Article(id=1241022947280867731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411284, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731513600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812527723, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812527723, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812527723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812527723, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241022939957621542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='6', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812525976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815469296, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241035285174219432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241035285174219433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1131, endPage=1137, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241022947889041837, articleId=1241022947280867731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Impact of hypertension diagnosis on depressive symptoms in Chinese middle-aged and elderly individuals, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the impact of hypertension diagnosis and measured blood pressure on depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults, providing evidences for depression prevention in this population.

Methods

Data from four waves (2013-2020) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were analyzed, including a total of 4 106 participants aged 45 and older. A linear mixed-effects model was used to examine the effect of hypertension on depressive symptoms.

Results

In the univariate analysis, compared to respondents who with undiagnosed hypertension (32.64%), those diagnosed with hypertension showed a higher proportion of depressive symptoms (33.51%). After adjusting for covariates in the multivariate analysis, diagnosed hypertension (OR=1.05, P=0.003) remained associated with a higher risk of depression. However, elevated blood pressure without diagnosis did not have a significant effect on depressive symptoms (OR=0.99, P=0.454).

Conclusion

Hypertension diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly individuals. Therefore, clinicians are advised to monitor not only blood pressure control in hypertensive patients but also their mental health, providing psychological support to prevent emotional issues that may arise from the diagnosis, thus enhancing patients’ quality of life.

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目的

探讨高血压诊断和实际测量血压对中老年抑郁症状的影响,为中老年高血压患者心理健康促进提供参考。

方法

采用2013—2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS)的4次调查数据进行分析,共纳入4 106例45岁及以上的研究对象。使用线性混合效应模型分别研究诊断高血压和测量高血压对抑郁症状的影响。

结果

在单因素分析中,未被诊断为高血压的受访者抑郁症状发生率为32.64%,而被医生诊断出患有高血压的受访者抑郁症状发生率为33.51%,差异具有统计学意义。调整协变量后,线性混合效应模型的结果显示,确诊高血压与更高的抑郁风险相关(OR=1.05,P=0.003),但测量高血压和抑郁症状风险的相关性没有统计学意义(OR=0.99,P=0.454)。

结论

高血压诊断与中老年人发生抑郁症状的风险相关。因此,临床医生在为高血压患者提供医疗服务时,除了关注患者血压是否得到了良好的控制,也建议关注他们的心理健康,为其提供心理支持,预防疾病诊断带来的情绪问题,以提高患者的生命质量。

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万洋,E-mail:
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刘潇潇(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年保健与姑息医学

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American Journal of Hypertension, 2012, 25(4): 458-463., articleTitle=Race differences in the physical and psychological impact of hypertension labeling, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241022953912062797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, awardId=72174133, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(72174133), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241022948782428648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241022948790817256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, companyId=1241022948782428648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241022948795011561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, companyId=1241022948782428648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241022952641188542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flowchart of sample recruitment, figureFileSmall=ZWtu1Dt+smuc7PMP9vM2Lw==, figureFileBig=TzCaNppo4PFTUfNAlSLKUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022952750240460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究对象筛选流程图, figureFileSmall=ZWtu1Dt+smuc7PMP9vM2Lw==, figureFileBig=TzCaNppo4PFTUfNAlSLKUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022952972538598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of baseline characteristics between the diagnosed hypertension group and the undiagnosed hypertension group [M(P25, P75), n(%) ]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素确诊高血压组(n=1 134)未确诊高血压组(n=2 972)总样本(n=4 106)P
年龄(岁)61(55, 66)58(51, 64)59(52, 65)<0.001
性别0.013
554(48.85)1 543(51.92)2 097(51.07)
580(51.15)1 429(48.08)2 009(48.93)
教育程度0.799
文盲236(20.81)608(20.46)844(20.56)
小学及以下483(42.59)1 215(40.88)1 698(41.35)
中学及以上415(36.60)1 149(38.66)1 564(38.09)
婚姻状况0.023
已婚971(85.63)2 576(86.68)3 547(86.39)
未婚163(14.37)396(13.32)559(13.61)
居住地址0.053
城市404(35.63)930(31.29)1 334(32.49)
农村730(64.37)2 042(68.71)2 772(67.51)
健康行为2(1, 3)2(1, 3)2(1, 3)0.506
医疗服务0(0, 1)0(0, 1)0(0, 1)<0.001
日常活动能力0(0, 0)0(0, 0)0(0, 0)a0.009
收入<0.001
202(17.81)699(23.52)1 309(31.88)
932(82.19)2 273(76.48)2 797(68.12)
医疗花费(单位:元)0(0, 0)0(0, 0)0(0, 0)b<0.001
抑郁症状0.036
754(66.49)2 002(67.36)2 756(67.12)
380(33.51)970(32.64)1 350(32.88)
), ArticleFig(id=1241022953056424688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

确诊高血压组与未确诊高血压组的基线特征比较[M(P25, P75), n(%) ]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素确诊高血压组(n=1 134)未确诊高血压组(n=2 972)总样本(n=4 106)P
年龄(岁)61(55, 66)58(51, 64)59(52, 65)<0.001
性别0.013
554(48.85)1 543(51.92)2 097(51.07)
580(51.15)1 429(48.08)2 009(48.93)
教育程度0.799
文盲236(20.81)608(20.46)844(20.56)
小学及以下483(42.59)1 215(40.88)1 698(41.35)
中学及以上415(36.60)1 149(38.66)1 564(38.09)
婚姻状况0.023
已婚971(85.63)2 576(86.68)3 547(86.39)
未婚163(14.37)396(13.32)559(13.61)
居住地址0.053
城市404(35.63)930(31.29)1 334(32.49)
农村730(64.37)2 042(68.71)2 772(67.51)
健康行为2(1, 3)2(1, 3)2(1, 3)0.506
医疗服务0(0, 1)0(0, 1)0(0, 1)<0.001
日常活动能力0(0, 0)0(0, 0)0(0, 0)a0.009
收入<0.001
202(17.81)699(23.52)1 309(31.88)
932(82.19)2 273(76.48)2 797(68.12)
医疗花费(单位:元)0(0, 0)0(0, 0)0(0, 0)b<0.001
抑郁症状0.036
754(66.49)2 002(67.36)2 756(67.12)
380(33.51)970(32.64)1 350(32.88)
), ArticleFig(id=1241022953127727865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of baseline characteristics between the group with measured hypertension and the group without measured hypertension [M(P25, P75), n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素测量高血压组(n=1 206)无测量高血压组(n=2 900)总样本(n=4 106)P
年龄(岁)61(55, 67)58(51, 64)59(52, 65)<0.001
性别0.090
632(52.40)1 465(50.52)2 097(51.07)
574(47.60)1 435(49.48)2 009(48.93)
教育程度0.030
文盲256(21.23)588(20.28)844(20.56)
小学及以下515(42.70)1 183(40.79)1 698(41.35)
中学及以上435(36.07)1 129(38.93)1 564(38.09)
婚姻状况<0.001
已婚986(81.76)2 561(88.31)3 547(86.39)
未婚220(18.24)339(11.69)559(13.61)
居住地址0.005
城市424(35.16)910(31.38)1 334(32.49)
农村782(64.84)1 990(68.62)2 772(67.51)
健康行为2(1, 3)2(1, 3)2(1, 3)0.097
医疗服务0(0, 1)0(0, 1)0(0, 1)<0.001
日常活动能力0(0, 0)0(0, 0)0(0, 0)a0.002
收入<0.001
209(17.33)692(23.86)1 309(31.88)
997(82.67)2 208(76.14)2 797(68.12)
医疗花费(单位:元)0(0, 0)0(0, 0)0(0, 0)b0.176
抑郁症状0.001
843(69.90)1 913(65.97)2 756(67.12)
363(30.10)387(33.34)1 350(32.88)
), ArticleFig(id=1241022953232585478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

测量高血压组与无测量出高血压组的基线特征比较[M(P25, P75), n(%) ]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素测量高血压组(n=1 206)无测量高血压组(n=2 900)总样本(n=4 106)P
年龄(岁)61(55, 67)58(51, 64)59(52, 65)<0.001
性别0.090
632(52.40)1 465(50.52)2 097(51.07)
574(47.60)1 435(49.48)2 009(48.93)
教育程度0.030
文盲256(21.23)588(20.28)844(20.56)
小学及以下515(42.70)1 183(40.79)1 698(41.35)
中学及以上435(36.07)1 129(38.93)1 564(38.09)
婚姻状况<0.001
已婚986(81.76)2 561(88.31)3 547(86.39)
未婚220(18.24)339(11.69)559(13.61)
居住地址0.005
城市424(35.16)910(31.38)1 334(32.49)
农村782(64.84)1 990(68.62)2 772(67.51)
健康行为2(1, 3)2(1, 3)2(1, 3)0.097
医疗服务0(0, 1)0(0, 1)0(0, 1)<0.001
日常活动能力0(0, 0)0(0, 0)0(0, 0)a0.002
收入<0.001
209(17.33)692(23.86)1 309(31.88)
997(82.67)2 208(76.14)2 797(68.12)
医疗花费(单位:元)0(0, 0)0(0, 0)0(0, 0)b0.176
抑郁症状0.001
843(69.90)1 913(65.97)2 756(67.12)
363(30.10)387(33.34)1 350(32.88)
), ArticleFig(id=1241022953333248783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Impactof diagnosed hypertension and measured hypertension on depressive symptoms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型1OR(95% CI)模型2OR(95% CI)模型3OR(95% CI)
确诊高血压1.05(1.01~1.09)b
测量高血压0.99(0.97~1.02)
确诊和测量高血压(对照:无高血压)
测量出高血压但未确诊0.97(0.94~1.00)c
确诊高血压但未测量出高血压1.02(0.98~1.07)
确诊高血压且测量出高血压1.03(1.00~1.06)c
年龄(岁)1.00(1.00~1.00)1.00(1.00~1.00)1.00(1.00~1.00)
性别(对照:男)
1.13(1.10~1.17)a1.14(1.11~1.17)a1.14(1.10~1.17)a
婚姻状况(对照:已婚)
未婚1.07(1.04~1.11)a1.07(1.04~1.11)a1.07(1.04~1.11)a
教育程度(对照:文盲)
小学及以下0.93(0.90~0.96)a0.93(0.90~0.96)a0.93(0.90~0.96)a
中学及以上0.87(0.84~0.90)a0.87(0.84~0.90)a0.87(0.84~0.90)a
居住地址(对照:乡村)
城镇1.10(1.08~1.13)a1.10(1.08~1.13)a1.10(1.08~1.13)a
日常活动能力1.12(1.10~1.16)a1.12(1.10~1.16)a1.12(1.10~1.16)a
收入(对照:无)
0.96(0.93~0.99)c0.96(0.93~0.99)c0.96(0.93~0.99)c
健康行为0.99(0.98~1.01)0.99(0.98~1.01)0.99(0.98~1.01)
医疗服务1.00(0.98~1.01)1.01(1.00~1.02)c1.00(0.99~1.01)
医疗花费(单位:元)1.07(1.04~1.11)a1.07(1.04~1.11)a1.07(1.04~1.11)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241022953417134872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

确诊高血压和测量高血压对抑郁症状的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型1OR(95% CI)模型2OR(95% CI)模型3OR(95% CI)
确诊高血压1.05(1.01~1.09)b
测量高血压0.99(0.97~1.02)
确诊和测量高血压(对照:无高血压)
测量出高血压但未确诊0.97(0.94~1.00)c
确诊高血压但未测量出高血压1.02(0.98~1.07)
确诊高血压且测量出高血压1.03(1.00~1.06)c
年龄(岁)1.00(1.00~1.00)1.00(1.00~1.00)1.00(1.00~1.00)
性别(对照:男)
1.13(1.10~1.17)a1.14(1.11~1.17)a1.14(1.10~1.17)a
婚姻状况(对照:已婚)
未婚1.07(1.04~1.11)a1.07(1.04~1.11)a1.07(1.04~1.11)a
教育程度(对照:文盲)
小学及以下0.93(0.90~0.96)a0.93(0.90~0.96)a0.93(0.90~0.96)a
中学及以上0.87(0.84~0.90)a0.87(0.84~0.90)a0.87(0.84~0.90)a
居住地址(对照:乡村)
城镇1.10(1.08~1.13)a1.10(1.08~1.13)a1.10(1.08~1.13)a
日常活动能力1.12(1.10~1.16)a1.12(1.10~1.16)a1.12(1.10~1.16)a
收入(对照:无)
0.96(0.93~0.99)c0.96(0.93~0.99)c0.96(0.93~0.99)c
健康行为0.99(0.98~1.01)0.99(0.98~1.01)0.99(0.98~1.01)
医疗服务1.00(0.98~1.01)1.01(1.00~1.02)c1.00(0.99~1.01)
医疗花费(单位:元)1.07(1.04~1.11)a1.07(1.04~1.11)a1.07(1.04~1.11)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241022953492632353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of diagnosed hypertension and measured hypertension on depressive symptoms

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模型4[β(95% CI)]模型5[β(95% CI)]
确诊高血压0.55(0.08~1.02)c
测量高血压-0.21(-0.54~0.11)
年龄(岁)-0.02(-0.04~0.01)-0.01(-0.04~0.01)
性别(对照:男)
1.72(1.36~2.07)a1.72(1.36~2.07)a
婚姻状况(对照:已婚)
未婚1.00(0.58~1.42)a1.00(0.58~1.42)a
教育程度(对照:文盲)
小学及以下-0.62(-1.02~-0.21)b-0.60(-1.02~-0.20)b
中学及以上-1.14(-1.56~-0.69)a-1.14(-1.56~-0.69)a
居住地址(对照:乡村)
城镇1.37(1.06~1.68)a1.37(1.06~1.68)a
日常活动能力1.97(1.62~2.32)a1.97(1.62~2.32)a
收入(对照:无)
-0.24(-0.65~0.18)-0.25(-0.67~0.17)
健康行为0.00(-0.20~0.19)-0.01(-0.20~0.19)
医疗服务-0.02(-0.19~0.16)0.16(0.04~0.27)c
医疗花费(单位:元)1.31(0.92~1.69)a1.30(0.91~1.68)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241022953580712748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

确诊高血压和测量高血压对抑郁症状的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型4[β(95% CI)]模型5[β(95% CI)]
确诊高血压0.55(0.08~1.02)c
测量高血压-0.21(-0.54~0.11)
年龄(岁)-0.02(-0.04~0.01)-0.01(-0.04~0.01)
性别(对照:男)
1.72(1.36~2.07)a1.72(1.36~2.07)a
婚姻状况(对照:已婚)
未婚1.00(0.58~1.42)a1.00(0.58~1.42)a
教育程度(对照:文盲)
小学及以下-0.62(-1.02~-0.21)b-0.60(-1.02~-0.20)b
中学及以上-1.14(-1.56~-0.69)a-1.14(-1.56~-0.69)a
居住地址(对照:乡村)
城镇1.37(1.06~1.68)a1.37(1.06~1.68)a
日常活动能力1.97(1.62~2.32)a1.97(1.62~2.32)a
收入(对照:无)
-0.24(-0.65~0.18)-0.25(-0.67~0.17)
健康行为0.00(-0.20~0.19)-0.01(-0.20~0.19)
医疗服务-0.02(-0.19~0.16)0.16(0.04~0.27)c
医疗花费(单位:元)1.31(0.92~1.69)a1.30(0.91~1.68)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241022953689764660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Cox regression models of depressive symptoms on diagnosed hypertension and measured hypertension

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模型6[HR(95% CI)]模型7[HR(95% CI)]
确诊高血压1.11(1.00~1.21)c
测量高血压0.95(0.89~1.02)
年龄(岁)0.99(0.99~1.00)b0.99(0.09~1.00)b
性别(对照:男)
1.44(1.34~1.55)a1.03(1.34~1.55)a
婚姻状况(对照:已婚)
未婚1.14(1.05~1.23)b1.14(1.05~1.23)b
教育程度(对照:文盲)
小学及以下0.97(0.90~1.04)0.97(0.90~1.05)
中学及以上0.81(0.74~0.88)a0.81(0.74~0.88)a
居住地址(对照:乡村)
城镇1.22(1.14~1.30)a1.22(1.14~1.30)a
日常活动能力1.30(1.23~1.38)a1.30(1.23~1.38)a
收入(对照:无)
0.96(0.88~1.05)0.96(0.88~1.04)
健康行为0.99(0.94~1.05)0.96(0.91~1.01)
医疗服务0.99(0.96~1.03)1.02(1.00~1.05)
医疗花费(单位:元)1.32(1.23~1.42)a1.32(1.23~1.42)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241022953777845055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022947280867731, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

确诊高血压和测量高血压对抑郁症状影响的Cox回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型6[HR(95% CI)]模型7[HR(95% CI)]
确诊高血压1.11(1.00~1.21)c
测量高血压0.95(0.89~1.02)
年龄(岁)0.99(0.99~1.00)b0.99(0.09~1.00)b
性别(对照:男)
1.44(1.34~1.55)a1.03(1.34~1.55)a
婚姻状况(对照:已婚)
未婚1.14(1.05~1.23)b1.14(1.05~1.23)b
教育程度(对照:文盲)
小学及以下0.97(0.90~1.04)0.97(0.90~1.05)
中学及以上0.81(0.74~0.88)a0.81(0.74~0.88)a
居住地址(对照:乡村)
城镇1.22(1.14~1.30)a1.22(1.14~1.30)a
日常活动能力1.30(1.23~1.38)a1.30(1.23~1.38)a
收入(对照:无)
0.96(0.88~1.05)0.96(0.88~1.04)
健康行为0.99(0.94~1.05)0.96(0.91~1.01)
医疗服务0.99(0.96~1.03)1.02(1.00~1.05)
医疗花费(单位:元)1.32(1.23~1.42)a1.32(1.23~1.42)a
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高血压诊断对中国中老年人抑郁症状的影响
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刘潇潇 , 杨凯茜 , 师赛龙 , 万洋
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025,52(6): 1131-1137
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现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2025, 52(6): 1131-1137
高血压诊断对中国中老年人抑郁症状的影响
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刘潇潇, 杨凯茜, 师赛龙, 万洋
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 刘潇潇(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:老年保健与姑息医学

通讯作者:

万洋,E-mail:
Impact of hypertension diagnosis on depressive symptoms in Chinese middle-aged and elderly individuals
Xiao-xiao LIU, Kai-xi YANG, Sai-long SHI, Yang WAN
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411284
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目的

探讨高血压诊断和实际测量血压对中老年抑郁症状的影响,为中老年高血压患者心理健康促进提供参考。

方法

采用2013—2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS)的4次调查数据进行分析,共纳入4 106例45岁及以上的研究对象。使用线性混合效应模型分别研究诊断高血压和测量高血压对抑郁症状的影响。

结果

在单因素分析中,未被诊断为高血压的受访者抑郁症状发生率为32.64%,而被医生诊断出患有高血压的受访者抑郁症状发生率为33.51%,差异具有统计学意义。调整协变量后,线性混合效应模型的结果显示,确诊高血压与更高的抑郁风险相关(OR=1.05,P=0.003),但测量高血压和抑郁症状风险的相关性没有统计学意义(OR=0.99,P=0.454)。

结论

高血压诊断与中老年人发生抑郁症状的风险相关。因此,临床医生在为高血压患者提供医疗服务时,除了关注患者血压是否得到了良好的控制,也建议关注他们的心理健康,为其提供心理支持,预防疾病诊断带来的情绪问题,以提高患者的生命质量。

高血压  /  抑郁症状  /  老年人
Objective

To explore the impact of hypertension diagnosis and measured blood pressure on depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults, providing evidences for depression prevention in this population.

Methods

Data from four waves (2013-2020) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were analyzed, including a total of 4 106 participants aged 45 and older. A linear mixed-effects model was used to examine the effect of hypertension on depressive symptoms.

Results

In the univariate analysis, compared to respondents who with undiagnosed hypertension (32.64%), those diagnosed with hypertension showed a higher proportion of depressive symptoms (33.51%). After adjusting for covariates in the multivariate analysis, diagnosed hypertension (OR=1.05, P=0.003) remained associated with a higher risk of depression. However, elevated blood pressure without diagnosis did not have a significant effect on depressive symptoms (OR=0.99, P=0.454).

Conclusion

Hypertension diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly individuals. Therefore, clinicians are advised to monitor not only blood pressure control in hypertensive patients but also their mental health, providing psychological support to prevent emotional issues that may arise from the diagnosis, thus enhancing patients’ quality of life.

Hypertension  /  Depression  /  Elderly
刘潇潇, 杨凯茜, 师赛龙, 万洋. 高血压诊断对中国中老年人抑郁症状的影响. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (6) : 1131 -1137 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411284
Xiao-xiao LIU, Kai-xi YANG, Sai-long SHI, Yang WAN. Impact of hypertension diagnosis on depressive symptoms in Chinese middle-aged and elderly individuals[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (6) : 1131 -1137 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411284
高血压是全球可归因死亡的主要危险因素,导致了每年1 080万例死亡,在50岁及以上人群中还是可归因伤残调整寿命年的首要风险因素[1]。我国高血压患病率在中老年群体中呈逐年上升趋势[2-3],已成为严重危害中国中老年人健康的公共卫生问题[4]
有研究显示,与没有高血压的中老年人相比,高血压患者的抑郁患病率较高[5-7]。但是,也有研究发现,高血压与抑郁之间没有关联或是存在负相关关系[8-9]。因此,高血压与抑郁的关系尚无定论。为更细致地研究高血压和抑郁的关系,研究者进一步将高血压状况细分为医生诊断的高血压和实际测量的高血压,探索其与抑郁的关系。Michal等人的研究显示,被诊断为高血压与患者的抑郁风险增高有关,而在没有意识到自己患有高血压的人中则未观察到此现象[10]。2018年芬兰的一项研究进一步支持了这一观点,指出抑郁的发生更多依赖于高血压的诊断,而非血压值本身[11]。Jin等人的研究发现,在中国中老年群体中,诊断高血压与抑郁症状存在正相关关系[12]。但另一项研究发现,中国老年群体的血压值越高,抑郁症状得分越低,测量血压与抑郁症状呈负相关关联[13]。结果的不一致性表明,我国中老年人群中高血压与抑郁症状的关联仍有待深入探讨。
国内目前没有将高血压细分为诊断高血压和测量高血压并分析其与抑郁症状关联的研究。因此,本研究拟基于全国代表性的中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS),分别探讨诊断高血压和实际测量血压与抑郁症状之间的关联,为改善中老年高血压患者的心理健康提供科学依据。
本研究的数据来自CHARLS,其基线调查在2011年开展,以多阶段的概率比例规模抽样,从我国150个县级单位的约1万户家庭中选取了1.7万名45岁以上的受访者及其伴侣。随后分别在2013年、2015年、2018年和2020年进行了追踪调查。所有参与者或其法定代表人都提供了书面知情同意书。北京大学生物医学伦理委员会(IRB00001052-11015)对本研究进行了伦理审批。
本研究以CHARLS调查的第2波(2013年)为基线,且完成了2015年、2018年和2020年随访的研究对象。研究对象的纳入标准为:①研究对象年龄大于等于45岁[14];②完整参加2013、2015、2018和2020四次调查。排除标准包括:①2013年或2015年高血压确诊情况或血压测量值缺失;②2018年或2020年抑郁症状条目有缺失;③协变量数据缺失。研究最终纳入4 106例研究对象。图1为本研究调查对象的选择过程。
本研究的暴露变量为高血压状况,包括医生诊断的高血压和测量高血压。医生诊断的高血压是通过询问受访者“是否有医生曾经告诉过您有高血压病?”来判断,如果受访者回答“是”,即被视为已确诊的高血压患者。
实际血压的测量使用HEM-7112电子监测仪(日本京都,欧姆龙)。每个受试者测量三次并计算血压平均值。根据WHO标准[15],如果受试者的平均收缩压≥ 140 mmHg和/或平均舒张压≥ 90 mmHg,不论其是否有过高血压诊断史,均被视为测量高血压患者。
因此,调查对象的血压状况分为四类:①无高血压者(测量血压值正常且没有被确诊为高血压者);②测量血压值偏高但未被确诊为高血压者;③测量血压值正常但被确诊为高血压者;④测量血压值偏高且被确诊为高血压者。
本研究中抑郁症状通过简版流调用抑郁量表(Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-10, CESD-10)测量。该量表由原版CESD的20个条目简化为10个条目,每个条目的回答均采用4分制李克特量表,总分范围为0~30分,评分越高表示抑郁程度越严重。CESD-10量表得分≥10分被定义为有抑郁症状,<10分则被定义为无抑郁症状[16],本研究也采用该划分标准。该量表已广泛应用于中国中老年人群的研究,其信效度已得到验证[17-18]
根据既往文献[11-12],以下因素作为可能影响高血压与抑郁症状关联的协变量纳入模型进行调整:①社会人口学变量:年龄、性别、婚姻状况、居住地(城市或农村)和经济状况,经济状况根据调查对象过去一年是否领取工资或养老金进行分组;②健康状况和医疗花费:健康状况由Wallace和Herzog提出的日常生活活动能力[19](Activities of Daily Living,ADL)中的穿衣服、洗澡、吃饭3个方面是否有困难进行评分,“没有困难/有困难自己可完成”计0分、“有困难需要帮助完成/无法完成”计1分,3项得分的总和为ADL评分;医疗花费为调查对象过去一年支付给医疗机构的费用;③接受过的医疗服务和健康行为:医疗服务的分数为血压监测、药物使用分数的总和。其中,血压监测根据受访者在过去一年中检查血压的频率来定义,一年内进行过1~6次监测记为1分,进行过6~12次监测记为2分,进行过12次以上监测记为3分[20];而药物使用情况则根据受访者是否报告正在服用降压药来评估,服用过记为1分,未服用记为0分[20]。健康行为的分数为吸烟、饮酒和体育锻炼分数的总和。吸烟和饮酒情况根据受访者自我报告的过去一年的行为来确定,无吸烟和饮酒行为记为1分,有则记为0分;体育活动根据每周参加剧烈、中等或轻度活动的频率来分类,根据CHARLS问卷的设置,剧烈体力活动(Vigorous Physical Activities, VPA)包括提重物、挖掘、有氧运动、快速骑自行车、负重骑自行车等活动,中等体力活动(Moderate Physical Activities, MPA)包括提轻物、以正常速度骑自行车或拖地,轻度体力活动(Light Physical Activities, LPA)包括为工作、锻炼和休闲进行的步行,考虑到本研究的调查对象多为没有接受过专业训练的老年人,所以受访者回答在一周之内有过不少于1次的30分钟以上VPA、不少于3次的30分钟以上MPA、不少于5次的LPA都可视为参与了体育活动,参加过体育活动记为1分,未参加过体育活动记为0分[20]
根据资料类型对各变量进行描述性统计分析,用中位数和四分位数间距[M(P25, P75)]描述定量资料,用频数和百分比描述定性资料。定量资料的组间差异使用秩和检验(Mann-Whitney U检验),分类变量的组间差异则使用卡方检验。
本研究使用线性混合效应模型检验诊断高血压和测量高血压对抑郁症状的影响。通过Shapiro-Wilk检验可知各变量数据不服从正态分布,所以在分析中使用稳健最大似然估计法调整偏差。
此外,本研究还进行了敏感性分析,以评估结果的稳定性。首先,将抑郁得分作为连续型变量重新拟合线性混合效应模型。其次,使用Cox比例风险回归模型探索确诊高血压、测量高血压与抑郁症状的关系。本研究使用R 4.2.2进行数据分析,检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入4 106名调查对象。基线时,调查对象年龄的中位数为59岁,女性占比48.93%。其中,有1 134名(27.62%)调查对象被诊断为高血压,有1 206名(29.37%)调查对象的测量血压高。
与未确诊高血压组相比,确诊高血压者的抑郁症状发生率更高(33.51% vs 32.64%),年龄更大(61 vs 58),女性占比更高(51.15% vs 48.08%),已婚人数占比更低(85.63% vs 86.68%),有收入者占比更高(75.75% vs 65.21%)。除此以外,确诊和未确诊高血压的调查对象在接受过的医疗服务、日常生活活动能力、医疗花销等方面也存在差异(表1)。
与测量血压正常者相比,测量血压高者抑郁症状发生率更低(30.10% vs 33.34%)。此外,测量血压高组的年龄更大(61vs 58),已婚人数占比更低(81.76% vs 88.31%),城镇人口占比更高(35.16% vs 31.38%),差异具有统计学意义(表2)。
使用线性混合效应模型检验诊断高血压和测量高血压对抑郁症状的影响。表3列出了将确诊高血压和测量高血压作为自变量分别对抑郁症状进行线性混合回归分析的统计结果。在模型1、2中调整年龄、性别等协变量后,诊断高血压与抑郁症状的增加有关联(OR=1.05,95% CI:1.01~1.09,P=0.003),但测量高血压不会对受访者的抑郁症状患病率造成影响(OR =0.99,95% CI:0.97~1.02,P=0.454)。模型3将无高血压者作为对照组,发现测量血压值偏高且被确诊为高血压者更容易出现抑郁症状(OR=1.03,95% CI:1.00~1.06,P= 0.048)。
敏感性分析用于评估结果是否稳健。首先,将抑郁症状作为连续变量纳入模型进行重复分析。敏感性分析的结果(表4)与主分析结果(表3)一致,确诊高血压与较高的抑郁症状得分相关(β=0.55,95% CI:0.08~1.02,P=0.022)。
其次,排除基线有抑郁症状的调查对象后,通过Cox回归分析检验确诊高血压和测量高血压对抑郁症状的影响。表5中的结果证实,确诊高血压会增加抑郁症状的发病风险(HR=1.11,95% CI:1.00~1.21,P<0.001),但测量高血压与抑郁症状的关系没有统计学意义(HR=0.95,95% CI:0.89~1.02,P=0.158)。
本研究利用对我国中老年群体有较好代表性的CHARLS队列数据,分析了诊断高血压、测量高血压与抑郁症状之间的关系。研究发现诊断高血压患者中抑郁症状患病率为33.51%,测量高血压患者中抑郁症状患病率为30.10%,高于我国一般老年人抑郁症状患病率(20.00%)[21]。高血压患者的抑郁症状患病率更高可能与患者对疾病的担忧有关[22-23]
本研究的结果显示,在调整了协变量后,被诊断为高血压的研究对象抑郁症状患病率较未确诊为高血压者高,与既往研究结果一致。芬兰的一项研究显示,14.1%的确诊高血压患者报告抑郁症状,而血压正常群体中报告抑郁症状仅9.3%[11]。Bosworth等人在一项针对美国老年人群的研究中发现,患有高血压的老年人相较没有高血压的老年人更可能出现抑郁症状[24],Maatouk等人也在一项基于德国ESTHER队列的研究中发现,高血压与抑郁存在关联[25]。Ogedegbe[22]的研究也发现,自我感知患有高血压的患者更容易出现心理困扰,确诊标签甚至会对患者的日常家庭生活产生负面影响。一项美国的研究则表明,当患者被确诊为高血压后对未来的预期寿命较无高血压者降低了14%,而对于不知道自己有高血压的患者,其主观预期寿命与无高血压者之间无明显差异[26]。这一发现被认为是高血压诊断对心理健康产生负面效应的结果[26]。其他研究也指出,疾病的诊断不仅改变了个体对健康的认知,还会导致“病人身份”的形成,从而影响他们对自我和疾病的主观感受[27],进一步支持了本研究中高血压诊断和抑郁症状存在关联的结论。
然而,本研究并未发现测量高血压与抑郁症状之间有统计学意义的关联。Hamer 等人在一项基于英格兰和苏格兰大型人口调查的研究中发现接受高血压治疗的患者心理困扰风险升高,但没有意识到自己患有高血压的患者的心理困扰风险与血压正常者相比无明显差异[28],与本研究结果一致。这种现象可能与高血压的无症状性有关。Jacobs等人[29]的研究表明,住院患者中无症状高血压的患病率高达50%~78%,是临床上较为常见的状况[30]。在没有就诊的情况下,部分患者可能并不会意识到自己患有高血压。因此,仅检测到高血压不一定与抑郁症状相关。这一研究结果与此前关于疾病诊断和心理健康的相关研究一致,Mena-Martin等人的研究曾发现,不知道自己患有高血压的患者在心理健康方面的评分高于知道自己患有高血压的患者[31]。Spruill等人分析了诊断高血压和动态血压监测值对自我报告的心理状况的影响。他们发现被贴上高血压标签的受试者与没有被标记为高血压的受试者相比,自我报告的心理健康状况更差,但监测到的真实血压状态不会对自我报告的心理健康产生影响[32]。因此,高血压与抑郁症状之间的关系可能更多地受到疾病诊断所带来的心理负担的影响,而不仅仅是血压本身。
综上所述,本研究发现医生诊断的高血压与我国中老年人抑郁症状有正相关关系,但是测量高血压与抑郁症状的相关性没有统计学意义。因此,本研究的结果提示,在高血压的诊断、治疗和管理的过程中,医生不仅应关注患者的血压状况,还需重视其心理健康,以提高患者的整体健康水平。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(72174133)
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2025年第52卷第6期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411284
  • 接收时间:2024-11-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-14
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国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(72174133)
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    四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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