Article(id=1241022945196307364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406258, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718553600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812527225, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812527225, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812527225, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812527225, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241022939957621542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='6', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812525976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815469296, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241035285174219432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241035285174219433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1012, endPage=1018, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241022946869834694, articleId=1241022945196307364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Health-related quality of life and its influencing factors in patients with Wilson’s diseases based on Tobit model, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To evaluate the current status of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its influencing factors in patients with Wilson’s disease (WD), and to compare them with the standards of the general population in China.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of 123 patients with WD from July 14, 2023, to March 14, 2024, was conducted to assess the HRQoL using the EuroQol five-dimensional three-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L) and converted using the Chinese value set. The Tobit regression model was used to identify potential factors associated with HRQoL.

Results

The health utility value of WD patients grouped by age was significantly lower than that of the general population (P<0.001). Patients also reported more health problems in all dimensions of EQ-5D-3L than in the general population (P<0.001). The Tobit regression analysis shows that per capita monthly income, low-copper diet, phenotypes, and mental health status are significantly correlated with health utility values.

Conclusion

Patients with WD have a worse HRQoL than the general population in China. The HRQoL of patients can be improved by advocating a scientific low-copper diet, raising health awareness, and paying more attention to the psychological conditions of patients with WD, especially neuropsychiatric patients.

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目的

评价肝豆状核变性(Wilson’s disease,WD)患者健康相关生命质量(Health-Related Quality of Life, HRQoL)现状及其影响因素,并将其与中国一般人群标准进行比较。

方法

对2023年7月14日至2024年3月14日期间纳入的123名WD患者进行横断面研究,采用欧洲五维三水平健康量表(EuroQol five-dimensional three-level questionnaire, EQ-5D-3L)评估患者的HRQoL,并使用中国值集进行换算。采用Tobit回归模型用于确定与HRQoL相关的潜在因素。

结果

按年龄分组的WD患者的健康效用值显著低于一般人群(P<0.001)。患者在EQ-5D-3L的各个维度上报告的健康问题也多于一般人群(P<0.001),Tobit回归分析结果显示,家庭人均月收入、低铜饮食、疾病表型、心理健康状况与健康效用值显著相关。

结论

WD患者的HRQoL比中国一般人群差。可通过倡导科学低铜饮食、提高健康意识、加大对WD患者尤其是神经精神型患者的心理状况的关注等途径提高HRQoL。

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杨春霞和廖娟为共同通信作者。杨春霞,E-mail: 1035196209@ qq. com;
廖娟,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4whtmRcKDl0rY7VxV3sgRA==, magXml=k0Vb322LdNUk1d1TmV7oXg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=l9GN+WKtRcgH6Bcc91Ag+Q==, pdfFileSize=755733, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ssa4bSMEY6630OK3h++yUw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QxMMYdLfVpCy6Jez0V4vsQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

董尧(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病学

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董尧(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病学

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董尧(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病学

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注:A为患者总人群,B为肝型患者,C为神经精神型患者。实线代表估计的中位数以及置信区间,虚线代表中国一般人群EQ-5D-3L平均健康效用值。

, figureFileSmall=zHv4Y60BWxr5+zIe/4O3gw==, figureFileBig=ssa4bSMEY6630OK3h++yUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022957552726662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022945196307364, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics [ n (%)] and health utility value [M(P25, P75)] of patients with WD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量n (%)健康效用值M(P25, P75)统计量Z/χ2P
总体123(100.0)0.964(0.905, 1.000)
性别-0.681a0.496
54(43.9)0.973(0.937, 1.000)
69(56.1)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
年龄(岁)1.011b0.603
<2537(30.1)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
25~3449(39.8)0.973(0.887, 1.000)
≥3537(30.1)0.973(0.937, 1.000)
户籍类型-1.556a0.120
城市48(39.0)0.973(0.937, 1.000)
农村75(61.0)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
BMI(kg/m25.003b0.172
正常(<18.5)68(55.3)0.973(0.937, 1.000)
偏瘦(18.5~23.9)35(28.5)0.964(0.829, 1.000)
超重(24.0~27.9)5(4.1)1.000(0.937, 1.000)
肥胖(≥28.0)15(12.2)0.973(0.964, 1.000)
教育程度-1.496a0.135
初中及以下41(33.3)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
高中及以上82(66.7)0.973(0.924, 1.000)
婚姻状况2.391b0.303
未婚58(47.2)0.968(0.867, 1.000)
已婚55(44.7)0.973(0.948, 1.000)
离异/丧偶10(8.1)0.912(0.847, 0.991)
职业5.589b0.133
无业80(65.0)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
学生17(13.8)0.964(0.842, 1.000)
服务业与工业建筑人员15(12.2)0.973(0.948, 1.000)
专职部门人员c11(8.9)1.000(0.982, 1.000)
家庭人均月收入(元)12.814b0.002
<2 50047(38.2)0.937(0.829, 0.986)
2 500~5 00036(29.3)0.968(0.937, 1.000)
>5 00040(32.5)0.986(0.964, 1.000)
家族史-0.211a0.833
89(72.4)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
34(27.6)0.964(0.942, 1.000)
低铜饮食12.604b0.002
严格遵循67(54.5)0.964(0.874, 1.000)
尽力坚持48(39.0)1.000(0.964, 1.000)
正常饮食08(6.5)0.890(0.836, 0.964)
疾病表型-3.666a<0.001
肝型26(21.1)1.000(0.973, 1.000)
神经精神型97(78.9)0.964(0.886, 1.000)
病程(年)2.499b0.475
≤308(6.5)0.982(0.836, 1.000)
4~625(20.3)0.964(0.927, 1.000)
7~1027(22.0)0.964(0.921, 1.000)
>1063(51.2)0.973(0.905, 1.000)
治疗方式d3.924b0.270
A8(6.5)1.000(0.964, 1.000)
B43(35.0)0.964(0.851, 1.000)
C60(48.8)0.968(0.914, 1.000)
D12(9.8)0.973(0.932, 1.000)
治疗时间(年)1.797b0.407
≤550(40.7)0.964(0.888, 1.000)
6~1024(19.5)0.964(0.933, 1.000)
>1049(39.8)0.973(0.887, 1.000)
延迟治疗(月)-1.676a0.094
≤560(48.8)0.973(0.937, 1.000)
6~63(51.2)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
服药依从性3.967b0.138
17(13.8)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
中等28(22.8)1.000(0.964, 1.000)
78(63.4)0.964(0.888, 1.000)
社会支持2.930b0.231
13(10.6)0.964(0.842, 1.000)
108(87.8)0.964(0.912, 1.000)
02(1.6)1.000(1.000, 1.000)
心理健康状况23.703b<0.001
良好54(43.9)1.000(0.966, 1.000)
一般38(30.9)0.964(0.920, 1.000)
较差31(25.2)0.923(0.782, 0.964)
), ArticleFig(id=1241022957707915925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022945196307364, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

WD患者的基本特征[ n (%)]和健康效用值[M(P25, P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量n (%)健康效用值M(P25, P75)统计量Z/χ2P
总体123(100.0)0.964(0.905, 1.000)
性别-0.681a0.496
54(43.9)0.973(0.937, 1.000)
69(56.1)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
年龄(岁)1.011b0.603
<2537(30.1)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
25~3449(39.8)0.973(0.887, 1.000)
≥3537(30.1)0.973(0.937, 1.000)
户籍类型-1.556a0.120
城市48(39.0)0.973(0.937, 1.000)
农村75(61.0)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
BMI(kg/m25.003b0.172
正常(<18.5)68(55.3)0.973(0.937, 1.000)
偏瘦(18.5~23.9)35(28.5)0.964(0.829, 1.000)
超重(24.0~27.9)5(4.1)1.000(0.937, 1.000)
肥胖(≥28.0)15(12.2)0.973(0.964, 1.000)
教育程度-1.496a0.135
初中及以下41(33.3)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
高中及以上82(66.7)0.973(0.924, 1.000)
婚姻状况2.391b0.303
未婚58(47.2)0.968(0.867, 1.000)
已婚55(44.7)0.973(0.948, 1.000)
离异/丧偶10(8.1)0.912(0.847, 0.991)
职业5.589b0.133
无业80(65.0)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
学生17(13.8)0.964(0.842, 1.000)
服务业与工业建筑人员15(12.2)0.973(0.948, 1.000)
专职部门人员c11(8.9)1.000(0.982, 1.000)
家庭人均月收入(元)12.814b0.002
<2 50047(38.2)0.937(0.829, 0.986)
2 500~5 00036(29.3)0.968(0.937, 1.000)
>5 00040(32.5)0.986(0.964, 1.000)
家族史-0.211a0.833
89(72.4)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
34(27.6)0.964(0.942, 1.000)
低铜饮食12.604b0.002
严格遵循67(54.5)0.964(0.874, 1.000)
尽力坚持48(39.0)1.000(0.964, 1.000)
正常饮食08(6.5)0.890(0.836, 0.964)
疾病表型-3.666a<0.001
肝型26(21.1)1.000(0.973, 1.000)
神经精神型97(78.9)0.964(0.886, 1.000)
病程(年)2.499b0.475
≤308(6.5)0.982(0.836, 1.000)
4~625(20.3)0.964(0.927, 1.000)
7~1027(22.0)0.964(0.921, 1.000)
>1063(51.2)0.973(0.905, 1.000)
治疗方式d3.924b0.270
A8(6.5)1.000(0.964, 1.000)
B43(35.0)0.964(0.851, 1.000)
C60(48.8)0.968(0.914, 1.000)
D12(9.8)0.973(0.932, 1.000)
治疗时间(年)1.797b0.407
≤550(40.7)0.964(0.888, 1.000)
6~1024(19.5)0.964(0.933, 1.000)
>1049(39.8)0.973(0.887, 1.000)
延迟治疗(月)-1.676a0.094
≤560(48.8)0.973(0.937, 1.000)
6~63(51.2)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
服药依从性3.967b0.138
17(13.8)0.964(0.887, 1.000)
中等28(22.8)1.000(0.964, 1.000)
78(63.4)0.964(0.888, 1.000)
社会支持2.930b0.231
13(10.6)0.964(0.842, 1.000)
108(87.8)0.964(0.912, 1.000)
02(1.6)1.000(1.000, 1.000)
心理健康状况23.703b<0.001
良好54(43.9)1.000(0.966, 1.000)
一般38(30.9)0.964(0.920, 1.000)
较差31(25.2)0.923(0.782, 0.964)
), ArticleFig(id=1241022957871493793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022945196307364, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the frequency of different dimensions of the EQ-5D-3L in WD patients with the general population (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度行动能力自我照顾日常活动疼痛/不适焦虑/抑郁
WGWGWGWGWG
没有问题74.098.282.999.178.998.574.893.961.096.8
中度问题23.61.713.00.718.71.223.65.936.63.0
重度问题2.40.14.10.22.40.31.60.22.40.2
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241022957997322926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022945196307364, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

WD患者EQ-5D-3L不同维度与一般人群的频率比较(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度行动能力自我照顾日常活动疼痛/不适焦虑/抑郁
WGWGWGWGWG
没有问题74.098.282.999.178.998.574.893.961.096.8
中度问题23.61.713.00.718.71.223.65.936.63.0
重度问题2.40.14.10.22.40.31.60.22.40.2
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241022958139929277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022945196307364, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of frequencies of EQ-5D-3L in different dimensions between hepatic and neuropsychiatric patients (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度行动能力自我照顾日常活动疼痛/不适焦虑/抑郁
HNHNHNHNHN
没有问题10067.010078.410073.280.873.261.055.7
中度问题029.9016.5023.715.425.836.641.2
重度问题03.105.203.13.81.02.43.1
P<0.0010.0250.0050.2640.068
), ArticleFig(id=1241022958253175495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022945196307364, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

肝型与神经精神型患者EQ-5D-3L不同维度的频率比较(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度行动能力自我照顾日常活动疼痛/不适焦虑/抑郁
HNHNHNHNHN
没有问题10067.010078.410073.280.873.261.055.7
中度问题029.9016.5023.715.425.836.641.2
重度问题03.105.203.13.81.02.43.1
P<0.0010.0250.0050.2640.068
), ArticleFig(id=1241022958370616017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022945196307364, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of Tobit multivariable regression analysis

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自变量βSEtP95% CI
家庭人均月收入(元)(以<2 500为对照)
2 500~5 0000.0700.0371.8860.062(-0.004, 0.143)
>5 0000.0960.0372.5740.011(0.022, 0.169)
低铜饮食(以严格遵循为对照)
尽力坚持0.0980.0323.0330.003(0.034, 0.162)
正常饮食0.0390.0590.6500.517(-0.079, 0.156)
WD型别(以肝型为对照)
神经精神型-0.0900.042-2.1370.035(-0.173, -0.007)
心理健康状况(以良好为对照)
一般-0.0890.036-2.4800.015(-0.160, -0.018)
较差-0.1400.038-3.658<0.001(-0.215, -0.064)
), ArticleFig(id=1241022958454502107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022945196307364, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Tobit 多因素回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量βSEtP95% CI
家庭人均月收入(元)(以<2 500为对照)
2 500~5 0000.0700.0371.8860.062(-0.004, 0.143)
>5 0000.0960.0372.5740.011(0.022, 0.169)
低铜饮食(以严格遵循为对照)
尽力坚持0.0980.0323.0330.003(0.034, 0.162)
正常饮食0.0390.0590.6500.517(-0.079, 0.156)
WD型别(以肝型为对照)
神经精神型-0.0900.042-2.1370.035(-0.173, -0.007)
心理健康状况(以良好为对照)
一般-0.0890.036-2.4800.015(-0.160, -0.018)
较差-0.1400.038-3.658<0.001(-0.215, -0.064)
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基于Tobit模型的肝豆状核变性患者健康相关生命质量影响因素研究
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董尧 1 , 彭介入 1 , 龙文成 1 , 张璐 1 , 张绮文 1 , 汪玥杉 1 , 李钟 2 , 李雅馨 2 , 金巧玲 2 , 蔡琳 3 , 廖娟 3 , 杨春霞 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(6): 1012-1018
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(6): 1012-1018
基于Tobit模型的肝豆状核变性患者健康相关生命质量影响因素研究
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董尧1, 彭介入1, 龙文成1, 张璐1, 张绮文1, 汪玥杉1, 李钟2, 李雅馨2, 金巧玲2, 蔡琳3, 廖娟3 , 杨春霞1
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,职业病中毒科/肾脏内科
  • 3.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,消化内科
  • 董尧(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病学

通讯作者:

杨春霞和廖娟为共同通信作者。杨春霞,E-mail: 1035196209@ qq. com;
廖娟,E-mail:
Health-related quality of life and its influencing factors in patients with Wilson’s diseases based on Tobit model
Yao DONG1, Jie-ru PENG1, Wen-cheng LONG1, Lu ZHANG1, Qi-wen ZHANG1, Yue-shan WANG1, Zhong LI2, Ya-xin LI2, Qiao-ling JIN2, Lin CAI3, Juan LIAO3 , Chun-xia YANG1
Affiliations
  • Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406258
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目的

评价肝豆状核变性(Wilson’s disease,WD)患者健康相关生命质量(Health-Related Quality of Life, HRQoL)现状及其影响因素,并将其与中国一般人群标准进行比较。

方法

对2023年7月14日至2024年3月14日期间纳入的123名WD患者进行横断面研究,采用欧洲五维三水平健康量表(EuroQol five-dimensional three-level questionnaire, EQ-5D-3L)评估患者的HRQoL,并使用中国值集进行换算。采用Tobit回归模型用于确定与HRQoL相关的潜在因素。

结果

按年龄分组的WD患者的健康效用值显著低于一般人群(P<0.001)。患者在EQ-5D-3L的各个维度上报告的健康问题也多于一般人群(P<0.001),Tobit回归分析结果显示,家庭人均月收入、低铜饮食、疾病表型、心理健康状况与健康效用值显著相关。

结论

WD患者的HRQoL比中国一般人群差。可通过倡导科学低铜饮食、提高健康意识、加大对WD患者尤其是神经精神型患者的心理状况的关注等途径提高HRQoL。

肝豆状核变性  /  健康相关生命质量  /  欧洲五维健康量表
Objective

To evaluate the current status of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its influencing factors in patients with Wilson’s disease (WD), and to compare them with the standards of the general population in China.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of 123 patients with WD from July 14, 2023, to March 14, 2024, was conducted to assess the HRQoL using the EuroQol five-dimensional three-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L) and converted using the Chinese value set. The Tobit regression model was used to identify potential factors associated with HRQoL.

Results

The health utility value of WD patients grouped by age was significantly lower than that of the general population (P<0.001). Patients also reported more health problems in all dimensions of EQ-5D-3L than in the general population (P<0.001). The Tobit regression analysis shows that per capita monthly income, low-copper diet, phenotypes, and mental health status are significantly correlated with health utility values.

Conclusion

Patients with WD have a worse HRQoL than the general population in China. The HRQoL of patients can be improved by advocating a scientific low-copper diet, raising health awareness, and paying more attention to the psychological conditions of patients with WD, especially neuropsychiatric patients.

Wilson’s disease  /  Health-related quality of life  /  EQ-5D
董尧, 彭介入, 龙文成, 张璐, 张绮文, 汪玥杉, 李钟, 李雅馨, 金巧玲, 蔡琳, 廖娟, 杨春霞. 基于Tobit模型的肝豆状核变性患者健康相关生命质量影响因素研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (6) : 1012 -1018 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406258
Yao DONG, Jie-ru PENG, Wen-cheng LONG, Lu ZHANG, Qi-wen ZHANG, Yue-shan WANG, Zhong LI, Ya-xin LI, Qiao-ling JIN, Lin CAI, Juan LIAO, Chun-xia YANG. Health-related quality of life and its influencing factors in patients with Wilson’s diseases based on Tobit model[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (6) : 1012 -1018 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406258
肝豆状核变性(Wilson’s disease,WD)是一种由ATP7B基因突变导致铜代谢障碍的常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,临床表现为肝脏损害、锥体外系损伤、K-F角膜环( Kayser-Fleischer,K-F)等症状[1]。目前,WD的临床患病率约为1/30 000至1/50 000,遗传患病率是临床患病率的3-4倍[2]。WD是少数可以经临床铜螯合剂治疗的遗传性疾病之一[3],早期诊断且经正确治疗可以明显改善预后。由于疾病的临床异质性以及治疗长期性,除临床指标的监测外,对患者身体、心理和社会适应能力等健康方面的管理也同样重要。健康相关生命质量(Health-Related Quality of Life, HRQoL)可以综合评估个体健康水平的高低[4],欧洲五维健康量表(EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire, EQ-5D)是评估HRQoL最常用的工具之一[5]。其中,三水平版本(EuroQol five-dimensional three-level questionnaire, EQ-5D-3L)在中国普通人群[6]和慢性病人群[7-8]HRQoL的测量中均得到了广泛应用。近年来国外学者开始关注WD患者的HRQoL的影响因素[9-10],而国内关于该方面的研究较为欠缺,且鲜有使用EQ-5D量表工具衡量WD患者的HRQoL。本研究旨在使用EQ-5D-3L评估WD患者的HRQoL,将其与中国一般人群的常模进行比较,并探讨其相关影响因素,以期为改善WD患者的生命质量提供重要的参考依据。
选择2023年7月14日至2024年3月14日期间在四川大学华西第四医院职业病中毒科/肾脏内科就诊且符合纳入标准的123名WD住院患者作为研究对象,采用课题组自行设计的问卷进行调查。纳入标准:①符合WD诊断标准,Leipzig评分≥4分[1];②年龄≥15岁,能签署知情同意书并配合完成问卷调查。排除标准:①经研究团队综合评估确认的思维奔逸患者,表现为思维速度极快,联想丰富且易变,对同一问题有多种回答;②相关变量信息不完整。本项目已通过四川大学华西第四医院/华西公共卫生学院伦理委员会伦理审查(批件号Gwll2023126)。
一般人口学特征包括性别、年龄、身高、体质量、教育程度、户籍类型、婚姻状况、职业、家庭人均月收入;病史信息包括疾病表型、病程、治疗药物、治疗时间、延迟治疗时间、是否低铜饮食、服药依从性;社会支持情况;心理健康状况。患者的服药依从性使用中文版8条目Morisky服药依从性量表(Eight-Item Morisky Medical Adherence Scale,MMAS-8)[11]评估,依据得分将依从性分为“好”(8分)、“中等”(≥6分且<8分)、“差”(<6分);社会支持情况由社会支持量表(Social Support Rating Scale, SSRS)[12]评估,依据得分将社会支持情况分为“高”(45-66分)、“中”(23-44分)、“低”(≤22分);心理健康状况由凯斯勒心理困扰量表 (Ten-Item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Kessler10) [13]评估,依据得分将心理健康状况分为“良好”(10~15分)、“一般”(16~21分)、“较差”(22~29分)、“差”(30~50分),因心理健康状况等级为差的患者较少,本研究将等级为“较差”和“差”的患者合并为“较差”。
根据之前的研究[14],WD患者分为三种疾病表型:肝型,表现为肝损伤体征和/或肝脏症状;神经精神型,表现为神经精神症状(伴/不伴肝脏病变);症状前型,在体检期间或因家属阳性而去医院检查偶然发现的无症状患者。本研究的123名研究对象不含有症状前型的患者。
采用EQ-5D-3L 测量WD患者的HRQoL,该量表由健康描述系统与视觉模拟标尺(EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale,EQ-VAS)评分两部分组成。健康描述系统包括五个维度:“行动能力”、“自我照顾”、“日常活动”、“疼痛/不适”和“焦虑/抑郁”,每个维度有3个水平:没有问题、中度问题和重度问题[15]。使用Zhuo等[16]开发的适用于中国人群的效用值换算表,计算获得WD患者的EQ-5D-3L健康效用值,范围为0.170(最差健康状态33 333)至1.000(完全健康状态11 111)。EQ-VAS是一个20 cm长的刻度尺,顶端表示心目中 “最佳健康状况”,得分为100分,底端表示心目中“最差健康状况”,得分为0分。由于EQ-VAS在预调查中,患者难以定量评价当天的状态,可信度降低。因此,本研究采用EQ-5D-3L健康效用值作为结局变量进行分析。
本研究所采用的中国一般人群EQ-5D-3L健康效用值标准,来源于Yao等[6]的研究。该研究基于第五次全国卫生服务调查数据,选取了188 720名具有全国代表性的参与者,并按照性别和年龄(从15岁起,按10岁为一个年龄区间)对参与者进行了分组,详细列出了各组的参与人数、EQ-5D-3L五个维度上报告问题的百分比及相应的平均健康效用值。为了确保研究的可比性,本研究遵循了Yao等研究所采用的健康效用值换算规则和类似的年龄段划分方式。由于本研究中仅有2名WD患者年龄超过54岁,为避免将过多超龄患者纳入影响结果准确性,选取了年龄在15~54岁之间的114 522名一般人群参与者的数据,计算其在EQ-5D-3L五个维度上报告问题的百分比,以及15~24、25~34和35岁及以上(合并35~44岁和45~54岁)各年龄段的平均健康效用值,作为本研究相应年龄段患者的参考规范。
运用Excel进行数据录入和整理,运用R 4.2.3以及Stata 18.0进行统计分析。由于EQ-5D-3L健康效用值呈偏态分布,因此使用中位数及四分位数[M(P25, P75)]描述其分布,计数资料采用构成比或率表示。借鉴Hernandez等[17]的研究方法将患者的健康效用值与中国一般人群规范进行比较,使用单样本符号秩进行差异性检验。通过卡方检验或Fisher精确检验,分析患者在EQ-5D-3L五个维度与一般人群标准的差异。单因素分析组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验。因 EQ-5D-3L量表在应用中显示出较大的“天花板效应”,即大多数患者认为自己5个维度均无任何问题,健康效用值删失为1,对这部分人群的健康状态识别造成影响[18]。Tobit 模型也称为删失回归模型,该模型能够解决这类因变量受限的问题,是受限因变量回归模型的一种,目前已被应用于生命质量研究[19]。本研究以EQ-5D-3L健康效用值为因变量,建立Tobit回归模型。检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共纳入123名患者,其中男性54例(43.9%),女性69例(56.1%);年龄在<25岁、25~34岁、≥35岁的患者人数分别为37(30.1%)、49(39.8%)、37(30.1%);肝型患者26例(21.1%),神经精神型患者97例(78.9%);WD患者的中位数[M(P25, P75)]为[0.964 (0.905, 1.000)],具体见表1
分析显示不同家庭人均月收入、低铜饮食遵守程度、疾病表型以及心理健康状况的患者的健康效用值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05), 见表1
WD患者在5个维度按有困难者(中度问题及重度问题)占比排序为:焦虑或抑郁(39.0%)、行动能力(26.0%)、疼痛/不适(25.2%)、日常活动(21.1%)、自我照顾(17.1%)。总共有49人(39.8%)报告在五个维度中均没有问题。患者在五个维度上报告问题的比例显著高于一般人群(P<0.001)(见表2)。肝型患者未在行动能力、自我照顾、日常活动维度报告出问题。神经精神型患者在5个维度上均有不同程度的问题出现,在疼痛/不适(P=0.264)以及焦虑/抑郁(P=0.068)维度上的分布与肝型无差异,见表3
根据计算,中国一般人群EQ-5D-3L的健康效用值参考规范为:<25岁为0.998,25~34岁为0.997,≥35岁为0.992。按年龄对患者进行匹配计算后,<25岁年龄组的健康效用值为0.944,95% CI为(0.890~0.968);25~34岁的年龄组的健康效用值为0.964,95% CI为(0.908~0.982);≥35岁年龄组的健康效用值为0.968,95% CI为(0.944~0.982),均低于一般人群标准(P<0.001)。未发现肝型患者的健康效用值与一般人群的差异(P>0.05),神经精神型患者表现出与总体一致的趋势,也低于一般人群(P<0.05)。见图1
以EQ-5D-3L健康效用值为因变量,单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量为自变量,建立Tobit回归模型。结果显示较高的健康效用值与家庭人均月收入在5 000元以上(β=0.096,P=0.011)、尽力坚持低铜饮食(β=0.098,P=0.003)相关,较低的健康效用值与神经精神型(β=-0.090,P=0.035)、心理健康状况一般及较差(一般:β=-0.089,P=0.015;较差:β=-0.140,P<0.001)相关,见表4
研究结果显示,WD患者的健康效用值中位数[M(P25, P75)]为[0.964(0.905, 1.000)]。通过年龄匹配比较后,发现WD患者的HRQoL低于一般人群,这与设置人群对照的Carta等[20]的研究结果类似。进一步分析表明,在肝型患者中,其HRQoL与一般人群相似。这与Schaefersch等研究得出的结论相符,后者的研究对象主要是肝型患者(38例,占56%)。这种相似性可能源于研究纳入的肝型患者平均年龄较小,均为轻型患者。他们可能仅出现肝损伤,或许已经存在肝硬化但未伴有明显的腹水、肝肾综合征、肝型脑病等严重并发症,为轻度的肝功能损害[21],因此对患者的HRQoL影响较小[22]。相比之下,神经精神型患者健康效用值低于中国一般人群,这可能是由于这类患者神经损伤更为突出,对HRQoL造成的损伤更为严重[23]。此外,WD患者在五个维度上自我报告的问题均多于一般人群,这可能与他们长期受到疾病的困扰和日常生活受限有关。神经精神型患者在行动能力、自我照顾、日常活动报告问题的比例多于肝型,提示医护人员在对不同表型的WD患者进行驱铜治疗时,应考虑实施更具针对性的个性化对症治疗与康复计划。
Tobit回归结果显示,与家庭人均月收入<2 500元的人群相比,家庭人均月收入在5 000元以上的患者健康效用值更高。原因可能在于高收入家庭能够为患者疾病康复提供更加坚实雄厚的经济基础,促使患者保持积极的正性心理状态,这会对主观的自评健康状况带来积极影响[24]。而低收入家庭患者治疗水平有限,导致HRQoL受损[25]。研究还发现,尽管严格遵循低铜饮食的患者可能在理论上更符合治疗要求,但实际上,那些尽力坚持低铜饮食的患者展现出更高的HRQoL。这提示在WD患者的饮食管理中,不建议对所有患者均过分严格限制含铜食物的摄入。日常饮食中许多食物富含铜元素,过分限制容易导致营养不良或营养失衡,不利于患者预后[26]。此外,这可能会导致患者产生食物恐惧,影响幸福感,HRQoL受损[1]。因此,对于WD患者,个性化和均衡的饮食管理显得尤为重要。在疾病表型方面,神经精神型的患者HRQoL要比肝型患者差,这与采用12条简明健康状况调查量表(SF-12)、36条简明健康状况调查量表(SF-36)等评估WD患者HRQoL得出的结论是一致的[9,22]。肝型患者对治疗的反应通常较好,治疗2-6个月后肝功能常明显好转。而神经精神型患者经治疗后,症状、体征改善则相对缓慢、常需要更长时间(1-3年)恢复[27]。此外,神经精神型患者从神经症状开始出现到正确诊断之间的时间较长,相较于肝型患者不可修复的组织性损伤可能性增加,更易对HRQoL造成不良影响[22]。心理健康状况也是影响WD患者HRQoL的重要因素,WD患者容易出现焦虑、抑郁、沮丧等不良心理情绪[27]。在本研究中,心理健康状况一般及较差的WD患者HRQoL低于心理健康状况良好的患者,这与Chevalier等[28]采用贝克抑郁量表(BDI-II)衡量WD患者的HRQoL得出的结论一致,近期一项使用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)的研究也得出了类似的结果[29]。这些发现强调了在治疗WD患者时,除了关注其生理状况,还应重视其心理健康状况,以促进整体的HRQoL。
研究存在一些局限性:首先由于门诊患者的调查数据不易获得,故研究仅选取住院患者,这可能会损失一部分无症状患者的信息。其次,研究获取的信息基于横断面研究,因果关系无法确立。此外,研究未能充分考虑与疾病相关的多个潜在变量,如认知能力下降和睡眠质量问题等。未来的研究需要采取更全面的方法,包括纵向研究设计和更广泛的变量评估,以便更深入地理解WD及其对患者HRQoL的影响。
综上所述,家庭人均月收入、低铜饮食、疾病表型、心理健康状况影响WD患者的HRQoL。WD患者表型具有明显的临床异质性,在患者进行驱铜治疗的同时,医务工作者应当加强患者的健康教育、普及康复知识,关注患者的心理健康状况,以改善患者群体生活质量及健康结局。
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406258
  • 接收时间:2024-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,流行病与卫生统计学系,四川 成都 610041
    2.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,职业病中毒科/肾脏内科
    3.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,消化内科

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
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