Article(id=1241022947482194335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411494, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732550400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812527771, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812527771, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812527771, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812527771, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241022939957621542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='6', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812525976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815469296, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241035285174219432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241035285174219433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=961, endPage=966, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241022947914207664, articleId=1241022947482194335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Research progress on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, columnId=1240977221687497207, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Special Column On Major Disease Prevention and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a highly pathogenic tick-borne bunyavirus that can cause severe viral hemorrhagic fever (SFTS), with a case fatality rate of up to 30%. SFTSV was first identified in 2010, which is primarily transmitted through tick bites but can also be transmitted to humans by sick people or infected cats and dogs. The main clinical manifestations of SFTS include high fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia, with severe cases potentially resulting in death due to multi-organ failure. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed SFTS as a priority disease with the potential to cause a public health emergency of international concern. SFTS cases have been reported in China, East Asia, and Southeast Asia, making it an important public health issue. In China, SFTS cases have been reported in 27 provincesincluding Henan, Hubei, Shandong, Anhui, Liaoning, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu. Additionally, SFTS cases have been identified in East and Southeast Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, and Pakistan. This review summarizes the epidemiology and pathogenesis of SFTSV, providing a basis for better understanding the mechanisms of immune evasion and developing effective countermeasures.

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发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒(SFTSV)是一种高致病性的蜱传布尼亚病毒,能够引发严重的病毒性出血热,发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS),其病死率最高可达30%。SFTSV于2010年首次被发现,主要通过蜱叮咬传播,亦可经病人或染病的猫犬等传播给人。SFTS主要临床表现包括高热、胃肠道以及血小板和白细胞减少等症状,部分重症患者因多脏器损害可能导致死亡。2017年,世界卫生组织宣布将SFTS列入有可能产生国际公共卫生紧急事件的优先级别疾病清单。同时,SFTS在中国及东亚、东南亚等地区均有报告病例,已成为重要的公共卫生问题;中国已有河南、湖北、山东、安徽、辽宁、浙江和江苏等27个省份报告了SFTS病例;韩国、日本、越南、缅甸、泰国和巴基斯坦等东亚及东南亚国家也已发现SFTS病例。为此,本文围绕SFTSV流行病学与致病机制作一综述,为加深理解免疫逃逸致病机制和研发应对技术提供依据。

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周传敏,E-mail:
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李旦,医学博士,副主任技师,湖北省疾病预防控制中心传防所,武汉大学公共卫生学院兼职研究生导师、湖北省预防医学会流行病学分会常务委员、中国老年保健协会疫苗与健康分会常务委员、Infectious Medicine青年编委等,研究方向为蜱传等新发传染病流行病学和病原学,主持国家/省级等课题5项,以第一作者/通讯作者发表核心期刊及SCI论文20余篇

周传敏,医学博士,副研究员,河北医科大学第一医院引进高层次人才,肠道微生态诊疗中心科研负责人,河北省优青,2016年至2019年在美国北达科他大学从事访问学者研究,2020年至2023年在武汉大学做博士后研究,参与及主持多项SFTSV相关国家自然科学基金。致力于布尼亚病毒SFTSV病毒学及流行病学研究,迄今为止以第一作者/通讯作者身份发表SCI文章23篇,其中中科院1区文章7篇,2区文章12篇,单篇论文最高影响因子40,单片论文引用量最高达623,H-index 20,E-mail:

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李旦,医学博士,副主任技师,湖北省疾病预防控制中心传防所,武汉大学公共卫生学院兼职研究生导师、湖北省预防医学会流行病学分会常务委员、中国老年保健协会疫苗与健康分会常务委员、Infectious Medicine青年编委等,研究方向为蜱传等新发传染病流行病学和病原学,主持国家/省级等课题5项,以第一作者/通讯作者发表核心期刊及SCI论文20余篇

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李旦,医学博士,副主任技师,湖北省疾病预防控制中心传防所,武汉大学公共卫生学院兼职研究生导师、湖北省预防医学会流行病学分会常务委员、中国老年保健协会疫苗与健康分会常务委员、Infectious Medicine青年编委等,研究方向为蜱传等新发传染病流行病学和病原学,主持国家/省级等课题5项,以第一作者/通讯作者发表核心期刊及SCI论文20余篇

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周传敏,医学博士,副研究员,河北医科大学第一医院引进高层次人才,肠道微生态诊疗中心科研负责人,河北省优青,2016年至2019年在美国北达科他大学从事访问学者研究,2020年至2023年在武汉大学做博士后研究,参与及主持多项SFTSV相关国家自然科学基金。致力于布尼亚病毒SFTSV病毒学及流行病学研究,迄今为止以第一作者/通讯作者身份发表SCI文章23篇,其中中科院1区文章7篇,2区文章12篇,单篇论文最高影响因子40,单片论文引用量最高达623,H-index 20,E-mail:

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周传敏,医学博士,副研究员,河北医科大学第一医院引进高层次人才,肠道微生态诊疗中心科研负责人,河北省优青,2016年至2019年在美国北达科他大学从事访问学者研究,2020年至2023年在武汉大学做博士后研究,参与及主持多项SFTSV相关国家自然科学基金。致力于布尼亚病毒SFTSV病毒学及流行病学研究,迄今为止以第一作者/通讯作者身份发表SCI文章23篇,其中中科院1区文章7篇,2区文章12篇,单篇论文最高影响因子40,单片论文引用量最高达623,H-index 20,E-mail:

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发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒的流行病学与致病机制研究进展
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李旦 1, 2, 3 , 于学杰 2 , 周传敏 4
现代预防医学 | 重大疾病防控专栏 2025,52(6): 961-966
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现代预防医学 | 重大疾病防控专栏 2025, 52(6): 961-966
发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒的流行病学与致病机制研究进展
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李旦1, 2, 3, 于学杰2, 周传敏4
作者信息
  • 1.湖北省疾病预防控制中心传染病防治所,湖北 武汉 430079
  • 2.病毒学国家重点实验室,武汉大学公共卫生学院
  • 3.武汉科技大学职业危害识别与控制湖北省重点实验室
  • 4.河北医科大学第一医院,胃肠病诊疗中心
  • 李旦,医学博士,副主任技师,湖北省疾病预防控制中心传防所,武汉大学公共卫生学院兼职研究生导师、湖北省预防医学会流行病学分会常务委员、中国老年保健协会疫苗与健康分会常务委员、Infectious Medicine青年编委等,研究方向为蜱传等新发传染病流行病学和病原学,主持国家/省级等课题5项,以第一作者/通讯作者发表核心期刊及SCI论文20余篇

    周传敏,医学博士,副研究员,河北医科大学第一医院引进高层次人才,肠道微生态诊疗中心科研负责人,河北省优青,2016年至2019年在美国北达科他大学从事访问学者研究,2020年至2023年在武汉大学做博士后研究,参与及主持多项SFTSV相关国家自然科学基金。致力于布尼亚病毒SFTSV病毒学及流行病学研究,迄今为止以第一作者/通讯作者身份发表SCI文章23篇,其中中科院1区文章7篇,2区文章12篇,单篇论文最高影响因子40,单片论文引用量最高达623,H-index 20,E-mail:

通讯作者:

周传敏,E-mail:
Research progress on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus
Dan LI1, 2, 3, Xue-jie YU2, Chuan-min ZHOU4
Affiliations
  • Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411494
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发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒(SFTSV)是一种高致病性的蜱传布尼亚病毒,能够引发严重的病毒性出血热,发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS),其病死率最高可达30%。SFTSV于2010年首次被发现,主要通过蜱叮咬传播,亦可经病人或染病的猫犬等传播给人。SFTS主要临床表现包括高热、胃肠道以及血小板和白细胞减少等症状,部分重症患者因多脏器损害可能导致死亡。2017年,世界卫生组织宣布将SFTS列入有可能产生国际公共卫生紧急事件的优先级别疾病清单。同时,SFTS在中国及东亚、东南亚等地区均有报告病例,已成为重要的公共卫生问题;中国已有河南、湖北、山东、安徽、辽宁、浙江和江苏等27个省份报告了SFTS病例;韩国、日本、越南、缅甸、泰国和巴基斯坦等东亚及东南亚国家也已发现SFTS病例。为此,本文围绕SFTSV流行病学与致病机制作一综述,为加深理解免疫逃逸致病机制和研发应对技术提供依据。

发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒  /  流行病  /  免疫逃逸  /  致病机制

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a highly pathogenic tick-borne bunyavirus that can cause severe viral hemorrhagic fever (SFTS), with a case fatality rate of up to 30%. SFTSV was first identified in 2010, which is primarily transmitted through tick bites but can also be transmitted to humans by sick people or infected cats and dogs. The main clinical manifestations of SFTS include high fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia, with severe cases potentially resulting in death due to multi-organ failure. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed SFTS as a priority disease with the potential to cause a public health emergency of international concern. SFTS cases have been reported in China, East Asia, and Southeast Asia, making it an important public health issue. In China, SFTS cases have been reported in 27 provincesincluding Henan, Hubei, Shandong, Anhui, Liaoning, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu. Additionally, SFTS cases have been identified in East and Southeast Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, and Pakistan. This review summarizes the epidemiology and pathogenesis of SFTSV, providing a basis for better understanding the mechanisms of immune evasion and developing effective countermeasures.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus  /  Epidemiology  /  Immune evasion  /  Pathogenic mechanism
李旦, 于学杰, 周传敏. 发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒的流行病学与致病机制研究进展. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (6) : 961 -966 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411494
Dan LI, Xue-jie YU, Chuan-min ZHOU. Research progress on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (6) : 961 -966 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411494
布尼亚病毒目(Bunyavirales)是最大的RNA病毒群之一,有636个成员,分布在14个科,包括Arenaviridae、Cruliviridae、Discoviridae、Fimoviridae、Hantaviridae、Leishbuviridae、Mypoviridae、Nairoviridae、Peribunyaviridae、Phasmaviridae、Phenuiviridae、Fimoviridae、Hantaviridae、Leishbuviridae、Mypoviridae、Nairoviridae、Peribunyaviridae、Phasmaviridae、Phenuiviridae、Tospoviridae、TulasviridaeWupedeviridae[1]。迄今为止,已报道有六个布尼亚病毒科(Arenaviridae、Peribunyaviridae、Nairoviridae、Phenuiviridae、HantaviridaeTulasviridae)携带人类致病病毒株。其中,白蛉病毒科Phenuiviridae中的代表种——发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒(Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus,SFTSV)是最具有代表性的烈性传染病毒之一,其分类名为大别班达病毒(Dabie Banda Virus),属于班达病毒属(Bandavirus)。SFTSV感染可引起严重的病毒性出血热,发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS),临床表现包括高热、胃肠道症状、血小板减少、白细胞减少、肌痛、头痛、关节痛等,重症患者可能合并多器官损伤,其病死率最高达30%[2]。2018年,世界卫生组织宣布将SFTS列入有可能产生国际公共卫生紧急事件的优先级别疾病清单[3]
SFTSV作为高致病性蜱传布尼亚病毒,2010年首次于中国发现[2]。2007年前后,我国湖北、山东、河南和安徽等省份报告了一些以高热、血小板减少、白细胞减少和急性胃肠炎为主要症状的不明原因感染性疾病病例,部分患者因多脏器功能损害,抢救无效死亡。2010年,于学杰等人从河南省发热病例白细胞中分离出一种属于布尼亚病毒科白蛉病毒属的新型布尼亚病毒,随后中国国家疾病控制中心在湖北、河南、山东、江苏、安徽和辽宁等省份送检的病例标本中也分离或检测到这种病毒,该病毒被正式命名为发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒,其疾病命名为发热伴血小板减少综合征[2]。2019年,国际病毒分类委员会将布尼亚病毒科升级为布尼亚病毒目将SFTSV 分类于布尼亚病毒目(Bunyavirales)白蛉病毒科(Phenuiviridae)班达病毒属(Bandavirus)。
SFTSV为分节段的负链RNA病毒,病毒粒子呈二十面体对称结构,直径约80~100 nm,外有5~7 nm的双层脂质包膜和5~10 nm多肽棘突,内有由核蛋白与病毒基因组RNA包裹形成的核衣壳结构,感染时定位于细胞浆。SFTSV基因组大小约为15 kb,由大(L)、中(M)、小(S)三个RNA节段组成,编码4种蛋白[2]。L节段由6 368个核苷酸组成,编码RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,RdRp),在病毒转录和基因组复制中扮演关键角色;M节段含3 378个核苷酸,编码糖蛋白前体(glycoprotein,GP),GP经宿主细胞蛋白酶修饰后形成N端糖蛋白(glycoprotein n,Gn)和C端糖蛋白(glycoprotein c,Gc),负责介导病毒粒子组装和病毒侵入;S节段最小,由1 744个核苷酸组成,为双义RNA,正义链负责编码核蛋白(Nucleoprotein, NP),负义链负责编码非结构蛋白(Nonstructural proteins, NSs),NP负责病毒转录、复制及病毒粒子组装,NSs是SFTSV重要的毒力因子,负责介导病毒免疫逃逸。此外,SFTSV基因组L、M及S节段5′端和3′端的非翻译区序列互补,可使病毒RNA呈锅柄状,非翻译区对核糖核蛋白(ribonucleoproteins,RNPs)的包装、复制和转录起重要作用[4-5]
在遗传进化方面,SFTSV与其他白蛉病毒科病毒的氨基酸同源性为21%~41%,其中S片段相对保守,氨基酸同源性为41%左右,但S片段编码的NSs氨基酸同源性较低,仅为11%左右[2]。从SFTSV自身遗传进化来看,SFTSV具有较低的进化速率和较高的基因重配率。基于中国、日本和韩国的122株SFTSV全基因组及L、M、S单片段遗传进化分析,SFTSV可以分为从A到E5个分支,其中A、B、C和D分支主要来源于中国,E分支主要来源于日本、韩国和中国浙江舟山等地[6]。SFTSV全基因组的平均进化速率为6.73×10-4 s/(s·y)(substitution per site per year),其中S片段进化速率最快,为1.09×10-3 s/(s·y);其次为M片段,为6.76×10-4 s/(s·y);L片段进化速率最慢,为4.16×10-4 s/(s·y),总体来说进化速率都小于1,基因突变对SFTSV病毒进化影响较小,在其进化过程中主要起到了纯化作用,即主要为有利的突变被保留;4.9%的基因重组率,提示为遗传进化的主要动力[6]
SFTSV主要传播途径为经携带SFTSV的传播媒介蜱叮咬传播给人,此外还可通过接触患者、染病的猫犬等动物的体液(血液或分泌物等)传染给人[7];蜱虫叮咬以及没有采取有效防护措施护理的SFTS患者,特别是出血患者,SFTSV感染风险较高[2,8]。目前尚无SFTFV批准疫苗,预防主要方式为避免蜱虫叮咬、避免无任何防护接触病例及SFTSV感染的动物体液等。
目前已从多种蜱中检测到SFTSV,包括长角血蜱(Haemaphysalis longicornis)、中华硬蜱(Ixodes sinensis)、微小牛蜱(Rhipicephalus microplus)和褐黄血蜱(Haemaphysalis flava)等,此外也在少量革螨、恙螨和牛虻中检测到SFTSV的存在[9-12]。其中,长角血蜱被认为是SFTSV传播的主要传播媒介和重要储存宿主,因为它不仅是SFTS病例流行地区的优势蜱种,而且是SFTSV核酸阳性率高(4.0%~9.0%)的媒介动物,其季节消长性与SFTS病例的季节分布高度相关,长角血蜱能经卵(transovarial transmission)和经期(transstadial transmission)有效传播SFTSV,其也能通过叮咬动物感染SFTSV,并将SFTSV重新传染给动物[9]。此外,中华硬蜱和褐黄血蜱在实验室也证实能够经卵和经期传播SFTSV[10,13]。一项荟萃研究显示,24%(95% CI: 18%~31%)的SFTS病例发病前有蜱虫叮咬史[14]
一般认为SFTSV在自然界中以“蜱-脊椎动物-蜱”的方式来循环,虽然蜱较低的SFTSV感染率尚不足以独自维持SFTSV在自然界中传播循环,但感染SFTSV的蜱可以在叮咬脊椎动物时将病毒传给脊椎动物,使SFTSV能够在自然界中持续存在和持久循环。但除了蜱之外, SFTSV的动物宿主或扩散宿主不清楚。目前国内已有较多省份开展了SFTSV在家畜中流行情况研究,哺乳动物往往SFTSV抗体阳性, 但SFTSV RNA阴性。调查结果显示SFTSV在山羊中血清学阳性率为57%~95%,其中山东省为75%~95%、江苏省为57%和湖北省为67%;在牛中为32%~80%,其中山东省为57%、江苏省为32%和湖北省为80%;在狗中为6%~55%,其中山东省为52%、江苏省为6%和湖北省为55%;在鸡中为1%~36%,其中山东省为36%和江苏省为1%;但仅在少数家畜中检测到SFTSV的核酸片段(7%~5.3%)[11,15]。然而,关于SFTSV在野生动物中的研究有限,研究表明SFTSV在鼠和鼩鼱中的抗体阳性率分别为4.5%和0.9%、核酸阳性率为2.6%和0.9%;在刺猬中的抗体阳性率为64%[11,16-17]
SFTS典型病程包括潜伏期(5~14天)、发热期(5~11天)、多器官功能障碍期(7~14天)和恢复期(11~19天),其病死率最高达30%(平均7.3%,范围6.3%~30.0%)[11]。SFTS临床症状可表现为发热、腹泻、腹痛、疲劳、淋巴结肿大结膜或喉咙充血等,实验室检测常见异常指标为血小板和白细胞减少等[2]。目前,尚无特效药物,主要为对症治疗,利巴韦林为推荐使用药物。近年来,军事科学院团队发现法匹拉韦能显著降低SFTS病死率;两种钙通道阻滞剂(硝苯地平和盐酸贝尼地平)可对SFTSV的复制起到抑制作用[18-19]
SFTS在世界上检出范围不断扩大,目前已在韩国(2011年)、日本(2012年)、越南(2019年)、缅甸(2020年)、泰国(2020年)和巴基斯坦(2020年)等东亚及东南亚国家被报道,除巴基斯坦为养殖户人群的血清学阳性证据(血清学阳性率高达46.7%, 95% CI: 44.3%~49.1%)外,其余均有确诊病例证据[20-25]。在美国,与SFTSV遗传进化关系相近的白蛉病毒Heartland virus,于2012年被报道分离于2009年美国密苏里州的两名病情严重的发热伴血小板减少症状患者[6]。在我国,2010—2019年的监测数据表明我国99.3%的SFTS病例集中于7个省份(河南、湖北、山东、安徽、辽宁、浙江和江苏);截至2023年,中国已有27个省份报告了SFTS病例[26]。林地、丘陵以及山区为SFTS的高发区域,按照自然地理区域可将聚集区域划分为4个生态地理集群:生态地理集群I,长白山地区;生态地理集群II,胶东半岛地区;生态地理集群III,泰山周围地区;生态地理集群IV,淮阳山地区,此集群范围最广,以淮阳山地区为中心,覆盖湖北、河南、安徽、浙江和江苏5个省份,全国超过90.0%的确诊SFTS病例来自于上述4个生态地理集群[27]
SFTSV人群普遍易感。SFTS病例发病年龄范围介于2月龄~100岁,高发人群为中老年人群;病例职业主要为农民(比例一般超过80%),其次为待业及家务工作者。中国2010—2019年SFTS监测数据显示,93%的病例为40~84岁,只有0.41%病例发生于10岁以下人群;男女性别比为0.88:1;86.5%的病例为农民,6.7%为待业和2.5%为退休人员[26]。SFTS发病风险研究表明,年龄的增加与SFTSV的感染风险增加有关,在中国流行SFTS的农村地区,年轻人大部分时间都在城市寻找工作机会,而老年人通过农业活动构成了暴露人群的主体,老年农民,尤其是那些生活在森林和丘陵地区的农民,感染SFTSV的风险很高[2,27]。(不同地区男女性别分布存在差异,可能与男女暴露差异有关,如在有些地区如河南省,女性比男性更多的从事茶叶种植活动,这可能导致了当地女性SFTS发病率较高[2,27]
SFTS发生具有明显的季节性,流行季节为4—10月。但不同地区的季节特点因所处地理位置存在一定差异,其发病高峰月份呈现随纬度增加往后移即出现更晚的趋势,如在我国SFTS生态集群IV所在的淮阳山地区位于北纬30°,其流行高峰为4~7月,而生态集群I所在的长白山地区,其流行高峰为7~9月[27],在日本和韩国也观察到类似的季节特征(如在韩国SFTS流行高峰为5~10月、在日本为4~10月)[28-29]
固有免疫是宿主免疫系统的第一道防线,通过不同的模式识别受体识别胞内和胞外危险信号[30-31]。核酸作为病毒的关键组成部分,是模式识别受体识别病毒感染的主要靶标。当模式识别受体识别到病毒核酸后,会诱导干扰素和炎症因子的产生,从而激活宿主的抗病毒固有免疫反应。大多数核酸模式识别受体位于细胞浆,包括内体膜上的Toll样受体(TLRs)以及细胞质中的DNA和RNA受体[32]。值得注意的是,SFTSV能感染多种免疫细胞,如单核细胞、T细胞、B细胞和自然杀伤(NK)细胞,其中以单核细胞为主要靶细胞[33-34]。同大多数RNA病毒相似,SFTSV感染后主要定位于宿主细胞浆内。已有研究发现,RIG-I样受体(RIG-I like receptors,RLR)和TLRs参与识别SFTSV感染[32,35-36]。尽管RLR MDA5也能识别SFTSV感染,但其作用较弱[32],其原因可能是细胞浆内线粒体dsRNA(mtdsRNA)的积累[37-38]
现有研究表明,SFTSV NSs能够在细胞内形成包涵体(Inclusion Bodies,IBs)样结构。起初IBs被认为是病毒构建的“监狱”,用于隔离宿主蛋白,包括TRIM25、RIG-I、TBK1、IKKε、IRF3、IRF7、STAT1、STAT2和LSm14A,SFTSV NSs通过将抗病毒先天免疫相关分子捕获到NSs诱导的IBs中,进一步研究表明,NSs诱导的包涵体是自噬体,招募并降解宿主抗病毒蛋白TRIM25和TBK1等,从而逃逸干扰素信号通路的抗病毒免疫[37,39-43]。NSs诱导的IBs可能并非普通的蛋白聚集体,它们与病毒RNA节段共定位,这提示NSs可能在功能上参与了病毒生命周期[37]
研究表明,RLR和TLR下游配体MAVS和Myd88是介导抗病毒免疫的关键下游分子。然而,MAVS/Myd88双敲除小鼠仍能对SFTSV感染表现出耐受性[35]。这表明,在SFTSV感染过程中,可能还有其他模式识别受体参与对病毒的识别。异质核核糖核蛋白(Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins,hnRNPs)是一类RNA结合蛋白,负责介导mRNA的合成、包装、加工和运输等生物学过程。研究表明,hnRNPs通过多种机制参与病毒感染过程,包括DNA病毒、RNA病毒和逆转录病毒[44]。脚手架蛋白SAFA(hnRNPU)于2019年被鉴定为一种核dsRNA模式识别受体,在限制多种病毒(如HSV-1、VSV和HIV-1)复制方面发挥着重要作用[45-46]。值得注意的是,于学杰课题组发现SAFA可作为一个新型的细胞浆RNA模式识别受体,在细胞浆中特异识别RNA病毒SFTSV的感染[47]。SAFA介导的SFTSV识别可分为三个阶段:(1)SAFA通过NLS结构域直接识别SFTSV NP并异位至细胞浆;(2)异位的SAFA在细胞浆识别SFTSV基因组RNA;(3)SAFA招募并激活STING-TBK1-IRF3依赖的I型干扰素信号通路[47]。此外,SFTSV NSs也能与SAFA相互作用,并介导其滞留在细胞浆中[47],这表明NSs可以将SAFA捕获到IB中,从而抑制其抗病毒功能。
DNA模式识别受体在RNA病毒感染过程中同样发挥关键作用。目前,大量研究强调了cGAS/STING在RNA病毒识别中的重要性,其主要依赖于异位的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)。有趣的是,cGAS也可通过检测异位的mtDNA识别SFTSV感染[48-50]。作为一种对策,SFTSV利用NP和Gn而不是NSs抑制cGAS/STING介导的抗病毒反应。SFTSV NP可特异性诱导自噬/线粒体自噬,清除损伤的线粒体同时减少胞浆中mtDNA的含量,从而抑制cGAS的活化[48]。此外,SFTSV NP还能介导cGAS与LC3的结合,促进自噬依赖的cGAS蛋白降解,进而抑制cGAS信号通路的活化,实现免疫逃逸[48]。此外,SFTSV Gn与STING相互作用,阻止其二聚化并抑制STING的K27链接泛素化,从而破坏STING-TBK1复合物的组装[49]。与SAFA及cGAS相对应的是,尽管DNA模式识别受体异质核核糖核蛋白hnRNPA2B1在SFTSV感染时能够识别SFTSV NP并转移至细胞质中,hnRNPA2B1却无法抑制SFTSV等多种RNA病毒的感染[51]。相反,SFTSV NP可以挟持hnRNPA2B1,诱导其与SFTSV基因组RNA的5’非翻译区结合,从而促进病毒增殖[51]
自噬是一种在真核细胞内广泛存在且高度保守的降解机制。理想情况下,自噬通过降解入侵病毒、增强抗原递呈等途径来保护宿主免受病毒感染[52-54]。然而,多项研究表明,RNA病毒可以利用自噬进行复制。在自噬过程中形成的膜性隔离室为病毒复制提供物理平台,保护病毒免于宿主识别和降解[55]
到目前为止,有关布尼亚病毒如何影响宿主自噬过程以及自噬在病毒感染中发挥作用的了解还相对有限。研究发现,裂谷热病毒RVFV可通过TLR7-MyD88信号通路来诱导自噬[56]。汉坦病毒HTNV可诱导线粒体自噬,在病毒感染早期,HTNV GP可与TUFM相互作用诱导线粒体自噬,进而减弱MAVS诱导的I型干扰素反应。在感染晚期,HTNV NP可逆转线粒体自噬,抑制SNAP29-STX17复合物介导的自噬溶酶体形成[57]
迄今为止,已有大量研究探索了布尼亚病毒的内化、复制、招募和组装过程[58-59]。布尼亚病毒RNPs通常被招募到高尔基体腔内进行组装,并通过出芽进入高尔基体介导的分泌囊泡而排出胞外[59]。然而,最近的研究发现,SFTSV可利用自噬进行组装和分泌[60]。在SFTSV感染过程中,溶酶体中Cathepsin B和D酶的活性降低,而溶酶体的pH值保持不变。在酶活性降低的同时,SFTSV颗粒可于自噬囊泡存活。同时,在纯化的SFTSV颗粒中检测到LC3、PI3KC3和ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1复合物,以及ERGIC和高尔基体膜蛋白。这些新发现提出了布尼亚病毒组装和分泌的新模式,即布尼亚病毒SFTSV利用ERGIC和高尔基体形成的吞噬泡进行装配,装配完成的子代SFTSV病毒颗粒可在自噬相关囊泡内(如自噬体及自噬溶酶体)存活,并通过自噬相关囊泡分泌到细胞外[60]。除了自噬小泡,CD63阳性囊泡也能以受体非依赖的方式促进SFTSV的分泌[61-62]
SFTSV的多种病毒组分(包括Gn、NSs和NP)在诱导自噬中发挥了重要作用[42,49,60,63-64]。研究发现,SFTSV NSs诱导的IB可能是自噬或类似自噬的囊泡[43]。具体来说,NSs可通过Beclin-1依赖性自噬启动复合物的形成来诱导完全自噬,同时通过包涵体形成关键氨基酸位点8A(S97XLRWPxG104)与LC3相互作用,促进抗病毒蛋白(如TBK1)于自噬囊泡降解,从而逃避抗病毒免疫反应[43]。此外,SFTSV NS可通过抑制mTOR/ULK1复合物及Beclin-1/vimentin复合物的形成,诱导自噬发生[42,63]。SFTSV NP一方面可直接抑制Bcl2与Beclin-1的相互作用,诱导Beclin-1依赖的完整自噬流,另一方面,SFTSV NP可与TUFM相互作用诱导线粒体自噬,同时介导MAVS与LC3的相互作用,促进MAVS降解,进而减弱MAVS诱导的I型干扰素反应[65]
SFTSV等新型布尼亚病毒的全球传播带来了显著的公共卫生风险。面对这一威胁,我们不仅需要加快研发快速、敏感的监测诊断试剂,构建针对新型布尼亚病毒及其他新发传染病的综合性监测与预警体系,还应深入剖析新型布尼亚病毒的保守致病机制,研发特异性药物,如中和抗体等多种防治手段,以期为新型布尼亚病毒的科学防治提供理论依据。
  • 湖北省自然科学基金(2024AFB1046)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32470155; 82302523)
  • 河北省自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金(H2023206290)
  • 病毒学国家重点实验室基金(2024KF002)
  • 职业危害识别与控制湖北省重点实验室基金(OHIC2023G07)
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2025年第52卷第6期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411494
  • 接收时间:2024-11-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-26
基金
湖北省自然科学基金(2024AFB1046)
国家自然科学基金(32470155; 82302523)
河北省自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金(H2023206290)
病毒学国家重点实验室基金(2024KF002)
职业危害识别与控制湖北省重点实验室基金(OHIC2023G07)
作者信息
    1.湖北省疾病预防控制中心传染病防治所,湖北 武汉 430079
    2.病毒学国家重点实验室,武汉大学公共卫生学院
    3.武汉科技大学职业危害识别与控制湖北省重点实验室
    4.河北医科大学第一医院,胃肠病诊疗中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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