Article(id=1241022944424546662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734451200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773812527042, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812527042, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812527042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812527042, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241022939957621542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='6', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812525976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773815469296, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241035285174219432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241035285174219433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241022939957621542, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1019, endPage=1023, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241022945187910011, articleId=1241022944424546662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province, 2010-2022, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022, and to provide scientific basis and data support for the prevention and control of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province.

Methods

The data of reported cases of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022 were collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to describe the temporal, spatial and population distribution characteristics of cases of hepatitis E. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of hepatitis E. and to calculate the Annual Percentage Change (APC).

Results

From 2010 to 2022, the reported incidence of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province showed a decreasing trend, and the annual reported incidence was 1.27/100 000. There were reported cases of hepatitis E in every month, and the peak period of hepatitis E was from October to April of the following year. Hepatitis E cases were reported every year in all cities (places) of Heilongjiang Province, and the top five regions reported annual incidence were Qitaihe City (238/100 000), Hegang City (203/100 000), Shuangyashan City (194/100 000), Jixi City (156/100 000) and Yichun City (154/100 000). The reported incidence rates of both men and women decreased year by year, with APC of -8.41% (95% CI: -11.31%- -5.42%, P<0.001) for men and -5.22% for women (95% CI:-9.12% - -1.09%,P=0.013), the incidence of male was higher than that of female. The cumulative number of cases in the 45-55 age group was 1 430(30.45%). The results of occupation distribution showed that 1 380 cases (29.39%) were housework and unemployed, and 1 204 cases (25.64%) were farmers.

Conclusion

The reported incidence of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022 shows a decreasing trend, but there arestill significant seasonal, regional and population characteristics. Winter and spring arethe peak of the incidence, and men, 45-65 years old age group, household workers and unemployed people and farmers arethe high incidence groups of hepatitis E. In the future, targeted health publicity activities should be carried out for key groups to promote hepatitis E vaccination, which is expected to further reduce the incidence of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province.

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目的

分析2010—2022年黑龙江省戊型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征,为黑龙江省戊肝防控工作提供科学依据和数据支持。

方法

收集2010—2022 年黑龙江省戊肝报告病例信息,采用描述性流行病学方法描述戊肝病例的时间、空间和人群分布特征,采用Joinpoint回归模型分析戊肝变化趋势,计算年度变化百分比(Annual Percentage Change, APC)。

结果

2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝报告发病率呈下降趋势,年均报告发病率为1.27/10万;各月份均有戊肝报告病例,10月至次年4月为戊肝发病高峰期;黑龙江省各市(地)每年均有戊肝报告病例,年均报告发病率前五位的地区分别为七台河市(2.38/10万)、鹤岗市(2.03/10万)、双鸭山市(1.94/10万)、鸡西市(1.56/10万)和伊春市(1.54/10万);男性与女性报告发病率均呈逐年降低趋势,男性APC为-8.41%(95% CI:-11.31%~-5.42%,P<0.001),女性APC为-5.22%(95% CI:-9.12%~-1.09%,P=0.013),各年份男性报告发病率均高于女性;45~55岁年龄组累计发病例数最多,为1 430例(30.45%);家务及待业1 380例(29.39%)和农民1 204例(25.64%)占比较高。

结论

2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝报告发病率呈下降趋势,但仍存在显著的季节性、地域性和人群特征,冬季及春季为发病高峰期,男性、45~65岁年龄组、家务及待业人员和农民为戊肝的高发人群。应针对重点人群开展健康宣传活动,推广戊肝疫苗接种,有望进一步降低黑龙江省戊肝发病率。

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彦子博,E-mail:
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赵敏(1996—),女,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:疾病预防与控制

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Food and Environmental Virology, 2022, 14(2): 138-148., articleTitle=Stability of hepatitis E virus after drying on different surfaces, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241022949239607822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241022949243802127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, companyId=1241022949239607822, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241022949252190736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, companyId=1241022949239607822, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.哈尔滨医科大学附属肿瘤医院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241022949348659739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241022949369631261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, companyId=1241022949348659739, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241022952603439804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Trend of reported incidence of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022, figureFileSmall=DXpfqfMXhL/efI0pnUvx3g==, figureFileBig=QdS0RRivie736o5VKftXLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022952716686025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝报告发病率趋势变化, figureFileSmall=DXpfqfMXhL/efI0pnUvx3g==, figureFileBig=QdS0RRivie736o5VKftXLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022953001898728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Trends of reported incidence of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022, figureFileSmall=jRdu2bHVIxM/h0dllwu42w==, figureFileBig=DZH3/YWvR00PKjEse/I0/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022953081590516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝不同性别报告发病率趋势变化

注:A:Male; B:Female; APC:Annual Percentage Change.

, figureFileSmall=jRdu2bHVIxM/h0dllwu42w==, figureFileBig=DZH3/YWvR00PKjEse/I0/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022953190642435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Age distribution of reported hepatitis E cases in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022, figureFileSmall=6VCcuMCmHb7XgUKIy8QEpw==, figureFileBig=BWXwQrr+vPEPCy91R64u9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022953299694346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝报告病例年龄占比分布, figureFileSmall=6VCcuMCmHb7XgUKIy8QEpw==, figureFileBig=BWXwQrr+vPEPCy91R64u9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022953391969046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Occupational distribution of reported cases of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022, figureFileSmall=lOmNPxlAMQHuzsBYNXlc3Q==, figureFileBig=/h5QcWy78cXODIgY3IhZ8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022953471660830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝报告病例职业占比分布, figureFileSmall=lOmNPxlAMQHuzsBYNXlc3Q==, figureFileBig=/h5QcWy78cXODIgY3IhZ8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022953563935528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes of occupational composition ratio of reported cases of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022, figureFileSmall=OtWBugFeUGWqJ8iuRiDNQw==, figureFileBig=yymnycxl/ckjfJ9u5lx/uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022953660404530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝报告病例不同职业构成比趋势变化

注:A: Housework and unemployment; B: Workers; C: Cadres and staff;APC:Annual Percentage Change。

, figureFileSmall=OtWBugFeUGWqJ8iuRiDNQw==, figureFileBig=yymnycxl/ckjfJ9u5lx/uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241022953765262140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The incidence of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份男性女性合计
发病例数发病率(/10万)发病例数发病率(/10万)发病例数发病率(/10万)
20104002.061390.745391.41
20114392.261190.635581.46
20123641.881090.584731.23
20133471.791010.534481.17
20142911.51930.493841.00
20153011.571190.624201.10
20162551.321110.593660.96
20172201.15830.443030.80
20182331.22970.523300.87
20192021.06890.472910.77
20201120.59580.311700.45
20211400.88500.311900.60
20221561.00680.442240.72
), ArticleFig(id=1241022953878508359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝报告发病情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份男性女性合计
发病例数发病率(/10万)发病例数发病率(/10万)发病例数发病率(/10万)
20104002.061390.745391.41
20114392.261190.635581.46
20123641.881090.584731.23
20133471.791010.534481.17
20142911.51930.493841.00
20153011.571190.624201.10
20162551.321110.593660.96
20172201.15830.443030.80
20182331.22970.523300.87
20192021.06890.472910.77
20201120.59580.311700.45
20211400.88500.311900.60
20221561.00680.442240.72
), ArticleFig(id=1241022954054669139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Reports of cases of hepatitis E in different months in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份报告例数(例)构成比(%)
2010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022合计
162494543325527173129187334489.54
240484548373519362223117233948.39
35149475022405733343219271847910.20
4475034533943352626311821184419.39
542483436243729243224715203727.92
6264849302234263420261219273737.94
7484119343417212026196993036.45
8283829252226332221171116263146.69
9403933253230311228261713133397.22
10494150293835251828262017163928.35
11465046373935273433211215144098.71
1260574238433336272917192474329.20
合计5395584734483844203663033302911701902244 696100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241022954180498268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2010—2022年黑龙江省不同月份戊肝病例报告情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份报告例数(例)构成比(%)
2010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022合计
162494543325527173129187334489.54
240484548373519362223117233948.39
35149475022405733343219271847910.20
4475034533943352626311821184419.39
542483436243729243224715203727.92
6264849302234263420261219273737.94
7484119343417212026196993036.45
8283829252226332221171116263146.69
9403933253230311228261713133397.22
10494150293835251828262017163928.35
11465046373935273433211215144098.71
1260574238433336272917192474329.20
合计5395584734483844203663033302911701902244 696100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241022955656893284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Regional distribution of reported incidence of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022 (per 100 000)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区2010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022平均
七台河市3.063.591.731.312.182.071.432.501.020.801.150.871.922.38
鹤岗市3.113.591.611.641.361.821.740.681.390.500.800.670.922.03
双鸭山市2.813.972.002.061.171.581.730.970.550.840.350.410.511.94
鸡西市2.282.092.071.750.851.010.910.940.890.730.620.530.481.56
伊春市1.571.220.721.480.961.310.911.870.681.810.431.480.931.54
哈尔滨市1.801.731.821.461.111.341.060.831.190.810.330.470.761.47
佳木斯市2.431.180.641.691.101.221.310.880.840.510.300.320.711.34
牡丹江市1.031.111.190.831.841.440.760.920.850.710.560.570.581.26
大兴安岭地区0.771.172.330.390.970.780.39-0.481.690.980.300.621.12
黑河市0.751.250.800.610.720.891.070.980.430.930.440.470.871.03
大庆市0.480.650.811.010.760.690.980.440.860.870.520.790.550.94
绥化市0.570.810.790.820.710.650.710.460.570.690.320.850.600.85
齐齐哈尔市0.640.750.580.580.560.680.530.590.710.570.570.590.730.81
), ArticleFig(id=1241022955740779375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241022944424546662, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝报告发病率地区分布(/10万)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区2010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022平均
七台河市3.063.591.731.312.182.071.432.501.020.801.150.871.922.38
鹤岗市3.113.591.611.641.361.821.740.681.390.500.800.670.922.03
双鸭山市2.813.972.002.061.171.581.730.970.550.840.350.410.511.94
鸡西市2.282.092.071.750.851.010.910.940.890.730.620.530.481.56
伊春市1.571.220.721.480.961.310.911.870.681.810.431.480.931.54
哈尔滨市1.801.731.821.461.111.341.060.831.190.810.330.470.761.47
佳木斯市2.431.180.641.691.101.221.310.880.840.510.300.320.711.34
牡丹江市1.031.111.190.831.841.440.760.920.850.710.560.570.581.26
大兴安岭地区0.771.172.330.390.970.780.39-0.481.690.980.300.621.12
黑河市0.751.250.800.610.720.891.070.980.430.930.440.470.871.03
大庆市0.480.650.811.010.760.690.980.440.860.870.520.790.550.94
绥化市0.570.810.790.820.710.650.710.460.570.690.320.850.600.85
齐齐哈尔市0.640.750.580.580.560.680.530.590.710.570.570.590.730.81
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2010—2022年黑龙江省戊型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征分析
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赵敏 1 , 彦子博 2
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(6): 1019-1023
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(6): 1019-1023
2010—2022年黑龙江省戊型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征分析
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赵敏1, 彦子博2
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨医科大学附属肿瘤医院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150081
  • 2.黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心
  • 赵敏(1996—),女,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:疾病预防与控制

通讯作者:

彦子博,E-mail:
Epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province, 2010-2022
Min ZHAO1, Zi-bo YAN2
Affiliations
  • Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412311
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目的

分析2010—2022年黑龙江省戊型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征,为黑龙江省戊肝防控工作提供科学依据和数据支持。

方法

收集2010—2022 年黑龙江省戊肝报告病例信息,采用描述性流行病学方法描述戊肝病例的时间、空间和人群分布特征,采用Joinpoint回归模型分析戊肝变化趋势,计算年度变化百分比(Annual Percentage Change, APC)。

结果

2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝报告发病率呈下降趋势,年均报告发病率为1.27/10万;各月份均有戊肝报告病例,10月至次年4月为戊肝发病高峰期;黑龙江省各市(地)每年均有戊肝报告病例,年均报告发病率前五位的地区分别为七台河市(2.38/10万)、鹤岗市(2.03/10万)、双鸭山市(1.94/10万)、鸡西市(1.56/10万)和伊春市(1.54/10万);男性与女性报告发病率均呈逐年降低趋势,男性APC为-8.41%(95% CI:-11.31%~-5.42%,P<0.001),女性APC为-5.22%(95% CI:-9.12%~-1.09%,P=0.013),各年份男性报告发病率均高于女性;45~55岁年龄组累计发病例数最多,为1 430例(30.45%);家务及待业1 380例(29.39%)和农民1 204例(25.64%)占比较高。

结论

2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝报告发病率呈下降趋势,但仍存在显著的季节性、地域性和人群特征,冬季及春季为发病高峰期,男性、45~65岁年龄组、家务及待业人员和农民为戊肝的高发人群。应针对重点人群开展健康宣传活动,推广戊肝疫苗接种,有望进一步降低黑龙江省戊肝发病率。

戊型病毒性肝炎  /  黑龙江  /  流行病学
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022, and to provide scientific basis and data support for the prevention and control of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province.

Methods

The data of reported cases of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022 were collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to describe the temporal, spatial and population distribution characteristics of cases of hepatitis E. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of hepatitis E. and to calculate the Annual Percentage Change (APC).

Results

From 2010 to 2022, the reported incidence of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province showed a decreasing trend, and the annual reported incidence was 1.27/100 000. There were reported cases of hepatitis E in every month, and the peak period of hepatitis E was from October to April of the following year. Hepatitis E cases were reported every year in all cities (places) of Heilongjiang Province, and the top five regions reported annual incidence were Qitaihe City (238/100 000), Hegang City (203/100 000), Shuangyashan City (194/100 000), Jixi City (156/100 000) and Yichun City (154/100 000). The reported incidence rates of both men and women decreased year by year, with APC of -8.41% (95% CI: -11.31%- -5.42%, P<0.001) for men and -5.22% for women (95% CI:-9.12% - -1.09%,P=0.013), the incidence of male was higher than that of female. The cumulative number of cases in the 45-55 age group was 1 430(30.45%). The results of occupation distribution showed that 1 380 cases (29.39%) were housework and unemployed, and 1 204 cases (25.64%) were farmers.

Conclusion

The reported incidence of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province from 2010 to 2022 shows a decreasing trend, but there arestill significant seasonal, regional and population characteristics. Winter and spring arethe peak of the incidence, and men, 45-65 years old age group, household workers and unemployed people and farmers arethe high incidence groups of hepatitis E. In the future, targeted health publicity activities should be carried out for key groups to promote hepatitis E vaccination, which is expected to further reduce the incidence of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province.

Viral hepatitis E  /  Heilongjiang  /  Epidemiology
赵敏, 彦子博. 2010—2022年黑龙江省戊型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (6) : 1019 -1023 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412311
Min ZHAO, Zi-bo YAN. Epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis E in Heilongjiang Province, 2010-2022[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (6) : 1019 -1023 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412311
戊型病毒性肝炎(戊肝)是一种由戊型肝炎病毒引起的急性传染病,是全球范围内重要的公共卫生问题之一,传播途径主要包括粪口途径、血液传播、母婴传播及密切接触传播[1]。据世界卫生组织(WHO)统计,全球每年约2 000万人感染戊肝病毒,其中约330万人出现临床症状,并造成约7万人死亡[2]。我国戊肝流行情况严峻,国家卫健委疫情报告数据显示,自2012年起,我国戊肝的发病率已连续多年超过甲肝,成为急性病毒性肝炎的主要疾病[3]。本研究分析2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝的发病趋势、地区分布及人群分布,以期为黑龙江省戊肝防控工作提供科学依据和数据支持。
戊肝发病数据来源于中国疾病预防控制中心疾病监测信息报告管理系统,下载现住址为黑龙江省、发病日期为2010年1月1日至2022年12月31日的全部戊肝报告病例。人口资料来源于黑龙江省统计年鉴。戊肝的临床诊断和确诊病例定义参照《戊型病毒性肝炎诊断标准》(WS301-2008)[4]
采用Excel 2021软件对数据进行录入整理,R语言(版本4.3.0)对数据进行统计分析;计数资料以例数表示,年报告发病率(/10万)=(年报告病例数/年总人口数)*10万,年均报告发病率(/10万)=累计报告病例数/(总人口数/共计年份数)*10万[5-6],发病率的组间比较采用卡方检验。采用Joinpoint 4.9.1.0软件建立Joinpoint回归模型分析戊肝变化趋势,计算年度变化百分比(Annual Percentage Change, APC)和平均年度变化百分比(Average Annual Percent Change, AAPC)。检验水准α=0.05。
2010—2022年,黑龙江省累计报告戊肝4 696例,死亡4例,年均报告发病率为1.27/10万,死亡率为0.085%;2011年发病率最高,为1.46/10万,2020年发病率最低,为0.45/10万。2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝报告发病率呈下降趋势,APC为-7.58%(95% CI:-10.17%~-4.95%,P<0.001)(表1图1)。
2010—2022年各月份均有戊肝报告病例,10月至次年4月为戊肝发病高峰期,占全年发病例数的63.78%;3月发病例数最多,为479例(10.20%);7月发病例数最少,为303例(6.45%)(表2)。
2010—2022年,黑龙江省各市(地)每年均有戊肝报告病例,年均报告发病率前5位的地区分别为七台河市(2.38/10万)、鹤岗市(2.03/10万)、双鸭山市(1.94/10万)、鸡西市(1.56/10万)和伊春市(1.54/10万)。
2010—2022年黑龙江省累计报告戊肝男性病例3 460例(73.68%),女性病例1 236例(26.32%),男女病例数之比为2.80:1,各年份男性报告发病率均高于女性(表3)。男女性报告发病率均呈逐年降低趋势,男性APC为-8.41%(95% CI:-11.31%~-5.42%,P<0.001),女性APC为-5.22%(95% CI:-9.12%~-1.09%,P=0.013)(图2)。
2010—2022年各年龄段均有戊肝报告病例,报告病例主要集中在35~75岁年龄组,占累计报告病例的85.41%;45~55岁年龄组累计发病例数最多,为1 430例(30.45%);55~65岁年龄组累计报告1 160例(24.70%),35~45岁年龄组累计报告795例(16.93%),65~75岁年龄组626例(13.33%)(图3)。Joinpoint分析结果显示,2010—2022年不同年龄组构成比无明显变化趋势(P>0.05)。
2010—2022年黑龙江省各职业均有戊肝报告病例,报告病例数前五位依次为:家务及待业1 380例(29.39%),农民1 204例(25.64%),离退人员730例(15.55%),工人501例(10.67%), 干部职员252例(5.37%);不同年份各职业戊肝病例报告构成比见图4。Joinpoint分析结果显示,家务及待业构成比2010—2019年呈上升趋势(APC=5.63,P<0.001),2019—2022年呈下降趋势(APC=-8.52,P=0.008),AAPC为1.90%(95% CI:0.46%~3.17%,P=0.007);工人构成比2010—2018年呈下降趋势(APC=-9.24%,P<0.001),2018—2022年呈上升趋势(APC=11.84%,P=0.002),AAPC为-2.70%(95% CI:-4.56%~-0.61%,P=0.014);干部职员构成比呈下降趋势(APC=-11.44%,P<0.001)(图5)。
2010—2022年,黑龙江省戊肝年均报告发病率为1.27/10万,低于2011—2021年全国年均报告发病率的1.95/10万[7]、贵州省(2015—2019年1.75/10万)[8]、广西(2011—2021年2.75/10 万[9])、江苏省(2015—2020年3.32/10万)[10]和湖北省(2004—2019年3.47/10万)[11],高于河南省(2005—2016年0.56/10万)[12]
2010—2022年,黑龙江省戊肝报告发病率整体呈下降趋势,与江苏省、福建省、安徽省趋势基本一致[7],可能与健康教育的开展、卫生条件的改善和居民预防意识的提高有关;2020年,黑龙江省戊肝发病率达到最低水平,随后,2021—2022年戊肝发病率有小幅度上升,与全国[7]、广西[9]、山东省烟台市[13]、江苏省南京市[14]等地戊肝发病率流行趋势研究结果一致,可能与新型冠状病毒肺炎感染后居民居家隔离、减少外出聚餐以及公众健康意识提升有关。本研究显示,黑龙江省戊肝发病具有季节性,冬季及春季为戊肝发病高峰期,与江苏省[15]、江苏省南京市[14]等季节性特征一致,可能与春季期间人口流动大幅增加、饮食聚餐增多有关。
黑龙江省不同地区戊肝发病率差异较大,年均报告发病率前五位的地区分别为七台河市、鹤岗市、双鸭山市、鸡西市和伊春市,其中,七台河市、鹤岗市、双鸭山市和鸡西市均为典型的煤炭资源型城市,戊肝发病率较高可能与环境污染、基础设施滞后和人口流动等因素密切相关。首先,煤炭资源型城市的基础设施建设相对滞后,卫生条件复杂,尤其是在城乡结合部或经济欠发达的地区;饮用水供应不安全、污水处理设施不足、卫生条件差等问题在这些地区较为普遍,为戊肝病毒的传播提供了适宜的环境[16]。其次,煤炭资源型城市吸引了外来务工人员,这些工人可能生活在相对密集和卫生条件较差的环境中,增加了病毒传播的风险。外来人口的高流动性也使戊肝疫情的控制变得更加复杂。针对这些城市,应加强水质监测、优化卫生基础设施,并强化对流动人口的健康管理,以有效降低戊肝的发病风险。
人群分布结果显示,男性、45~65岁年龄组、家务及待业及农民的戊肝发病例数占比较高。男性戊肝发病率高于女性可能与职业分布和行为习惯相关,我省男性在农业、畜牧业和渔业等高暴露职业中的比例显著高于女性,这些职业通常与污染水源或动物接触密切[17];此外,男性更易参与户外活动,可能因饮用不洁水或摄入未充分烹饪的食品增加感染风险;另有研究表明,男性的免疫应答可能弱于女性,对戊肝病毒的易感性更高[18]。与其他省份类似[19],家务及待业人员和农民的发病率高,可能与其生活环境和社会经济状况密切相关,HEV 传播主要是在饮用被人类粪便污染的饮用水后通过粪口途径传播[18],由于HEV对干燥具有高度稳定性,HEV会在被污染的肉类和受感染宿主排泄物表面传播[20],农民群体通常居住在农村地区,饮用水和卫生条件可能不达标,增加了感染戊肝病毒的可能性;待业和从事家务劳动者中,部分人经济条件有限,可能缺乏卫生教育,活动范围多集中于家庭和社区,可能因家庭内感染源暴露而导致更高的感染风险。与其他年龄组相比,45~65岁为中老年群体,免疫功能相对减弱,尤其是在患有慢性疾病的情况下,增加了感染HEV的风险。
综上所述,2010—2022年黑龙江省戊肝报告发病率呈下降趋势,但仍存在显著的季节性、地域性和人群特征,冬季及春季为发病高峰期,男性、45~65岁年龄组、家务及待业人员和农民为戊肝的高发人群。应加强健康教育和行为干预,针对农村地区及高危人群,开展针对性的健康宣传活动,普及戊肝传播途径和预防措施,尤其是强调安全饮水和卫生习惯的重要性;改善饮用水安全和卫生设施,推进农村地区饮用水净化和消毒设施建设;强化疫苗接种和高危人群监测,推广戊肝疫苗接种,特别是对中老年人、高风险职业人员以及免疫力较低的待业群体;通过以上措施的综合实施,有望进一步降低黑龙江省戊肝发病率,保障人民群众的健康安全。
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2025年第52卷第6期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412311
  • 接收时间:2024-12-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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    1.哈尔滨医科大学附属肿瘤医院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150081
    2.黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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