Article(id=1241023848359973311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023847537897695, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407206, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720627200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812742556, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812742556, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812742556, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812742556, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241023847537897695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812742361, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812823817, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241024189247845056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023847537897695, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241024189247845057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241023847537897695, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=220, endPage=226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241023850297741761, articleId=1241023848359973311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Construction and evaluation of a prediction model for the trend of acute respiratory infectious diseases based on multi-source data including symptom surveillance, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Toconstruct a Genetic Algorithm optimized Support Vector Machine (GA-SVM) model based on multi-source data predicting acute respiratory infectious diseases and toevaluate its predictive effectiveness, providing a reference for establishing an early warning system for respiratory infectious diseases.

Methods

Symptom surveillance cases, meteorological and atmospheric pollution, data and stringency index obtained from 2020 to 2022 were used as modeling and forecasting samples, respectively. By picking up the optimum lagging week number of the potential predictive variables and filter out the most important variables successively, the independent variables were obtained. Then the full time series data were divided into validation set and training set in a 1:4 ratio. The parameters were optimized by genetic algorithm. We used the weekly number of new cases of respiratory infectious diseases as the dependent variable to structure the GA-SVM model. The performance was evaluated based on the following metrics: root mean square error (RMSE), meansabsolute percentage error (MAPE), predictive correlation coefficient (PCC) and R-squared (R2).

Results

The most important variables were stringency index with 2-weeks-lag, symptom surveillance cases with 1-week-lag, maximum temperature with 1-week-lag, school activities with 2-weeks-lag and O3 index with 1-week-lag. The GA-SVM model performed best when C=18.04, γ=0.175 4 while average RMSE=6.362, average MAPE=24.59%, average PCC=0.896 and average R2=0.804.

Conclusions

The model showsgood predictive performance for the reported cases of acute respiratory infectious diseases in Xuhui District, which confirms the feasibility of applying GA-SVM to multi-source data based on symptom monitoring for predicting respiratory infectious diseases, providing methodological references for the application of multi-source data in the early warning of infectious diseases.

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目的

构建基于多源数据的遗传算法优化的支持向量机(Genetic Algorithm optimized Support Vector Machine, GA-SVM)模型预测急性呼吸道传染病并评价其预测效果,为建立呼吸道传染病早期预警体系提供参考。

方法

根据2020—2022年上海市徐汇区的症状监测、气象及大气污染和严格指数数据,在潜在预测变量中挑选最佳延迟周数的预测变量后,筛选出预测重要性最强的变量作为自变量。按1:4比例将全时间序列划分为验证集和训练集,利用遗传算法优化参数,以呼吸道传染病每周新增病例数为因变量构建GA-SVM模型。采用均方根误差、平均绝对百分比误差、预测相关系数和决定系数对模型预测结果进行评价。

结果

预测重要性最强的变量为:延迟2周的严格性指数、延迟1周的症状监测病例数、延迟1周的最高气温、延迟2周的学校活动和延迟1周的臭氧(O3)指数。建立的GA-SVM模型最优参数C=18.04,γ=0.175 4,模型的平均均方根误差为6.362,平均绝对百分比误差为24.59%,平均预测相关系数和决定系数分别为0.896和0.804。

结论

该模型对于徐汇区急性呼吸道传染病报告病例数有着良好的预测效果,证实了GA-SVM应用于基于症状等多源数据实现呼吸道传染病预测的可行性,为多源数据应用于传染病早期预警提供方法参考。

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施建华, E-mail:
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邬安琪(1989—),女,本科,公共卫生主管医师,研究方向:传染病预防与控制

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Research progress of big data in the management of emerging infectious diseases[J]. China Digital Medicine, 2021, 16(6): 91-98. 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注:* 0.01≤P<0.05;** 0.001≤P<0.01;*** P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=An4FNMTHrgavdIfUvjLmJg==, figureFileBig=24DwXBSPErgXSNmvdqIkqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023856886993600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023848359973311, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Genetic algorithm fitness curve (A) and population parameters C andγ values (B), figureFileSmall=ewduJeg2cooJ+VVOF22lRw==, figureFileBig=MOkAjaL4a1HITZE8Ip5j7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023856983462598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023848359973311, language=CN, label=图3, caption=遗传算法适应度曲线(A)和各种群参数值(B), figureFileSmall=ewduJeg2cooJ+VVOF22lRw==, figureFileBig=MOkAjaL4a1HITZE8Ip5j7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023857092514510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023848359973311, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Model training (red) and prediction performance (blue) under 5-fold cross-validation, figureFileSmall=EktD9cDYXLOTsKcN1Ym0kA==, figureFileBig=ia2Q8RpBinOYRIRBF1RDew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023858636018394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023848359973311, language=CN, label=图4, caption=5-折交叉验证下的模型训练(红色)和预测效果(蓝色)

注:A~E为5-折交叉验证下模型1~模型5的训练效果和预测效果。

, figureFileSmall=EktD9cDYXLOTsKcN1Ym0kA==, figureFileBig=ia2Q8RpBinOYRIRBF1RDew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241023858736681698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023848359973311, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Root mean square error for predictive variables at each lag week

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
潜在预测变量各延迟周数下的均方根误差
1周2周
症状监测病例数11.78a12.13
最高气温12.88a13.29
最低气温13.14a13.47
最大温差13.89a14.09
AQI14.1414.01a
PM2.513.9513.91a
PM1014.0813.99a
O312.27a12.82
SO214.10a14.22
NO212.78a12.84
CO12.3012.06a
严格性指数12.0011.81a
学校活动12.3411.63a
), ArticleFig(id=1241023858845733609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023848359973311, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

预测变量各延迟周数下的均方根误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
潜在预测变量各延迟周数下的均方根误差
1周2周
症状监测病例数11.78a12.13
最高气温12.88a13.29
最低气温13.14a13.47
最大温差13.89a14.09
AQI14.1414.01a
PM2.513.9513.91a
PM1014.0813.99a
O312.27a12.82
SO214.10a14.22
NO212.78a12.84
CO12.3012.06a
严格性指数12.0011.81a
学校活动12.3411.63a
), ArticleFig(id=1241023858946396913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023848359973311, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The prediction errors and predictive importance of the potential variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
潜在预测变量RMSER2MAE% Inc
MSE(%)
症状监测病例数7.6760.7355.79249.78
最高气温7.1970.7415.30433.86
最低气温8.1130.7125.97230.86
最大温差8.1640.7165.947
AQI8.0640.7256.066
PM2.57.1390.7775.275
PM107.1840.7785.331
O37.6690.7445.71823.44
SO27.3910.7575.493
NO27.6350.7435.727
CO7.8250.7355.799
严格指数7.7940.7315.70684.75
学校活动7.7640.7365.71626.64
), ArticleFig(id=1241023859042865913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023848359973311, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

潜在预测变量的预测误差和预测重要性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
潜在预测变量RMSER2MAE% Inc
MSE(%)
症状监测病例数7.6760.7355.79249.78
最高气温7.1970.7415.30433.86
最低气温8.1130.7125.97230.86
最大温差8.1640.7165.947
AQI8.0640.7256.066
PM2.57.1390.7775.275
PM107.1840.7785.331
O37.6690.7445.71823.44
SO27.3910.7575.493
NO27.6350.7435.727
CO7.8250.7355.799
严格指数7.7940.7315.70684.75
学校活动7.7640.7365.71626.64
), ArticleFig(id=1241023859160306437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023848359973311, language=EN, label=Tabel 3, caption=

Model prediction performance and mean error under 5-fold cross-validation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
交叉验证轮次RMSEMAPE(%)PCCR2
15.79619.170.9040.817
210.62022.420.7990.639
35.79025.920.9330.870
43.70417.270.9160.838
55.90238.170.9310.866
均值6.36224.590.8960.804
), ArticleFig(id=1241023859252581134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241023848359973311, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

5-折交叉验证下的模型预测效果和误差均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
交叉验证轮次RMSEMAPE(%)PCCR2
15.79619.170.9040.817
210.62022.420.7990.639
35.79025.920.9330.870
43.70417.270.9160.838
55.90238.170.9310.866
均值6.36224.590.8960.804
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基于症状等多源数据的急性呼吸道传染病发病趋势预测模型的构建与评价
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邬安琪 1 , 文泽轩 2, 3 , 吴强松 1 , 汪晨夕 1 , 施建华 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(2): 220-226
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(2): 220-226
基于症状等多源数据的急性呼吸道传染病发病趋势预测模型的构建与评价
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邬安琪1, 文泽轩2, 3, 吴强松1, 汪晨夕1, 施建华1
作者信息
  • 1.徐汇区疾病预防控制中心,上海 200237
  • 2.复旦大学上海市重大传染病和生物安全研究院
  • 3.复旦大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室/公共卫生安全教育部重点实验室
  • 邬安琪(1989—),女,本科,公共卫生主管医师,研究方向:传染病预防与控制

通讯作者:

施建华, E-mail:
Construction and evaluation of a prediction model for the trend of acute respiratory infectious diseases based on multi-source data including symptom surveillance
An-qi WU1, Ze-xuan WEN2, 3, Qiang-song WU1, Chen-xi WANG1, Jian-hua SHI1
Affiliations
  • Xuhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200237, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407206
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目的

构建基于多源数据的遗传算法优化的支持向量机(Genetic Algorithm optimized Support Vector Machine, GA-SVM)模型预测急性呼吸道传染病并评价其预测效果,为建立呼吸道传染病早期预警体系提供参考。

方法

根据2020—2022年上海市徐汇区的症状监测、气象及大气污染和严格指数数据,在潜在预测变量中挑选最佳延迟周数的预测变量后,筛选出预测重要性最强的变量作为自变量。按1:4比例将全时间序列划分为验证集和训练集,利用遗传算法优化参数,以呼吸道传染病每周新增病例数为因变量构建GA-SVM模型。采用均方根误差、平均绝对百分比误差、预测相关系数和决定系数对模型预测结果进行评价。

结果

预测重要性最强的变量为:延迟2周的严格性指数、延迟1周的症状监测病例数、延迟1周的最高气温、延迟2周的学校活动和延迟1周的臭氧(O3)指数。建立的GA-SVM模型最优参数C=18.04,γ=0.175 4,模型的平均均方根误差为6.362,平均绝对百分比误差为24.59%,平均预测相关系数和决定系数分别为0.896和0.804。

结论

该模型对于徐汇区急性呼吸道传染病报告病例数有着良好的预测效果,证实了GA-SVM应用于基于症状等多源数据实现呼吸道传染病预测的可行性,为多源数据应用于传染病早期预警提供方法参考。

多源数据  /  支持向量机  /  急性呼吸道传染病  /  症状监测  /  预测
Objective

Toconstruct a Genetic Algorithm optimized Support Vector Machine (GA-SVM) model based on multi-source data predicting acute respiratory infectious diseases and toevaluate its predictive effectiveness, providing a reference for establishing an early warning system for respiratory infectious diseases.

Methods

Symptom surveillance cases, meteorological and atmospheric pollution, data and stringency index obtained from 2020 to 2022 were used as modeling and forecasting samples, respectively. By picking up the optimum lagging week number of the potential predictive variables and filter out the most important variables successively, the independent variables were obtained. Then the full time series data were divided into validation set and training set in a 1:4 ratio. The parameters were optimized by genetic algorithm. We used the weekly number of new cases of respiratory infectious diseases as the dependent variable to structure the GA-SVM model. The performance was evaluated based on the following metrics: root mean square error (RMSE), meansabsolute percentage error (MAPE), predictive correlation coefficient (PCC) and R-squared (R2).

Results

The most important variables were stringency index with 2-weeks-lag, symptom surveillance cases with 1-week-lag, maximum temperature with 1-week-lag, school activities with 2-weeks-lag and O3 index with 1-week-lag. The GA-SVM model performed best when C=18.04, γ=0.175 4 while average RMSE=6.362, average MAPE=24.59%, average PCC=0.896 and average R2=0.804.

Conclusions

The model showsgood predictive performance for the reported cases of acute respiratory infectious diseases in Xuhui District, which confirms the feasibility of applying GA-SVM to multi-source data based on symptom monitoring for predicting respiratory infectious diseases, providing methodological references for the application of multi-source data in the early warning of infectious diseases.

Multi-source data  /  SVM  /  Acute respiratory infectious diseases  /  Symptom surveillance  /  Prediction
邬安琪, 文泽轩, 吴强松, 汪晨夕, 施建华. 基于症状等多源数据的急性呼吸道传染病发病趋势预测模型的构建与评价. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (2) : 220 -226 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407206
An-qi WU, Ze-xuan WEN, Qiang-song WU, Chen-xi WANG, Jian-hua SHI. Construction and evaluation of a prediction model for the trend of acute respiratory infectious diseases based on multi-source data including symptom surveillance[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (2) : 220 -226 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407206
急性呼吸道传染病包括流行性感冒、水痘、新型冠状病毒感染等,因其病原组成复杂、传播速度快、范围广的特点,一旦达到一定规模,干预措施控制效果相对有限,危害人群健康,造成严重疾病负担。我国虽已将强化监测预警纳入“十四五”规划,但目前我国的预警监测系统预警关口相对滞后、来源相对单一等问题仍旧存在[1]。基于症状的监测可以有效前移关口,更及时、敏感地触发预警信号,控制突发事件规模[2]。我国的症状监测虽然在2003年严重急性呼吸综合征流行后发展迅速,但目前仍存在症状监测方法应用不足、监测技术落后等问题[3]。随着多源数据应用的发展,机器学习作为人工智能的重要组成部分,在临床诊疗、病媒生物风险预测、慢性病影响因素研究等领域应用日益广泛[4-7],而在传染病监测预警方面应用尚在探索阶段。本研究将症状监测与机器学习方法结合,以急性呼吸道传染病症状指标为基础,同时纳入环境、气象、政策等多源数据,构建遗传算法优化的支持向量机模型(Genetic Algorithm optimized Support Vector Machine, GA-SVM)并评估其预测效果,为传染病的早期预警提供方法基础。
症状监测病例数据来源于“上海市急性呼吸道感染综合监测平台”(以下简称“呼综平台”)中的徐汇区哨点医疗机构日报告病例数据。呼吸道传染病发病数据来源于“中国疾病预防控制信息系统”中的徐汇区医疗机构日报告病例数据。气象数据来源于“2345天气王”网站。环境数据来源于上海市环境生态环境局网站,主要包括上海市2020年3月至2022年1月的最高气温、最低气温、最大温差及空气污染指数AQI、PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3、CO指数等指标。学校活动情况来源于官方新闻,包括寒假、暑假、启动线上教学及恢复线下教学的时间段。新冠疫情期间的呼吸道传染病疫情与政府响应措施密切相关,反映上海市政府疫情防控政策以及公共卫生干预措施的严格性指数通过牛津新冠政府响应追踪器[8-9]获得。由于研究中能够获得的部分呼吸道传染病发病病例稀少,受不确定性影响较大,故将症状监测数据、气象数据和严格指数数据进行预处理,将症状监测数据从日监测数据转换为周合计数据,将气象数据和严格指数从日数据转换为周均数据。
呼综平台自2020年3月启用,2022年2月起受新冠流行影响因临床救治压力增大、医疗机构人手紧缺等原因,监测数据的报告数量及质量显著下降、明显失真,故不再利用该系统后期数据。自2023年4月起,徐汇区急性呼吸道综合监测数据切换至新平台“传染病综合监测预警平台”(原呼综平台停用)报送。由于新平台使用初期必填项设置缺陷、字段不足、医疗机构填报依从性较差等原因,新平台数据质量无法客观体现实际情况,截至研究时,尚无法纳入新数据进行训练或测试。故本次建模使用的数据时间段限于2020年3月15日—2022年1月30日。
法定报告传染病[10]中的急性呼吸道传染病,包括新型冠状病毒肺炎/新型冠状病毒感染、百日咳、流行性乙型脑炎、人感染H7N9禽流感、猩红热、流行性脑脊髓膜炎、麻疹、人感染高致病性禽流感、传染性非典型肺炎、白喉、风疹、流行性腮腺炎、流行性感冒和手足口病;以及上海市按照丙类传染病管理的水痘[11]
就诊距离发病3天内的发热伴咳嗽和/或咽痛症状的病例。
利用R 4.2.2统计软件,基于caret软件包[12]进行预测变量选择,基于遗传算法和e1071软件包进行遗传算法求解最佳参数,构建支持向量机模型(Support Vector Machine, SVM),基于ggplot2软件包进行结果可视化。
将症状监测病例数、最高气温、最低气温、最大温差、AQI、PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3、CO、学生活动情况、严格性指数被列为潜在预测变量。各潜在预测变量被认为可能在1~2周的时间内对呼吸道传染病疫情产生影响,因此利用不同延迟周数下各潜在预测变量构建类泊松分布模型,并保留与报告传染病病例数之间的均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)最小的预测变量延迟周数,并根据最佳延迟周数处理原始数据集。使用向后选择的递归特征消除算法[13]计算保留不同变量数时进行建模预测的均方根误差,以及各预测变量的均方误差增加百分比(Percentage Increase in Mean Squared Error, %IncMSE),该值越大,认为对应模型中该变量的预测重要性越大。通过递归地训练模型、评估并移除预测重要性最弱的变量,从而确定各变量对模型预测精度的贡献程度。在每次迭代中,算法根据模型的表现评估剩余变量的重要性。方差膨胀系数(Variance inflation factor, VIF)被用于衡量处理后的数据集中各预测变量之间的多重共线性严重程度,排除共线性[14-15]严重的潜在预测变量。最终保留的变量即为那些对预测模型贡献最大的预测变量。随后,将预测重要性较强的预测变量纳入SVM模型构建。
基本思路为首先任选一组参数作为SVM的初始参数,再根据实际需要对参数进行编码,从而构造第一代遗传群体。针对第一代遗传群体计算误差,误差越小,则适应度越大,适应度大的个体会被遗传给下一代,通过当前一代的群体算子进行交叉计算、变异等遗传处理即可产生下一代群体;再通过迭代步骤不断优化SVM参数,直至参数满足条件或达到最大迭代次数[16]。在本研究中,遗传算法的终止条件包括两个方面:一是当适应度值达到预设阈值或适应度值在连续多代的变化低于0.001时,算法将认为已收敛并停止迭代;二是当迭代次数达到100次时,即使未达到适应度收敛条件,也会终止算法。通过这些设置,我们保证了在优化过程中既能获得较优的SVM参数组合,同时避免了过多的计算资源消耗。
通过纳入所选预测变量构建SVM模型。按照1:4的比例将全时间序列划分为验证集和训练集,利用遗传算法优化SVM参数,以呼吸道传染病每周新增病例数为因变量,以1.3.1小节所挑选的最佳延迟周数的预测变量用于SVM回归计算。利用重抽样方法估计预测模型的不确定性。
采取5-折交叉验证[17]测试预测模型对测试集的预测效果,使用RMSE、平均绝对百分比误差(Mean Absolute Percentage Error, MAPE)、预测相关系数(Predictive Correlation Coefficient, PCC)和决定系数(R2)并绘制预测值与实际值的时间序列图来对模型预测结果进行评价。
2020年3月15日至2022年1月30日共报告2 372例急性呼吸道传染病病例,包括:水痘1 364例,流行性感冒533例,手足口病266例,新型冠状病毒肺炎/新型冠状病毒感染114例,流行性腮腺炎79例,猩红热13例,流行性脑脊髓膜炎2例,风疹1例,其间无百日咳、流行性乙型脑炎、人感染H7N9禽流感、麻疹、人感染高致病性禽流感、传染性非典型肺炎、白喉病例报告。同期共报告症状监测病例54 019例。
徐汇区2020年3月至2022年1月的传染病报告病例数与症状监测病例数在2020年9月份后呈现相似的变化趋势。总体上,症状监测病例数越高,呼吸道传染病报告病例数也会随之升高。需要注意的是,由于2020年4月27日起实行 “学校师生出现发热等症状凭《上海市学校方便就诊卡》至医疗机构免费检测核酸”和中小学校逐步复课的影响,症状监测病例数出现了小高峰,而类似高峰并未在传染病报告病例数的变化中观察到。除此之外,研究阶段内包含了2次冬春季(2020年10月至2021年2月和2021年10月至2022年2月),对应阶段为呼吸道传染病的高发季节,这种季节性的波动在传染病报告和症状监测病例数中均有所体现。详见图1
表1显示了类泊松分布模型计算各潜在预测变量在不同延迟周数下建模时的均方根误差, 其中症状监测病例数、气温、O3、SO2和NO2在1周延迟情况下均方根误差最小,其他潜在预测变量在2周延迟后均方根误差最小。在考虑了各自可能的滞后效应后,症状监测病例数、最高气温、O3、NO2、CO、严格性指数、学校活动这些变量有着较小的RMSE,可能成为更具预测效果的潜在预测变量。通过图2显示症状监测病例数、气温、O3、CO和严格指数均与报告病例数有较强相关性,其中症状监测病例数和CO表现出正相关,O3和严格指数表现出较强的负相关。除此之外,多种环境因素之间表现出较强的相关性(特别是气温)。
2.3小节所示的预测变量在调整滞后效应后被纳入随机森林模型,利用递归特征消除算法进行变量筛选,筛选结果由表2所示。预测重要性最强的3个变量为严格性指数、症状监测病例数和最高气温,而最低气温、O3和学校活动3个变量由于一定的预测重要性,也被纳入共线性检验。在排除掉最低气温(VIF=58.93)后,其余潜在预测变量VIF均在1.88~2.98之间,将被用于构建SVM模型。
最终,严格性指数、症状监测病例数、最高气温、学校活动和O3指数5个变量被用于GA-SVM模型的建立,设置遗传种群数量为100,遗传代数为100。经反复训练获得遗传算法最优适应度曲线,如图3所示,最终搜索出最优参数C=18.04,γ=0.175 4。
将搜索到的最优参数代入GA-SVM模型构建,采取5-折交叉验证测试预测模型对测试集的预测效果,得到相应的预测结果(图4),除了2020年12月的部分高值预测效果较差外,其余周内的累计新增报告病例数均能得到较好预测。表3进一步展示了5-折交叉验证下,每一轮次中对测试集的预测效果。GA-SVM模型的平均RMSE为6.362,平均MAPE为24.59%,平均PCC和R2分别达到了0.896和0.804,说明模型对于急性呼吸道传染病报告病例数有着良好的预测效果。
本研究构建GA-SVM回归模型预测上海市徐汇区2020年3月15日—2022年1月30日期间的急性呼吸道传染病的流行趋势,预测效果良好,可作为急性呼吸道传染病传统监测预测预警的有效补充。
SVM回归是一种常见的机器学习算法,由Vapnik提出的支持向量机[18]演变而来。SVM是一种基于统计学习理论的机器学习方法,具有强大的非线性映射能力和处理复杂性的能力,比传统神经网络具有更好的泛化能力,对于时间序列预测中可能存在的水平变化具有较好的容忍性。本研究受客观因素影响训练样本量偏少、数据分布稀疏且波动较大,很多常用的时间序列模型均不适用,而SVM恰能在有效解决数据分布不均匀的难点的同时获得不错的预测效果。国内有研究也证实了SVM模型在呼吸道疫情(流行性感冒)方面的出色的跟踪预测能力[19]。在一项比较多种时间序列模型在我国传染病监测数据中的应用研究表明SVM模型在大多数情况下优于SVM模型[20]。ARIMA-SVM组合模型在肺结核发病趋势预测中也获得了优于单纯ARIMA模型的预测效果[21] 。本研究中由于监测系统调整和某些重大公共卫生事件的发生,单纯时间序列模型的预测效果很差,无法使用。
症状作为疾病诊断前的发生过程,基于其开展的监测能有效利用从就诊、实验室检测到医生诊断等过程中产生的时间差,更早探察出疫情苗子,前移防控关口,从而实现传染病疫情的早期预警,其敏感性和及时性在传染病监测预警和公共卫生保障中得到应用证实[22-23]。本研究模型在医疗机构症状监测数据的基础上,挖掘利用气象和社会政策及管控措施等多源数据与疾病发生之间的潜在关联,实现了多种数据SVM模型的联动,顺应大数据发展的应用前景,为今后的新发传染病分析预警、探索新发传染病传播机制、构建全面的传染病监测管控方面打下基础[24]
受客观因素影响,建模使用的是2020年3月至2022年1月上海市徐汇区的监测数据。一方面,因区级传染病报告数据体量十分有限,难以实现不同急性呼吸道传染病的单独预测。本研究组曾尝试使用GA-SVM回归模型构建“流行性感冒”单病种的预测模型,获得的预测效果不佳,原因在于本地流感病例报告在2021年底前处于低水平,2021年11月起受到流行性感冒的诊断标准修改影响,报告病例数陡增,然而陡增后的训练数据十分有限(仅持续到2022年1月),也很大程度上直接导致了模型预测的平均绝对百分比误差升至24.59%。提示使用GA-SVM回归模型方法进行预测时,如遇到数据特性发生骤变的情况,需要有足够的后期数据用于模型训练,以保证模型的预测效能。另一方面,此时间段的呼吸道传染病发病情况受到新冠疫情的影响极大,加之人群流动、民众生活习惯改变、人群构成变化等本研究尚未纳入的因素也可能影响着疾病的发生,故在有条件引入更多的多源数据后,应根据不同阶段的实际情况按需对模型进行调整,例如引入稳定后的新监测平台中的新增数据或增加新的参数指标等来进行进一步的训练和测试、调整模型核函数进一步提升预测效果等。下一阶段,通过真实疫情处置验证来寻找合理的预警阈值对于提高模型的实用效能至关重要。
  • 2021年度徐汇区医学科研项目(SHXH202147)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202407206
  • 接收时间:2024-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-11
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2021年度徐汇区医学科研项目(SHXH202147)
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    1.徐汇区疾病预防控制中心,上海 200237
    2.复旦大学上海市重大传染病和生物安全研究院
    3.复旦大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室/公共卫生安全教育部重点实验室

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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