。本研究样本局限于杭州地区,未来研究需多中心、大样本调查以增强普适性。
  • 杭州市哲学社会科学规划项目(Z24JC003)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409191
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
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杭州市哲学社会科学规划项目(Z24JC003)
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    浙江中医药大学护理学院,浙江 杭州 310053

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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