Article(id=1241022947939381267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410222, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729008000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812527879, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812527879, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812527879, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812527879, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241022939957621542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='6', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812525976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815469296, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241035285174219432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241035285174219433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1079, endPage=1084, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241022948321062972, articleId=1241022947939381267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Impact of basic public health service utilization on residents’ willingness to the first choice of medical institutions for treatment: an empirical analysis based on propensity score matching, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To assess the impact of the utilization of basic public health services on residents’ willingness to the first choice of medical institutions for treatment.

Methods

This study utilized information from a resident survey conducted by the Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project. The project adopted a multi-stage sampling method and utilized the resident household survey questionnaire, which was conducted from January 2020 to October 2021 in Shandong Province. A total of 2 917 valid questionnaires were obtained, and the survey respondents were residents aged 15 and above. Binary logistic regression model and propensity score matching (PSM) method were used for analysis.

Results

The proportion of residents who have established health records was 63.9%, and the utilization rate of health education was 49.6%.83.8% respondents preferred to choose primary healthinstitutions for treatment. The results of propensity score matching showed that under the three methods of kernel matching, radius matching, and nearest neighbor matching, the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) for the utilization of health education in residents’ willingness to the first choice of healthcare institutions were 0.084 3, 0.088 9, and 0.090 3, respectively.

Conclusion

The consultation rate of primary health institutions is performing well. Essential public Health services usage had a positive effect on residents’ willingness to choose primary health institutions for medical treatment. It is recommended to increase constructive investment in primary health institutions, enhance the service supply capacity of providers and strengthen the relevanceof basic public health services for demanders.

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目的

评估基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的影响。

方法

本研究利用的是省自然科学基金项目的居民调查资料。项目采用多阶段抽样的方法,利用居民家庭调查问卷,于2020年1月-2021年10月在山东省内进行调查。获有效问卷2 917份,调查对象为15岁及以上居民。运用二元logistic回归模型和倾向得分匹配法(PSM)进行数据分析。

结果

居民建立健康档案的比例为63.9%,健康教育的利用率为49.6%。83.8%的居民倾向于首选基层医疗卫生服务机构就诊。倾向得分匹配结果显示,在核匹配、半径匹配和最近邻匹配三种方法下,利用健康教育对居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的平均处理效应(ATT)分别为0.084 3、0.088 9和0.090 3。

结论

居民首选基层医疗卫生机构就诊意愿较高,基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首选基层医疗卫生机构就医意愿具有正向效应。应加大对基层医疗卫生机构建设性投入,提升供方服务供给能力,增强需方基本公共卫生服务的粘性。

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于贞杰和于颖荣为共同通信作者。于贞杰,E-mail:
于颖荣,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=mKyigwloXsd5dfxpywdSGw==, magXml=VBePePstQUrr6nSUseMIUw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=RpbTyegLUvL9VyKKlUwgSQ==, pdfFileSize=792332, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=tp3lEWYWFd9xYaoKyXpytA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=WPxnrUkeW53dUSc9r5Sjnw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈星(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:医药卫生政策与卫生经济学评价

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Quality of primary healthcare services and strategies for improvement in the western region[J]. Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University: Social Sciences, 2023, 43(6): 188-200. 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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of theimplementation status and problems of national basic public health service projects, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241022958299312843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, awardId=72374156, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(72374156), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241022958404170455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, awardId=GWY202363, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省2023年全省公共卫生体系建设研究课题(GWY202363), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241022958517416674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, awardId=2023YJSCX032, language=CN, fundingSource=2023年度研究生科研创新基金项目(2023YJSCX032), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241022958597108457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, awardId=ZR2019MG028, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金(ZR2019MG028), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241022949315113111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241022949323501721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, companyId=1241022949315113111, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of management, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241022949331890331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, companyId=1241022949315113111, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山东第二医科大学管理学院,山东 潍坊 261053)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241022949407387811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241022949428359333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, companyId=1241022949407387811, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山东第二医科大学护理学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241022956810334794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Results of balance test for propensity score matching, figureFileSmall=WtERInw/8C+pTNEq3Eitdg==, figureFileBig=tp3lEWYWFd9xYaoKyXpytA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022957041021530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, language=CN, label=图1, caption=倾向得分匹配的平衡性检验结果, figureFileSmall=WtERInw/8C+pTNEq3Eitdg==, figureFileBig=tp3lEWYWFd9xYaoKyXpytA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022957263319662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Kernel density function test plot, figureFileSmall=3QwcshGCMo0U9S8gkBljHA==, figureFileBig=P8YHz4JBkTFfTgqaSnSNag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022957401731704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, language=CN, label=图2, caption=核密度函数检验图, figureFileSmall=3QwcshGCMo0U9S8gkBljHA==, figureFileBig=P8YHz4JBkTFfTgqaSnSNag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022957556920967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Variable definitions and descriptive statistics[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称类别首诊医疗机构选择意愿χ2P
基层医疗机构医院
居住地城市558(60.6)363(39.4)530.686<0.001
农村1 885(94.4)111(5.6)
家庭类别常住2 309(85.8)382(14.2)107.686<0.001
流动134(59.3)92(40.7)
性别1 403(84.7)254(15.3)2.3900.122
1 040(82.5)220(17.5)
年龄(岁)≤34165(63.5)95(36.5)116.384<0.001
35~44215(75.7)69(24.3)
45~54376(83.6)74(16.4)
55~64572(86.1)92(13.9)
≥651 115(88.6)144(11.4)
婚姻状况有配偶2 009(83.3)71(16.7)2.1530.142
无配偶434(85.9)403(14.1)
文化程度小学及以下1 135(91.6)104(8.4)263.277<0.001
初中793(86.4)125(13.6)
高中(中专)356(75.9)113(24.1)
大专及以上159(54.6)132(45.4)
是否参加医疗保险2 395(84.0)455(16.0)7.3880.007
48(71.6)19(28.4)
是否患有慢性病844(88.1)114(11.9)19.832<0.001
1 599(81.6)360(18.4)
人均年总收入(元)≤7500559(91.3)53(8.7)252.505<0.001
7 501~20 000525(92.8)41(7.2)
20 001~40 000660(88.8)83(11.2)
40 001~70 000350(78.8)94(21.2)
≥70 001349(63.2)203(36.8)
健康档案建立1 663(89.2)202(10.8)111.564<0.001
未建立780(74.1)272(25.9)
健康教育利用1 374(94.4)74(5.1)262.152<0.001
未利用1 069(72.8)400(27.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1241022957707915924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量定义及描述性统计[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称类别首诊医疗机构选择意愿χ2P
基层医疗机构医院
居住地城市558(60.6)363(39.4)530.686<0.001
农村1 885(94.4)111(5.6)
家庭类别常住2 309(85.8)382(14.2)107.686<0.001
流动134(59.3)92(40.7)
性别1 403(84.7)254(15.3)2.3900.122
1 040(82.5)220(17.5)
年龄(岁)≤34165(63.5)95(36.5)116.384<0.001
35~44215(75.7)69(24.3)
45~54376(83.6)74(16.4)
55~64572(86.1)92(13.9)
≥651 115(88.6)144(11.4)
婚姻状况有配偶2 009(83.3)71(16.7)2.1530.142
无配偶434(85.9)403(14.1)
文化程度小学及以下1 135(91.6)104(8.4)263.277<0.001
初中793(86.4)125(13.6)
高中(中专)356(75.9)113(24.1)
大专及以上159(54.6)132(45.4)
是否参加医疗保险2 395(84.0)455(16.0)7.3880.007
48(71.6)19(28.4)
是否患有慢性病844(88.1)114(11.9)19.832<0.001
1 599(81.6)360(18.4)
人均年总收入(元)≤7500559(91.3)53(8.7)252.505<0.001
7 501~20 000525(92.8)41(7.2)
20 001~40 000660(88.8)83(11.2)
40 001~70 000350(78.8)94(21.2)
≥70 001349(63.2)203(36.8)
健康档案建立1 663(89.2)202(10.8)111.564<0.001
未建立780(74.1)272(25.9)
健康教育利用1 374(94.4)74(5.1)262.152<0.001
未利用1 069(72.8)400(27.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1241022957871493792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Binary logistic regression analysis of residents’ willingness to choose primary health institutions for medical treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量对照组模型1模型2
OR值(95%CI)POR值(95%CIP
健康档案
建立未建立--1.116(0.866~1.438)0.397
健康教育
利用未利用--3.015 (2.215~4.105)<0.001
居住地
城市农村0.151(0.114~0.200)<0.0010.221 (0.164~0.297)<0.001
家庭类别
常住流动1.419(1.027~1.962)0.0341.285(0.926~1.784)0.134
年龄(岁)
35~44≤340.820(0.529~1.271)0.3760.774(0.497~1.207)0.259
45~540.985(0.637~1.524)0.9460.866(0.555~1.352)0.527
55~641.054(0.680~1.633)0.8150.932(0.596~1.456)0.757
≥651.048(0.675~1.625)0.8350.891(0.570~1.393)0.612
人均年总收入(元)
7 501~20 000≤75001.223(0.775~1.931)0.3871.165(0.773~1.851)0.517
20 001~40 0001.046(0.699~1.565)0.8260.948(0.630~1.427)0.798
40 001~70 0000.908(0.600~1.376)0.6500.914(0.599~1.394)0.676
≥70 0010.728(0.491~1.080)0.1150.772(0.517~1.153)0.206
文化程度
初中小学及以下0.722(0.528~0.989)0.0420.692 (0.503~0.952)0.024
高中及中专0.541(0.382~0.765)<0.0010.481 (0.337~0.687)<0.001
大专及以上0.364(0.240~0.551)<0.0010.313 (0.204~0.480)<0.001
是否医疗保险
1.516(0.822~2.797)0.1831.373(0.739~2.549)0.316
是否患慢性病
0.967(0.730~1.282)0.8170.864(0.648~1.151)0.317
Cox&Snell R20.1750.192
Nagelkerke R20.2970.327
), ArticleFig(id=1241022957967962794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的二分类logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量对照组模型1模型2
OR值(95%CI)POR值(95%CIP
健康档案
建立未建立--1.116(0.866~1.438)0.397
健康教育
利用未利用--3.015 (2.215~4.105)<0.001
居住地
城市农村0.151(0.114~0.200)<0.0010.221 (0.164~0.297)<0.001
家庭类别
常住流动1.419(1.027~1.962)0.0341.285(0.926~1.784)0.134
年龄(岁)
35~44≤340.820(0.529~1.271)0.3760.774(0.497~1.207)0.259
45~540.985(0.637~1.524)0.9460.866(0.555~1.352)0.527
55~641.054(0.680~1.633)0.8150.932(0.596~1.456)0.757
≥651.048(0.675~1.625)0.8350.891(0.570~1.393)0.612
人均年总收入(元)
7 501~20 000≤75001.223(0.775~1.931)0.3871.165(0.773~1.851)0.517
20 001~40 0001.046(0.699~1.565)0.8260.948(0.630~1.427)0.798
40 001~70 0000.908(0.600~1.376)0.6500.914(0.599~1.394)0.676
≥70 0010.728(0.491~1.080)0.1150.772(0.517~1.153)0.206
文化程度
初中小学及以下0.722(0.528~0.989)0.0420.692 (0.503~0.952)0.024
高中及中专0.541(0.382~0.765)<0.0010.481 (0.337~0.687)<0.001
大专及以上0.364(0.240~0.551)<0.0010.313 (0.204~0.480)<0.001
是否医疗保险
1.516(0.822~2.797)0.1831.373(0.739~2.549)0.316
是否患慢性病
0.967(0.730~1.282)0.8170.864(0.648~1.151)0.317
Cox&Snell R20.1750.192
Nagelkerke R20.2970.327
), ArticleFig(id=1241022958077014712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947939381267, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) of the utilization of basic public health services on residents’ willingness to select primary medical institutions

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匹配方法平均处理效应标准误T检验值P
核匹配0.084 30.016 35.16<0.01
半径匹配0.088 90.016 75.33<0.01
最近邻匹配0.090 30.018 44.92<0.01
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基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿影响的平均处理效应(ATT)

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匹配方法平均处理效应标准误T检验值P
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半径匹配0.088 90.016 75.33<0.01
最近邻匹配0.090 30.018 44.92<0.01
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基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的影响——基于倾向得分匹配法的实证分析
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陈星 1 , 韩志鹏 1 , 王煜琳 1 , 王广通 1 , 于贞杰 1 , 井淇 1 , 胡善菊 1 , 于颖荣 2
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025,52(6): 1079-1084
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025, 52(6): 1079-1084
基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的影响——基于倾向得分匹配法的实证分析
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陈星1, 韩志鹏1, 王煜琳1, 王广通1, 于贞杰1 , 井淇1, 胡善菊1, 于颖荣2
作者信息
  • 1.山东第二医科大学管理学院,山东 潍坊 261053
  • 2.山东第二医科大学护理学院
  • 陈星(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:医药卫生政策与卫生经济学评价

通讯作者:

于贞杰和于颖荣为共同通信作者。于贞杰,E-mail:
于颖荣,E-mail:
Impact of basic public health service utilization on residents’ willingness to the first choice of medical institutions for treatment: an empirical analysis based on propensity score matching
Xing CHEN1, Zhi-peng HAN1, Yu-lin WANG1, Guang-tong WANG1, Zhen-jie YU1 , Qi JING1, Shan-ju HU1, Ying-rong YU2
Affiliations
  • School of management, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410222
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目的

评估基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的影响。

方法

本研究利用的是省自然科学基金项目的居民调查资料。项目采用多阶段抽样的方法,利用居民家庭调查问卷,于2020年1月-2021年10月在山东省内进行调查。获有效问卷2 917份,调查对象为15岁及以上居民。运用二元logistic回归模型和倾向得分匹配法(PSM)进行数据分析。

结果

居民建立健康档案的比例为63.9%,健康教育的利用率为49.6%。83.8%的居民倾向于首选基层医疗卫生服务机构就诊。倾向得分匹配结果显示,在核匹配、半径匹配和最近邻匹配三种方法下,利用健康教育对居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的平均处理效应(ATT)分别为0.084 3、0.088 9和0.090 3。

结论

居民首选基层医疗卫生机构就诊意愿较高,基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首选基层医疗卫生机构就医意愿具有正向效应。应加大对基层医疗卫生机构建设性投入,提升供方服务供给能力,增强需方基本公共卫生服务的粘性。

基本公共卫生服务利用  /  首诊医疗机构  /  意愿  /  倾向得分匹配
Objective

To assess the impact of the utilization of basic public health services on residents’ willingness to the first choice of medical institutions for treatment.

Methods

This study utilized information from a resident survey conducted by the Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project. The project adopted a multi-stage sampling method and utilized the resident household survey questionnaire, which was conducted from January 2020 to October 2021 in Shandong Province. A total of 2 917 valid questionnaires were obtained, and the survey respondents were residents aged 15 and above. Binary logistic regression model and propensity score matching (PSM) method were used for analysis.

Results

The proportion of residents who have established health records was 63.9%, and the utilization rate of health education was 49.6%.83.8% respondents preferred to choose primary healthinstitutions for treatment. The results of propensity score matching showed that under the three methods of kernel matching, radius matching, and nearest neighbor matching, the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) for the utilization of health education in residents’ willingness to the first choice of healthcare institutions were 0.084 3, 0.088 9, and 0.090 3, respectively.

Conclusion

The consultation rate of primary health institutions is performing well. Essential public Health services usage had a positive effect on residents’ willingness to choose primary health institutions for medical treatment. It is recommended to increase constructive investment in primary health institutions, enhance the service supply capacity of providers and strengthen the relevanceof basic public health services for demanders.

Basic public health services  /  First visit medical institution  /  Willingness  /  Propensity score matching
陈星, 韩志鹏, 王煜琳, 王广通, 于贞杰, 井淇, 胡善菊, 于颖荣. 基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的影响——基于倾向得分匹配法的实证分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (6) : 1079 -1084 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410222
Xing CHEN, Zhi-peng HAN, Yu-lin WANG, Guang-tong WANG, Zhen-jie YU, Qi JING, Shan-ju HU, Ying-rong YU. Impact of basic public health service utilization on residents’ willingness to the first choice of medical institutions for treatment: an empirical analysis based on propensity score matching[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (6) : 1079 -1084 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410222
2015年,《国务院办公厅关于推进分级诊疗制度建设的指导意见》(国办发〔2015〕70号)中明确强调,“以提高基层医疗服务能力为重点,完善分级诊疗服务体系,提升分级诊疗服务能力”[1]。基层首诊制度的落实能够合理分流患者,合理配置和利用卫生资源,实现医疗机构之间上下联动,对推进分级诊疗制度具有重要意义[2]。基本公共卫生服务均等化政策以“使大家都能享受到基本公共卫生服务”为目标,自2009年实施以来在我国基层卫生机构普遍展开,逐步形成了包括建立居民健康档案和健康教育在内的14大类广泛覆盖的服务项目。目前已有学者评估了该政策在疾病预防、慢病管理以及促进公共卫生服务公平性等方面的作用,但有关基本公共卫生服务均等化政策对居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的影响研究较少,有待研究[3-4]。本研究将利用倾向得分匹配法(PSM),评估基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首诊机构选择意愿的影响,为评估基本公共卫生服务均等化的政策效应、进一步落实基本公共卫生服务均等化政策,引导居民理性就医推进分级诊疗提供相应对策建议。
本研究采用多阶段简单随机抽样方法,在山东省内选择潍坊市和淄博市2个地市进行调查,每地市随机抽取3城区(县),每个城区(县)随机抽取3个街道(乡镇)、每个街道(乡镇)随机抽取3个社区(村),在每个社区(村)随机抽取30~40户家庭,从选定家庭中随机选择一个大于等于15岁的个人进行问卷调查,共收回问卷2 952份,其中有效问卷2 917份,有效率98.8%。本研究已通过山东第二医科大学(原潍坊医学院)医学伦理委员会审查(编号:2023YX081),并已获得所有调查者的知情同意。
运用SPSS 27.0统计软件对基本公共卫生服务利用与居民首诊机构选择意愿的关系进行卡方检验和logistic回归分析。常规logistic模型估计未消除控制变量的内生性问题,难以得出相对准确的结果,本研究将进一步运用STATA 14.0软件,采用倾向得分匹配(Propensity Score Matching)对可能影响结果的混杂因素进行控制,探究基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的影响,将基本公共卫生服务利用组与未利用组匹配,进一步得到基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的处理效应,检验水准α=0.05。
本研究的因变量为居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿。这个变量对应的问卷问题是“如果你现在感觉不舒服,你的首选医疗机构是哪里”。本研究按照国家标准将乡镇卫生院、村卫生所或社区卫生服务中心(站)定义为基层医疗卫生机构[5]
国家基本公共卫生服务项目包括建立居民健康档案、健康教育、预防接种、儿童健康管理、孕产妇健康管理等14项,相较于儿童健康管理、孕产妇健康管理等项目,建立健康档案、健康教育项目覆盖全人群,更具有普遍代表性,因此本研究将是否建立健康档案、是否利用健康教育作为反映基本公共卫生服务利用的指标,即核心自变量。
控制变量即除核心自变量之外的其他自变量,也就是需要控制的混杂因素,即利用倾向得分匹配的变量,本研究中的控制变量为居住地、家庭类别、性别、年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、人均年总收入、是否参加医疗保险和是否患有慢性病。
在2 917名调查对象中,健康档案建立者1 865人(63.9%),健康教育利用者1 448人(49.6%)。选择基层医疗卫生机构首诊就医的有2 443人(83.8%),选择医院首诊就医的有474人(16.2%),其余控制变量定义及描述性统计分析结果见表1
单因素分析发现,居民在首诊医疗机构选择意愿上,居住地、家庭类别、年龄、文化程度、人均年总收入、是否患有慢性病、是否建立健康档案和是否利用健康教育等因素的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
为进一步分析居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的影响因素,在单因素分析的基础上,以居民首诊医疗机构的选择意愿情况作为因变量(0=首选医院,1=首选基层医疗卫生机构),将单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量纳入二元logistic回归模型。通过模型1、模型2的Cox&Snell R2和Nagelkerke R2变化可见,模型2在模型1的基础上加入“健康档案、健康教育”变量后,Cox&Snell R2和Nagelkerke R2逐步增大,模型的解释力度上升,即模型2的解释力度增强。
模型2结果显示,居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿的影响因素包括健康教育利用情况、居住地、文化程度,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。即利用健康教育、农村和小学及以下的居民更倾向于首选基层医疗卫生机构就医。
为保证匹配结果的可靠性,需对控制变量进行平衡性检验。图1反映了倾向得分匹配后得到的平衡性检验结果。匹配前的控制变量的分布较散,说明差异较大。匹配后的控制变量的点分布较为集中,说明匹配结果较好地平衡了数据。
图2可以看出,在没有倾向得分匹配之前利用健康教育组与未利用健康教育组的核密度曲线差异较大。采用倾向得分匹配的方法对样本进行匹配后,利用健康教育组与未利用健康教育组的核密度曲线差距减少,重叠范围增大,说明本次匹配能够消除利用健康教育组与未利用健康教育组之间的一些差异,满足共同支持假设。
在控制性别、年龄、家庭类别等变量后,可以得到基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首诊医疗机构选择意愿影响的平均处理效应(ATT)。为了验证测量结果的稳健性,也为了使结果更具说服力,本研究利用最近邻匹配、半径匹配和核匹配三种方法进行了匹配,结果见表2
表3可知,核匹配、半径匹配和最近邻匹配三种匹配方法的回归结果显示,平均处理效应分别为0.084 3、0.088 9、0.090 3,计量结果基本一致且P值均小于0.01,说明研究结果具有较好的稳健性且均有统计学意义。三种匹配方法的平均处理效应均值为0.087 8,说明基本公共卫生服务利用组比未利用组的选择基层首诊的意愿提高了8.78%。
本研究结果显示,83.8%的居民生病时会首选基层医疗卫生机构就诊,首选基层医疗卫生机构就诊意愿明显高于部分省市居民的比例,如高于重庆市1 556名城乡居民患病时基层首诊意愿(82.1%)[6]和淮安市社区居民基层首诊意愿(63.8%)[7],表明样本地区居民基层首诊意愿较高,就医观念有所改变,分级诊疗工作取得了一定的成效。也可能是因为调查地区涉及到山东省实施分级诊疗较早开始的试点地区[8],基层首诊落实情况较好。
但有研究指出[9],出于对自身病情和医疗质量、服务因素的考虑,仍有接近一半比例的患者倾向于选择医院作为实际就医机构,以满足其健康需求和获得更高的医疗保障。基于就医现实,建议提升基层医疗机构的服务水平、增强居民对基层医疗的信任,以及加大对基层医疗的投入,以缩小居民的选择意愿与实际就医行为之间的差距,促进分级诊疗的有效实施。
从居住地来看,城市居民更倾向于首选医院就诊,农村居民倾向于首选基层医疗卫生机构就诊,这与同类研究结果一致[10]。城乡居民首选就医机构意愿的差异性可能与以下原因有关:一是各级医疗机构在地区上的分布存在差异,医院主要分布在城区,而农村地区以基层医疗卫生机构为主,这种分布格局使得城市居民更方便去医院看病,而农村居民偏好选择基层医疗卫生机构就近就医[11]。二是城乡经济发展水平不同,城市居民相对于农村居民收入高,医院的医疗费用高于基层医疗卫生机构,农村居民可能优先考虑价格较低的基层医疗卫生机构以节省就医成本。城市居民首选基层医疗卫生机构就诊的意愿更低,也有可能是担心基层医疗卫生机构诊疗能力,又受到大医院虹吸效应的影响,因而会直接选择更高级别医院就医[12]
与以往研究结果一致[13-14],在文化程度方面,学历越低的居民首选基层医疗卫生机构意愿高。可能是文化程度较低的群体信息获取能力较弱,对自身健康状况的了解相对较少,加上基层医疗卫生机构就诊方便,可以节省更多的交通成本、诊疗成本,因而更倾向就近选择熟悉的基层医疗卫生机构就医。而文化程度高的居民往往具有更高的对疾病风险的支付能力,对医疗服务的价格相对不敏感,而对医疗服务治疗结果的期望更高,因而会首选医疗卫生资源丰富、服务能力较强的医院就诊。
针对部分居民基层首诊意愿较低的现象,建议创新基层医疗机构卫生服务的宣传方式,充分利用现代传媒技术,依托互联网大数据平台,多渠道、广手段、全方面开展宣传,提高居民对相关政策的知晓率,让居民更加深入地理解基层医疗卫生机构,真正感受到基层医疗卫生服务带来的实惠和利益[15],从而提高基层首诊率,落实分级诊疗政策。同时,提升基层卫生机构服务能力也是落实基层首诊的基础。应加大对基层医疗卫生机构建设性投入,逐步改善基层医疗卫生机构的就诊环境,更新诊疗设备,加强基层卫生人员培养培训,切实提升基层医疗卫生机构服务能力[16]
与未利用基本公共卫生服务的居民相比,利用服务的居民其首选基层医疗卫生机构就医的意愿平均提高了8.78%,说明基本公共卫生服务利用对居民首选基层医疗卫生机构意愿具有正向效应。基层医疗卫生机构是基本公共卫生服务的主要供给者,主要是以常见病,多发病的诊疗为主,并为高血压、糖尿病、肺结核等重点疾病患者和儿童、孕产妇、老年人等重点人群提供健康管理服务,其服务覆盖面广[17]。居民通过接受基本公共卫生服务对疾病及自身身体状况的认知不断提高,与基层医疗卫生机构服务人员通过基本公共卫生服务变得更为熟悉,产生信任感,进而对基层医疗卫生机构的粘性变强,更容易首选基层医疗机构就医。
国家基本公共卫生服务项目是一项惠民的公共政策,但需要注意的是居民的需求具有多样性。建议增强需方基本公共卫生服务的粘性。对不同基本公共卫生服务利用倾向居民增设不同的服务项目,开展精细化个性化服务,优化健康管理内容;同时注意在设计健康教育相关材料时,要注意科学性、大众性和季节性,让群众真正知晓并从中受益,从而有效地利用基本公共卫生服务项目,实现基本公共卫生服务均等化项目的全覆盖[18]
  • 国家自然科学基金(72374156)
  • 山东省2023年全省公共卫生体系建设研究课题(GWY202363)
  • 2023年度研究生科研创新基金项目(2023YJSCX032)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2019MG028)
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2025年第52卷第6期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410222
  • 接收时间:2024-10-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-16
基金
国家自然科学基金(72374156)
山东省2023年全省公共卫生体系建设研究课题(GWY202363)
2023年度研究生科研创新基金项目(2023YJSCX032)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2019MG028)
作者信息
    1.山东第二医科大学管理学院,山东 潍坊 261053
    2.山东第二医科大学护理学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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