Article(id=1240977226410283779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408380, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724601600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773801627017, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773801627017, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773801627017, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773801627017, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240977214964036360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1729', pageEnd='1920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773801624289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773825591019, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241077738770068227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241077738770068228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1886, endPage=1891, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240977227223978799, articleId=1240977226410283779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Mechanisms of ferroptosis in HT22 cells after deltamethrin exposure, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the potential role of ferroptosis in the neurotoxicity induced by deltamethrin (DM) exposure.

Methods

Mice hippocampal neuronal cells HT22 cells were treated with DM at different doses (1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μmol/L) for 24 h, cell survival rate was detected by MTT method to determine the optimal dose (2, 10, and 50 μmol/L). The cell morphology was observed by microscope. The level of lipid peroxidation was detected by flow cytometry. The level of glutathione (GSH) and the content of ferrous ion (Fe2+) were detected by the kit. The levels of ferritin heavy chain (FTH), light chain (FTL) protein and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were detected by Western Blotting.

Results

With the increase of DM dose, the number of HT22 cells gradually decreased, the morphology changed and the tentacles antennae broke. Compared with the control group, the survival rate of DM infected groups were significantly decreased (F=349.8, P<0.01), and the level of intracellular lipid peroxidation was significantly increased (F=14.86, P<0.01). With the increase of dose, GSH level in HT22 cells in 2, 10 and 50 μmol/L DM groups was significantly lower than that in control group (F=11.56, P<0.01), and Fe2+ level in 10 and 50 μmol/L DM groups was significantly higher than that in control group (F=17.67, P<0.01). Compared with the control group, GPX4 and FTL protein expressions in the 50 μmol/L DM group were significantly decreased with the increase of dose (FGPX4=3.313, P<0.05; FFTL=2.003, P<0.05), and FTH protein expressions in the 2, 10, 50 μmol/L DM groups were significantly increased with the increase of dose (F=16.95, P<0.01). Pretreatment with Fer-1, an ferroptosis inhibitor, for 2 h significantly reversed GSH, lipid peroxidation and Fe2+ levels in 50 μmol/L DM group (FGSH=215.5, P<0.01; Flipid p eroxide=17.97, P<0.01; FFe2+=23.26, P<0.01).

Conclusion

DM exposure induces ferroptosis in HT22 cells of mice hippocampal neurons leading to neurotoxicity, the mechanism of which may be related to intracellular lipid peroxidation and iron metabolism disorder.

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目的

探讨铁死亡在溴氰菊酯(Deltamethrin,DM)暴露致神经毒性的潜在作用。

方法

不同剂量(1、2、5、10、20、50、100、200和400 μmol/L)的DM处理小鼠海马神经元细胞HT22细胞24 h,采用MTT法检测细胞存活率,确定最佳染毒剂量(2、10、50 μmol/L)。显微镜观察细胞形态;流式细胞术检测细胞脂质过氧化水平;试剂盒检测细胞内谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平和亚铁离子(Fe2+)含量;Western Blotting检测铁蛋白重链(FTH)、轻链(FTL)蛋白及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)的水平。

结果

随DM染毒剂量的增加,HT22细胞数量逐渐减少,形态改变而触角断裂。与对照组相比,DM染毒组细胞存活率显著降低(F=349.8,P<0.01),细胞内脂质过氧化水平显著增加(F=14.86,P<0.01)。随染毒剂量的升高,2、10、50 μmol/L DM组HT22细胞内GSH水平明显低于对照组(F=11.56,P<0.05);10、50 μmol/L DM组HT22细胞内Fe2+水平显著高于对照组(F=17.67,P<0.01)。与对照组相比,50 μmol/L DM组GPX4和FTL蛋白表达随染毒剂量的增加明显降低(FGPX4=3.313,P<0.05;FFTL=2.003,P<0.05);2、10、50 μmol/L DM组FTH蛋白表达随染毒剂量的增加显著升高(F=16.95,P<0.01)。铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1预处理2 h后可明显逆转50 μmol/L DM组细胞的GSH水平、脂质过氧化水平和Fe2+水平(FGSH=215.5,P<0.01;Flipid peroxide=17.97,P<0.01;FFe2+=23.26,P<0.01)。

结论

DM暴露诱发小鼠海马神经元HT22细胞铁死亡导致神经毒性,其机制可能与细胞内脂质过氧化及铁离子代谢紊乱有关。

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黄晓薇,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ZSVfHO9wU5TeWXADGIfrMQ==, magXml=HAsA4bxYVPrxsUUgmuW3ew==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8SCJGDp2XNtMzRxhU7+UUQ==, pdfFileSize=1095276, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=HoIy4cU90gvG2aVEaP8Org==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=c7/oROfkrnFAWgAKz9yG6A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴敏嘉(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生毒理学

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2.广西环境与健康研究重点实验室
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2.广西环境与健康研究重点实验室
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2.广西环境与健康研究重点实验室
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注:MTT法检测HT22细胞存活率。与对照组相比,**:P<0.01,n=3。

, figureFileSmall=62m8aCghpidNSTkRBHVShA==, figureFileBig=z6zy2r2i/UGfzJ5jDVk0uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996925449760942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977226410283779, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Morphological changes of HT22 cells after DM treatment for 24 h (×40), figureFileSmall=8JykMkFkZWupqn/aUFOUvw==, figureFileBig=QcIGH6guiC2qGkKdBkQX6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996925529452721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977226410283779, language=CN, label=图2, caption=DM处理HT22细胞24 h后的形态学变化 (×40)

注:显微镜观察0、2、10、50 μmol/L DM组HT22细胞形态,比例尺:50 μm。

, figureFileSmall=8JykMkFkZWupqn/aUFOUvw==, figureFileBig=QcIGH6guiC2qGkKdBkQX6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996925625921717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977226410283779, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of GSH levels in HT22 cells after DMexposure and ferroptosis inhibitor treatment, figureFileSmall=DThSmSl9JrrPgpkBU5EKNg==, figureFileBig=RE8yfkn2eO7YsmkaYu/0IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996925726585016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977226410283779, language=CN, label=图3, caption=DM染毒及铁死亡抑制剂处理后HT22细胞内GSH水平变化

注:比色法检测各组GSH含量。与NC组相比,*:P<0.05,**:P<0.01;与50 μmol/L DM组相比,##:P<0.01,n=3。

, figureFileSmall=DThSmSl9JrrPgpkBU5EKNg==, figureFileBig=RE8yfkn2eO7YsmkaYu/0IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996925823054012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977226410283779, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes of lipid peroxide contents in HT22 cells after DM exposure and ferroptosis inhibitor treatment, figureFileSmall=EH4QX8SlT+JcupT60iRVdw==, figureFileBig=R1s7iceeE7G8rNF5was2Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996925936300222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977226410283779, language=CN, label=图4, caption=DM染毒及铁死亡抑制剂处理后HT22细胞内脂质过氧化水平变化

注:流式细胞术检测各组脂质过氧化荧光强度(蓝色荧光)。与NC组相比,**:P<0.01;与50 μmol/L DM组相比,##:P<0.01,n=3。

, figureFileSmall=EH4QX8SlT+JcupT60iRVdw==, figureFileBig=R1s7iceeE7G8rNF5was2Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996926024380611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977226410283779, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes of Fe2+ contents in HT22 cells after DM exposure and ferroptosis inhibitor treatment, figureFileSmall=Ur+AM9LEl738qScRAIZjZg==, figureFileBig=d+3QcZ66GBp4NaiCrVPnHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996926129238214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977226410283779, language=CN, label=图5, caption=DM染毒及铁死亡抑制剂处理后HT22细胞内Fe2+含量变化

注:比色法检测各组Fe2+含量。与NC组相比,**:P<0.01;与50 μmol/L DM组相比,##:P<0.01,n=3。

, figureFileSmall=Ur+AM9LEl738qScRAIZjZg==, figureFileBig=d+3QcZ66GBp4NaiCrVPnHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996926213124299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977226410283779, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes of ferroptosis marker protein expression in HT22 cells after DM exposure, figureFileSmall=3821oc7XaZ7BxzdHYJE86w==, figureFileBig=cQToksjtA0JJNElKOBT1pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996926297010380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977226410283779, language=CN, label=图6, caption=DM染毒后HT22细胞内铁死亡标志蛋白表达水平的变化

注:图A为GPX4、FTH、FTL和GAPDH的蛋白条带图;图B为GPX4的蛋白统计图;图C为FTH的蛋白统计图;图D为FTL的蛋白统计图。与NC组相比,*:P<0.05,**:P<0.01,n=3。

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溴氰菊酯暴露致小鼠海马神经元细胞HT22铁死亡的机制研究
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吴敏嘉 1, 2, 3 , 马佩璇 1, 2, 3 , 陈阳 1, 2, 3 , 潘雯 1, 2, 3 , 邓雅琴 1, 2, 3 , 陈维奇 1, 2, 3 , 韦乐幸 4 , 周静 5 , 卢国栋 6 , 姜岳明 1, 2, 3 , 黄晓薇 1, 2, 3
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025,52(10): 1886-1891
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025, 52(10): 1886-1891
溴氰菊酯暴露致小鼠海马神经元细胞HT22铁死亡的机制研究
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吴敏嘉1, 2, 3, 马佩璇1, 2, 3, 陈阳1, 2, 3, 潘雯1, 2, 3, 邓雅琴1, 2, 3, 陈维奇1, 2, 3, 韦乐幸4, 周静5, 卢国栋6, 姜岳明1, 2, 3, 黄晓薇1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.广西医科大学公共卫生学院毒理学系,广西 南宁 530021
  • 2.广西环境与健康研究重点实验室
  • 3.广西高校高发疾病预防与控制研究重点实验室
  • 4.柳州市疾病预防控制中心
  • 5.广西医科大学基础医学院生理学教研室
  • 6.复旦大学公共卫生学院职业卫生与毒理学教研室
  • 吴敏嘉(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生毒理学

通讯作者:

黄晓薇,E-mail:
Mechanisms of ferroptosis in HT22 cells after deltamethrin exposure
Min-jia WU1, 2, 3, Pei-xuan MA1, 2, 3, Yang CHEN1, 2, 3, Wen PAN1, 2, 3, Ya-qin DENG1, 2, 3, Wei-qi CHEN1, 2, 3, Le-xing WEI4, Jing ZHOU5, Guo-dong LU6, Yue-ming JIANG1, 2, 3, Xiao-wei HUANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408380
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目的

探讨铁死亡在溴氰菊酯(Deltamethrin,DM)暴露致神经毒性的潜在作用。

方法

不同剂量(1、2、5、10、20、50、100、200和400 μmol/L)的DM处理小鼠海马神经元细胞HT22细胞24 h,采用MTT法检测细胞存活率,确定最佳染毒剂量(2、10、50 μmol/L)。显微镜观察细胞形态;流式细胞术检测细胞脂质过氧化水平;试剂盒检测细胞内谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平和亚铁离子(Fe2+)含量;Western Blotting检测铁蛋白重链(FTH)、轻链(FTL)蛋白及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)的水平。

结果

随DM染毒剂量的增加,HT22细胞数量逐渐减少,形态改变而触角断裂。与对照组相比,DM染毒组细胞存活率显著降低(F=349.8,P<0.01),细胞内脂质过氧化水平显著增加(F=14.86,P<0.01)。随染毒剂量的升高,2、10、50 μmol/L DM组HT22细胞内GSH水平明显低于对照组(F=11.56,P<0.05);10、50 μmol/L DM组HT22细胞内Fe2+水平显著高于对照组(F=17.67,P<0.01)。与对照组相比,50 μmol/L DM组GPX4和FTL蛋白表达随染毒剂量的增加明显降低(FGPX4=3.313,P<0.05;FFTL=2.003,P<0.05);2、10、50 μmol/L DM组FTH蛋白表达随染毒剂量的增加显著升高(F=16.95,P<0.01)。铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1预处理2 h后可明显逆转50 μmol/L DM组细胞的GSH水平、脂质过氧化水平和Fe2+水平(FGSH=215.5,P<0.01;Flipid peroxide=17.97,P<0.01;FFe2+=23.26,P<0.01)。

结论

DM暴露诱发小鼠海马神经元HT22细胞铁死亡导致神经毒性,其机制可能与细胞内脂质过氧化及铁离子代谢紊乱有关。

溴氰菊酯  /  神经毒性  /  铁死亡  /  氧化应激  /  铁转运
Objective

To investigate the potential role of ferroptosis in the neurotoxicity induced by deltamethrin (DM) exposure.

Methods

Mice hippocampal neuronal cells HT22 cells were treated with DM at different doses (1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μmol/L) for 24 h, cell survival rate was detected by MTT method to determine the optimal dose (2, 10, and 50 μmol/L). The cell morphology was observed by microscope. The level of lipid peroxidation was detected by flow cytometry. The level of glutathione (GSH) and the content of ferrous ion (Fe2+) were detected by the kit. The levels of ferritin heavy chain (FTH), light chain (FTL) protein and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were detected by Western Blotting.

Results

With the increase of DM dose, the number of HT22 cells gradually decreased, the morphology changed and the tentacles antennae broke. Compared with the control group, the survival rate of DM infected groups were significantly decreased (F=349.8, P<0.01), and the level of intracellular lipid peroxidation was significantly increased (F=14.86, P<0.01). With the increase of dose, GSH level in HT22 cells in 2, 10 and 50 μmol/L DM groups was significantly lower than that in control group (F=11.56, P<0.01), and Fe2+ level in 10 and 50 μmol/L DM groups was significantly higher than that in control group (F=17.67, P<0.01). Compared with the control group, GPX4 and FTL protein expressions in the 50 μmol/L DM group were significantly decreased with the increase of dose (FGPX4=3.313, P<0.05; FFTL=2.003, P<0.05), and FTH protein expressions in the 2, 10, 50 μmol/L DM groups were significantly increased with the increase of dose (F=16.95, P<0.01). Pretreatment with Fer-1, an ferroptosis inhibitor, for 2 h significantly reversed GSH, lipid peroxidation and Fe2+ levels in 50 μmol/L DM group (FGSH=215.5, P<0.01; Flipid p eroxide=17.97, P<0.01; FFe2+=23.26, P<0.01).

Conclusion

DM exposure induces ferroptosis in HT22 cells of mice hippocampal neurons leading to neurotoxicity, the mechanism of which may be related to intracellular lipid peroxidation and iron metabolism disorder.

Deltamethrin  /  Neurotoxic  /  Ferroptosis  /  Oxidative stress  /  Iron transport
吴敏嘉, 马佩璇, 陈阳, 潘雯, 邓雅琴, 陈维奇, 韦乐幸, 周静, 卢国栋, 姜岳明, 黄晓薇. 溴氰菊酯暴露致小鼠海马神经元细胞HT22铁死亡的机制研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (10) : 1886 -1891 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408380
Min-jia WU, Pei-xuan MA, Yang CHEN, Wen PAN, Ya-qin DENG, Wei-qi CHEN, Le-xing WEI, Jing ZHOU, Guo-dong LU, Yue-ming JIANG, Xiao-wei HUANG. Mechanisms of ferroptosis in HT22 cells after deltamethrin exposure[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (10) : 1886 -1891 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408380
溴氰菊酯(Deltamethrin, DM)是一种II型拟除虫菊酯类农药,由于其高杀虫效力、光稳定性和对鸟类和哺乳动物的低毒性而成为主要活性杀虫剂。DM广泛存在于周围环境中,2021年检测江苏、浙江及上海沿岸表层水中13种拟除虫菊酯类农药的含量,仅有DM检出率为100%,其检测范围为0.04~7.05 ng/L[1]。DM具有神经毒性,一项基于生理学的药代动力学模型评估预测法国18~79岁人群的运动功能障碍与DM暴露有关[2]。此外在儿童和成人的常规检测中检测到拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的尿液代谢物3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-PBA),浓度范围为0.02~11.6 μg/L[3],其神经毒性机制有待进一步研究。
研究显示,DM暴露可能通过影响内质网应激、线粒体凋亡、自噬等参与神经退行性疾病的发生发展[4-5]。本课题组前期研究发现,一次给予雄性大鼠12.5 mg/kg DM可引起海马神经元凋亡增加及DNA损伤[6]。氧化应激可能是溴氰菊酯的神经毒性机制之一[7]。我们前期采用经口给予小鼠4.5 mg/kg DM连续 30 d和90 d,发现DM可诱导小鼠皮层神经元变性及氧化损伤,引发神经行为功能异常[8]。铁死亡(Ferroptosis)是一种由铁催化的脂质过氧化引起的细胞死亡方式,近年来被认为与多种神经退行性疾病(如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病和亨廷顿病)的发生和发展密切相关[9]。DM是否诱导铁代谢紊乱导致神经元铁死亡进而引发神经退行性变尚未清楚。
本研究应用DM染毒神经元HT22细胞建立细胞模型,旨在探讨DM暴露后HT22细胞的铁死亡状况及其作用机制,为DM神经毒性的研究提供理论依据。
小鼠海马神经元细胞(HT22)细胞株(上海誉弛生物科技有限公司),神经元细胞培养基(DMED培养基,Gibco),胎牛血清(Gibco),胰蛋白酶、青链霉素混合液(双抗)(北京索莱宝科技有限公司),二甲基亚砜 DMSO(细胞培养级,北京索莱宝科技有限公司),DM(纯度≥99.89%,美国MedChemExpress生物科技公司),MTT细胞增殖及细胞毒性检测试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司),Ferrostation-1(美国MedChemExpress生物科技公司),还原型谷胱甘肽测定试剂盒(Glutathione, GSH),细胞亚铁比色法测试盒(武汉伊莱瑞特生物科技股份有限公司),C11 Bodipy 581/591脂质过氧化荧光探针(美国Thermo Fisher公司),BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(碧云天生物技术研究所),鼠抗GPX4、鼠抗FTL、鼠抗GAPDH(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司),兔抗FTH(美国MedChemExpress生物科技公司),兔抗IgG二抗、鼠抗IgG二抗(美国Cell Signaling Technology公司),特超敏ECL化学发光底物(安徽Biosharp生物科技有限公司)。
CKK41倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司),全波长酶标读数仪(美国Thermo Fisher公司),Cyto FLEX型流式细胞仪(美国Beckman Coulter公司),电泳仪(美国Bio-Rad公司),超声波细胞破碎仪(宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司),iBright FL1000型智能凝胶成像系统(美国Thermo Fisher公司)。
HT22细胞,购于上海誉弛生物科技有限公司。使用含10% FBS的DMEM培养基至37℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养,当细胞密度达80%~90%时传代。
取对数生长期的HT22细胞按每孔5 000个细胞接种于96孔板中,细胞分细胞对照组(空白培养基)和1、2、5、10、20、50、100、200和400 μmol/L DM组,每组5个复孔,按分组给予DM处理染毒24 h后,弃去上清,将MTT试剂和培养基按1:10比例混合后加入到96孔板中,培养箱避光孵育2 h后弃去培养液,加入150 μl DMSO于37℃避光孵育10 min,振荡后于490 nm处测定各孔吸光度值。
取对数生长期的HT22细胞按每孔2.0×105个细胞接种于六孔板中,每孔加2 ml 培养基进行培养,细胞状态良好后按分组:(1)DM染毒组(0、2、10、50 μmol/L);(2)铁死亡抑制剂组(0、50 μmol/L、50 μmol/L DM+2 μmol/L Fer-1、2 μmol/L Fer-1)处理染毒24 h后提取蛋白,每组加1 ml PBS重悬后进行超声破碎。按照GSH试剂盒说明书进行操作,使用酶标仪检测各组吸光度值。
取对数生长期的HT22细胞按每孔1.8×105个细胞接种于六孔板中,每孔加2 ml 培养基进行培养,细胞状态良好后按分组(同1.5)处理染毒24 h。将Bodipy试剂和PBS按1:500比例配制探针,每孔加入2 ml探针于37℃避光孵育30 min,使用PBS清洗细胞后收集于离心管内,1 500 r/min离心5 min,弃上清,加入无血清DMEM重悬细胞。使用流式细胞仪检测各组样本内脂质过氧化的程度。用PBS稀释Bodipy,每孔加入2 ml Bodipy于37℃避光孵育30 min后收集细胞。使用流式细胞仪检测各组样本内脂质过氧化的程度。
取对数生长期的HT22细胞按每孔2.0×105个细胞接种于六孔板中,每孔加2 ml 培养基进行培养,细胞状态良好后按分组(同1.5)处理染毒24 h后提取蛋白。按照细胞亚铁比色法测试盒说明书进行操作,使用酶标仪检测各组吸光度值。
取对数生长期的HT22细胞按每瓶6.0×105个细胞接种于T25中,每瓶加3 ml 培养基进行培养,细胞状态良好后按分组(0、2、10、50 μmol/L)处理染毒24 h后收集细胞。加入裂解液裂解提取蛋白,离心后提取上清,用BCA测定试剂盒检测蛋白浓度。蛋白经电泳分离后,进行转膜、封闭,再加入GPX4、FTH、FTL、GAPDH一抗于4℃摇床孵育过夜。1×TBST洗膜10 min重复3次后加入相应二抗于室温孵育2 h,1×TBST洗膜10 min重复3次后,加入ECL显影液,进行成像,Image J软件分析各组蛋白条带灰度值。
实验结果数据以()表示,采用GraphPad Prism 9.5和SPSS 25.0软件进行数据统计学分析,两两比较根据方差齐性,应用LSD-t检验或Dunnett检验,检验水准α=0.05。
MTT法检测结果显示,与细胞对照组相比,处理24 h后,DM组HT22细胞存活率随剂量的增加而降低(F=349.8,P<0.01)(见图1),表明DM诱导HT22细胞损伤,并确定后续染毒剂量为0、2、10、50 μmol/L。
DM染毒后,HT22细胞形态发生了明显变化,随着DM剂量的增加,10 μmol/L DM组细胞数量减少;50 μmol/L DM组出现细胞大量死亡,大面积脱落,触角伸长甚至断裂,且细胞与细胞间的间隙变大、分布较为稀疏,碎片增多(见图2)。
在DM染毒处理后,2、10、50 μmol/L DM组HT22细胞内GSH水平分别为39.26±2.82、16.4±3.35、12.0±3.22 μmol/gprot,明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(F=11.56,P<0.05)(见图3A),提示随着DM染毒浓度升高,HT22细胞发生氧化应激。50 μmol/L+Fer-1组GSH水平为50.77±0.32 μmol/gprot,与50 μmol/L DM组水平相比显著增加(F=215.5,P<0.01)(见图3B)。
HT22细胞在DM暴露后,10、50 μmol/L DM组脂质过氧化水平分别为34.47±4.89%、36.08±1.55%,明显高于对照组(F=14.86,P<0.01)(见图4A、B)。50 μmol/L+Fer-1组脂质过氧化水平为15.88±5.04%,与50 μmol/L DM组相比显著降低(F=17.97,P<0.01)(见图4C、D)。
10、50 μmol/L DM组中细胞内Fe2+含量分别为0.81±0.17、1.08±0.15 nmol/106,与对照组相比Fe2+含量明显增加,差异具有统计学意义(F=17.67,P<0.01)(见图5A)。50 μmol/L+Fer-1组Fe2+含量为0.08±0.01 nmol/106,与50 μmol/L DM组相比含量明显减少(F=23.26,P<0.01)(见图5B)。
经DM染毒后,50 μmol/L DM组HT22细胞GPX4蛋白相对表达量为0.57±0.03,与对照组相比表达量明显下降(F=3.313,P<0.05)(见图6A、B);2、10、50 μmol/L DM组HT22细胞FTH蛋白相对表达量为2.12±0.22、2.36±0.15、2.69±0.24,与对照组相比表达量显著升高(F=16.95,P<0.01)(见图6A、C);50 μmol/L DM组HT22细胞FTL蛋白相对表达量为0.69±0.04,与对照组相比表达量明显下降(F=2.003,P<0.05)(见图6A、D)。
DM是已知最有效的杀虫剂之一,广泛用于农作物和养殖类等,在生产、生活环境中均可检出[10]。DM暴露可造成神经系统损伤,与阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病等神经退行性疾病的进程相关。本研究发现DM暴露可诱导HT22细胞铁死亡,包括GSH水平降低、脂质过氧化水平积累、GPX4表达下降和细胞内Fe2+水平增加,上述现象均可被铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1挽救,提示DM可能影响脂质调节和铁稳态诱发铁死亡。
在前期研究中,我们采用不同时间点的染毒处理(24 h和48 h)评估DM对HT22细胞的毒性效应,均呈现细胞活力时间依赖性下降,并确定2、10和50 μmol/L为染毒剂量。然而在后续检测脂质过氧化情况时发现,DM染毒48 h后出现大量细胞碎片,提示较长时间染毒可能导致严重细胞膜破裂出现坏死而非铁死亡。因此,我们选择24 h作为染毒最佳时间点。
铁死亡是一种铁依赖性的新型细胞程序性死亡方式,在二价铁或酯氧合酶的作用下,催化细胞膜上高表达的不饱和脂肪酸,发生脂质过氧化,从而诱导细胞死亡[11]。近期研究发现,200 μmol/L DM染毒HT22细胞24 h后发现细胞内GSH含量明显下调,与Fer-1共培养可抑制GSH含量减少[12]。Tian等发现农药鱼藤酮染毒小鼠21天后其海马和皮层的GSH显著下降,给予铁死亡抑制剂去铁胺(Deferoxamine)后GSH水平显著回升[13]。我们的研究采用远低于200 μmol/L的DM染毒剂量(10, 50 μmol/L),结果发现HT22细胞内GSH水平下降,脂质过氧化水平显著升高。Fer-1预处理后,可见细胞内GSH含量比单独DM组明显升高,积累的脂质过氧化明显改善,说明即使低剂量DM暴露亦可诱导神经元脂质过氧化和铁死亡。
铁死亡的特征之一为抗氧化体系的调控核心酶谷胱甘肽过氧化物4(GPX4)的降低。GPX4是铁死亡途径的关键负调节因子,主要将脂质氢过氧化物转化为脂质醇,防止活性氧(ROS)形成,抑制GPX4功能可导致脂质ROS增加,并诱导发生铁死亡[11]。Zhu等研究发现除草剂阿特拉津灌胃小鼠21天后,其海马组织GPX4的表达显著下降[14],这与本研究结果一致,说明农药暴露可影响谷胱甘肽缺乏进而导致GPX4失活,引发铁死亡。此外,在本研究中,我们使用最高剂量为50 μmol/L的DM处理HT22细胞,这一剂量显著低于他人研究所用200 μmol/L [12],表明更低剂量 DM暴露可诱导神经元发生铁死亡,提示铁死亡可能是低剂量DM暴露的神经毒作用机制之一。
铁死亡的另一特征是细胞内铁离子代谢紊乱。铁在脂质过氧化中起催化剂的作用,细胞铁水平的变化会影响细胞对铁死亡的敏感性[15]。在应激条件下,Fe3+在细胞内还原为Fe2+,Fe2+在细胞内的过量蓄积,通过芬顿反应促进氧自由基和脂质过氧化产物的产生,破坏蛋白质、核酸等大分子,诱发神经元铁死亡,引起认知能力下降[16]。已有研究显示,环境污染物PM2.5暴露诱导小鼠发生铁死亡,Fe2+水平升高[17];本研究结果显示,DM暴露可导致细胞内Fe2+水平明显升高,Fer-1预处理后细胞内Fe2+水平明显回落,说明DM暴露引起铁死亡与亚铁增加显著相关。
此外,本研究还探讨了DM暴露后HT22细胞中相关铁蛋白的变化。在真核细胞内,铁蛋白通常是由24个独立亚基组成,其中包括铁蛋白重链(FTH)和铁蛋白轻链(FTL),负责铁的储存和代谢[18]。因此,铁蛋白亚基组成的异常变化可能会影响铁吸收和铁储存。FTH具有铁氧化酶活性,可以催化Fe2+转化为Fe3+,并减弱铁介导的ROS的生成;FTL表达减少可破坏铁稳态,阻止细胞内铁的正常转运,发生铁死亡。PM2.5暴露可诱导小鼠精母细胞发生铁死亡,FTH蛋白表达增加[19]。在小鼠创伤性脑损伤模型中发现皮层神经元发生铁死亡及FTL蛋白表达降低[20]。新型神经污染物锑(Sb)可导致神经元损伤诱导铁死亡,Sb处理后降低脑内神经元FTL的表达[21]。在本研究中,DM暴露诱导FTH及FTL的异常表达,提示DM导致铁储存功能障碍,并通过破坏细胞抗氧化防御而最终导致细胞铁死亡。
综上,DM可显著诱导HT22细胞发生铁死亡,这可能与DM暴露后神经元脂质过氧化水平升高、抗氧化谷胱甘肽GSH水平下降、铁代谢紊乱以及GPX4下降有关。具体动物实验的相关机制有待进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(21966010)
  • 广西医科大学高水平创新团队及杏湖学者计划
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408380
  • 接收时间:2024-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-26
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国家自然科学基金项目(21966010)
广西医科大学高水平创新团队及杏湖学者计划
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    1.广西医科大学公共卫生学院毒理学系,广西 南宁 530021
    2.广西环境与健康研究重点实验室
    3.广西高校高发疾病预防与控制研究重点实验室
    4.柳州市疾病预防控制中心
    5.广西医科大学基础医学院生理学教研室
    6.复旦大学公共卫生学院职业卫生与毒理学教研室

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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