Article(id=1240977225567228616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411124, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730822400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773801626817, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773801626817, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773801626817, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773801626817, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240977214964036360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1729', pageEnd='1920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773801624289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773825591019, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241077738770068227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241077738770068228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1802, endPage=1807, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240977226481586952, articleId=1240977225567228616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Exploring the optimal cut-off point of the General Self-Efficacy Scale among middle school students using latent profile analysis, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To determine the optimal cut-off point of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) among middle school students and to establish a precise criterion for evaluating their self-efficacy.

Methods

A convenience sampling method was conducted a total of 2 494 junior high school students from grades 7-9 in two junior high schools in Guangzhou were selected for a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire includes demographic characteristics such as students’ gender, grade, and age, general self-efficacy, sleep, family functioning, and smartphone dependence. The latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to classify students’ self-efficacy, and the optimal cut-off point was determined based on the Receiver Operator Characteristic curve (ROC) and the Volume Under the ROC Surface (VUS).

Results

A total of 2 494 middle school students were surveyed in this study. There were 1 285(51.52%) boys and 1 209(48.48%) girls. The self-efficacy of boys was 27(22-31) and that of girls was 24 (20-29), which is statistically significant different (Z=-7.86, P<0.01). LPA identified three categories of self-efficacy: low (862, 34.56%), medium (1 166, 46.75%), and high (466, 18.69%) self-efficacy types. The VUS method determined the optimal cut-off points for the GSES scale to be 22 and 32 points, respectively.The results of the ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that females (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.34-1.86), mild family dysfunction (OR=2.86, 95%CI: 2.38-3.44), severe family dysfunction (OR=4.46, 95%CI: 3.51-5.68), mobile phone addiction (OR=1.58, 95%CI :1.1-1.64), and lack of regular exercise (OR=1.75, 95%CI: 1.43-2.15) were positively associated with low self-efficacy, while sleeping time ≥9 hours (OR=0.78, 95%CI: 0.66-0.93) and outdoor activity time ≥1 hour (OR=0.8, 95%CI: 0.65-0.97) were negatively correlated with low self-efficacy among middle school students.

Conclusion

This study provides a clear and scientific assessment criterion for evaluating the self-efficacy level of middle school students through the combination of LPA and VUS methods, offering a powerful tool for more accurate assessment of middle school students’ self-efficacy.

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目的

探讨一般自我效能量表(General self-efficacy scale,GSES)在中学生人群中的最佳截断值,以便提供一个清晰、明确的自我效能感水平判断标准。

方法

采用方便抽样对广州市两所中学7~9年级2 494名初中生进行问卷调查,问卷内容包括性别、年级、年龄等人口统计学特征、一般自我效能量表、睡眠情况、家庭功能以及智能手机依赖情况。采用潜在剖面分析(Latent profile analysis,LPA)对学生自我效能进行分类,受试者工作特征曲线(Receiver operator characteristic curve,ROC)及曲线下体积(Volume under the ROC surface,VUS)确定最佳截断值。

结果

本研究共调查2 494名中学生,男生1 285人(51.52%),女生1 209人(48.48%),男生自我效能为27(22~31),女生为24(20~29),差异有统计学意义(Z=-7.86,P<0.01)。LPA识别出低(862例,占34.56%)、中(1 166例,占46.75%)、高(466例,占18.69%)三个类别自我效能型;VUS方法确定GSES量表最佳截断值分别为22分和32分。有序logistic回归分析结果显示,女性(OR=1.58,95% CI:1.34~1.86)、家庭功能中度障碍(OR=2.86,95% CI:2.38~3.44)、家庭功能严重障碍(OR=4.46,95% CI:3.51~5.68)、手机成瘾(OR=1.58,95% CI:1.14~1.64)和无运动习惯(OR=1.75,95% CI:1.43~2.15)与中学生的低自我效能呈正相关,睡眠≥9小时(OR=0.78,95% CI:0.66~0.93)和户外活动时间≥1小时(OR=0.8,95% CI:0.65~0.97)与中学生的低自我效能呈负相关(P<0.05)。

结论

本研究通过结合LPA和VUS方法为评估中学生的自我效能水平提供了一个清晰、科学的评估标准,为更准确地评估中学生的自我效能水平提供了有力工具。

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李丽霞和郜艳晖为共同通信作者。李丽霞,E-mail:
郜艳晖,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pJ+11uw4yYMlW+VVStR+Lg==, magXml=OyHBcx/XAfw87pXvE8Tipw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bUj6jjGTbA53aw5k17cyQw==, pdfFileSize=889759, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=QePApEngx2+7biIhElKmTg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=krxXqUWYkiEPQTEbSCVOUA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

欧峻祺(1998—),女,在读硕士,研究方向:疾病预防控制

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欧峻祺(1998—),女,在读硕士,研究方向:疾病预防控制

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Prevention Medicine, 2019, 126: 105756., articleTitle=Enjoyment, self-efficacy, and physical activity within parent-adolescent dyads: Application of the actor-partner interdependence model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240996919967806413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, awardId=AA190015, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金教育学重点项目(AA190015), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240996911705027050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240996911713415661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, companyId=1240996911705027050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510310, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240996911725998575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, companyId=1240996911705027050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广东药科大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510310)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240996911851827704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240996911856022009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, companyId=1240996911851827704, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院公共卫生与预防医学系)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240996917056959317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Scree plot of aBlC from LPA analysis, figureFileSmall=g+Bs5YS3cP13JzSAN30SOw==, figureFileBig=rtmMlbUnexOE+oV3wcsudw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996917191177054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, language=CN, label=图1, caption=aBIC碎石图, figureFileSmall=g+Bs5YS3cP13JzSAN30SOw==, figureFileBig=rtmMlbUnexOE+oV3wcsudw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996917375726443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The three classes obtained from the latent profiles analysis based on GESE items, figureFileSmall=EhMb05YlORDv6BpYGzDv1Q==, figureFileBig=2272xyRj+AEji1Vgvv1thw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996917451223926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, language=CN, label=图2, caption=GSES10个条目的3个类别的得分剖面图, figureFileSmall=EhMb05YlORDv6BpYGzDv1Q==, figureFileBig=2272xyRj+AEji1Vgvv1thw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996917535110008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Result of volume under receiver operating characteristics surface and optimal cut-off points, figureFileSmall=nytVH44VqW8jwxIEBjPx0A==, figureFileBig=o1SBXeIZUMHJEcd5UR+10A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996917635773317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, language=CN, label=图3, caption=ROC曲面下体积结果及最佳截断值

注:(A)为三分类模型性能能评估,(B)为不同亚组自我效能得分分布;0、+、△分别为类别1、类别2、类别3。

, figureFileSmall=nytVH44VqW8jwxIEBjPx0A==, figureFileBig=o1SBXeIZUMHJEcd5UR+10A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996917711270798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

General characteristics of participants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量人数(%)自我效能得分
MP25P75
Z/HP
性别-7.86<0.01
男生1 285(51.52)27(22,31)
女生1 209(48.48)24(20,29)
年级1.050.590
七年级1 058(42.42)25(21,30)
八年级1 086(43.55)25(20,30)
九年级350(14.03)26(21,30)
家庭功能306.78<0.01
良好1 168(46.96)28(23,33)
中度障碍902(36.27)24(20,28)
严重障碍417(16.77)22(17,26)
智能手机依赖45.00<0.01
未成瘾者1 744(71.65)26(21,31)
成瘾者690(28.35)24(20,29)
睡眠时间(h/d)27.63<0.01
<91 064(42.66)24(20,30)
≥91 430(57.34)26(21,31)
户外活动时间(h/d)13.79<0.01
<1563(22.57)24(20,29)
≥11 931(77.43)25(21,30)
规律运动习惯78.94<0.01
1 965(79.04)26(21,31)
521(20.96)23(19,28)
), ArticleFig(id=1240996917891625877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象的一般情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量人数(%)自我效能得分
MP25P75
Z/HP
性别-7.86<0.01
男生1 285(51.52)27(22,31)
女生1 209(48.48)24(20,29)
年级1.050.590
七年级1 058(42.42)25(21,30)
八年级1 086(43.55)25(20,30)
九年级350(14.03)26(21,30)
家庭功能306.78<0.01
良好1 168(46.96)28(23,33)
中度障碍902(36.27)24(20,28)
严重障碍417(16.77)22(17,26)
智能手机依赖45.00<0.01
未成瘾者1 744(71.65)26(21,31)
成瘾者690(28.35)24(20,29)
睡眠时间(h/d)27.63<0.01
<91 064(42.66)24(20,30)
≥91 430(57.34)26(21,31)
户外活动时间(h/d)13.79<0.01
<1563(22.57)24(20,29)
≥11 931(77.43)25(21,30)
规律运动习惯78.94<0.01
1 965(79.04)26(21,31)
521(20.96)23(19,28)
), ArticleFig(id=1240996917983900574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Model fit indices for one- to six-latent profile solutions and the corresponding profile prevalence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyLMRTBLRT类别概率(%)
166 359.5466 475.9866 412.43----
257 059.5357 240.0057 141.510.90<0.01<0.0157.66;42.34
354 111.2154 355.7254 222.270.89<0.01<0.0134.56;46.75;18.69
452 826.2753 134.8252 966.420.87<0.01<0.0112.03;40.14;33.52;14.31
552 435.4252 808.0052 604.660.83<0.01<0.017.38;25.70;29.73;24.62;12.59
652 190.4852 627.1152 388.810.820.30<0.016.97;25.42;28.23;7.74;18.44;13.19
), ArticleFig(id=1240996919498044327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中学生自我效能模式的潜在剖面模型拟合指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyLMRTBLRT类别概率(%)
166 359.5466 475.9866 412.43----
257 059.5357 240.0057 141.510.90<0.01<0.0157.66;42.34
354 111.2154 355.7254 222.270.89<0.01<0.0134.56;46.75;18.69
452 826.2753 134.8252 966.420.87<0.01<0.0112.03;40.14;33.52;14.31
552 435.4252 808.0052 604.660.83<0.01<0.017.38;25.70;29.73;24.62;12.59
652 190.4852 627.1152 388.810.820.30<0.016.97;25.42;28.23;7.74;18.44;13.19
), ArticleFig(id=1240996919623873457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis of Middle School Students’ Self-Efficacy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 标准误Wald χ2OR(95%CIP
性别
男生1.00
女生0.460.0830.831.58(1.34~1.86)<0.001
家庭功能
良好1.00
中度障碍1.050.09125.992.86(2.38~3.44)<0.001
严重障碍1.500.12148.124.46(3.51~5.68)<0.001
智能手机依赖
未成瘾者1.00
成瘾者0.310.0911.071.37(1.14~1.64)<0.001
睡眠时间(h/d)
<91.00
≥9-0.260.098.180.78(0.66~0.93)0.004
户外活动时间(h/d)
<11.00
≥1-0.230.105.010.80(0.65~0.97)0.025
规律运动习惯
1.00
0.560.1128.441.75(1.43~2.15)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240996919770674109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977225567228616, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中学生自我效能感有序logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 标准误Wald χ2OR(95%CIP
性别
男生1.00
女生0.460.0830.831.58(1.34~1.86)<0.001
家庭功能
良好1.00
中度障碍1.050.09125.992.86(2.38~3.44)<0.001
严重障碍1.500.12148.124.46(3.51~5.68)<0.001
智能手机依赖
未成瘾者1.00
成瘾者0.310.0911.071.37(1.14~1.64)<0.001
睡眠时间(h/d)
<91.00
≥9-0.260.098.180.78(0.66~0.93)0.004
户外活动时间(h/d)
<11.00
≥1-0.230.105.010.80(0.65~0.97)0.025
规律运动习惯
1.00
0.560.1128.441.75(1.43~2.15)<0.001
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基于潜在剖面分析的中学生一般自我效能量表最佳截断值研究
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欧峻祺 1 , 周馨 1 , 林婧 1 , 冯立慧 1 , 李燕秋 1 , 郜艳晖 2 , 李丽霞 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025,52(10): 1802-1807
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2025, 52(10): 1802-1807
基于潜在剖面分析的中学生一般自我效能量表最佳截断值研究
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欧峻祺1, 周馨1, 林婧1, 冯立慧1, 李燕秋1, 郜艳晖2 , 李丽霞1
作者信息
  • 1.广东药科大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510310
  • 2.暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院公共卫生与预防医学系
  • 欧峻祺(1998—),女,在读硕士,研究方向:疾病预防控制

通讯作者:

李丽霞和郜艳晖为共同通信作者。李丽霞,E-mail:
郜艳晖,E-mail:
Exploring the optimal cut-off point of the General Self-Efficacy Scale among middle school students using latent profile analysis
Jun-qi OU1, Xin ZHOU1, Jing LIN1, Li-hui FENG1, Yan-qiu LI1, Yan-hui GAO2 , Li-xia LI1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510310, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411124
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目的

探讨一般自我效能量表(General self-efficacy scale,GSES)在中学生人群中的最佳截断值,以便提供一个清晰、明确的自我效能感水平判断标准。

方法

采用方便抽样对广州市两所中学7~9年级2 494名初中生进行问卷调查,问卷内容包括性别、年级、年龄等人口统计学特征、一般自我效能量表、睡眠情况、家庭功能以及智能手机依赖情况。采用潜在剖面分析(Latent profile analysis,LPA)对学生自我效能进行分类,受试者工作特征曲线(Receiver operator characteristic curve,ROC)及曲线下体积(Volume under the ROC surface,VUS)确定最佳截断值。

结果

本研究共调查2 494名中学生,男生1 285人(51.52%),女生1 209人(48.48%),男生自我效能为27(22~31),女生为24(20~29),差异有统计学意义(Z=-7.86,P<0.01)。LPA识别出低(862例,占34.56%)、中(1 166例,占46.75%)、高(466例,占18.69%)三个类别自我效能型;VUS方法确定GSES量表最佳截断值分别为22分和32分。有序logistic回归分析结果显示,女性(OR=1.58,95% CI:1.34~1.86)、家庭功能中度障碍(OR=2.86,95% CI:2.38~3.44)、家庭功能严重障碍(OR=4.46,95% CI:3.51~5.68)、手机成瘾(OR=1.58,95% CI:1.14~1.64)和无运动习惯(OR=1.75,95% CI:1.43~2.15)与中学生的低自我效能呈正相关,睡眠≥9小时(OR=0.78,95% CI:0.66~0.93)和户外活动时间≥1小时(OR=0.8,95% CI:0.65~0.97)与中学生的低自我效能呈负相关(P<0.05)。

结论

本研究通过结合LPA和VUS方法为评估中学生的自我效能水平提供了一个清晰、科学的评估标准,为更准确地评估中学生的自我效能水平提供了有力工具。

一般自我效能  /  潜在剖面分析  /  最佳截断值  /  中学生
Objective

To determine the optimal cut-off point of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) among middle school students and to establish a precise criterion for evaluating their self-efficacy.

Methods

A convenience sampling method was conducted a total of 2 494 junior high school students from grades 7-9 in two junior high schools in Guangzhou were selected for a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire includes demographic characteristics such as students’ gender, grade, and age, general self-efficacy, sleep, family functioning, and smartphone dependence. The latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to classify students’ self-efficacy, and the optimal cut-off point was determined based on the Receiver Operator Characteristic curve (ROC) and the Volume Under the ROC Surface (VUS).

Results

A total of 2 494 middle school students were surveyed in this study. There were 1 285(51.52%) boys and 1 209(48.48%) girls. The self-efficacy of boys was 27(22-31) and that of girls was 24 (20-29), which is statistically significant different (Z=-7.86, P<0.01). LPA identified three categories of self-efficacy: low (862, 34.56%), medium (1 166, 46.75%), and high (466, 18.69%) self-efficacy types. The VUS method determined the optimal cut-off points for the GSES scale to be 22 and 32 points, respectively.The results of the ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that females (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.34-1.86), mild family dysfunction (OR=2.86, 95%CI: 2.38-3.44), severe family dysfunction (OR=4.46, 95%CI: 3.51-5.68), mobile phone addiction (OR=1.58, 95%CI :1.1-1.64), and lack of regular exercise (OR=1.75, 95%CI: 1.43-2.15) were positively associated with low self-efficacy, while sleeping time ≥9 hours (OR=0.78, 95%CI: 0.66-0.93) and outdoor activity time ≥1 hour (OR=0.8, 95%CI: 0.65-0.97) were negatively correlated with low self-efficacy among middle school students.

Conclusion

This study provides a clear and scientific assessment criterion for evaluating the self-efficacy level of middle school students through the combination of LPA and VUS methods, offering a powerful tool for more accurate assessment of middle school students’ self-efficacy.

General self-efficacy  /  Latent profile analysis  /  Optimal cut-off point  /  Middle school students
欧峻祺, 周馨, 林婧, 冯立慧, 李燕秋, 郜艳晖, 李丽霞. 基于潜在剖面分析的中学生一般自我效能量表最佳截断值研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (10) : 1802 -1807 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411124
Jun-qi OU, Xin ZHOU, Jing LIN, Li-hui FENG, Yan-qiu LI, Yan-hui GAO, Li-xia LI. Exploring the optimal cut-off point of the General Self-Efficacy Scale among middle school students using latent profile analysis[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (10) : 1802 -1807 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411124
自我效能是指一个人对自身在特定的情境下实现目标的信念,高自我效能型个体在面对困难时会选择坚持到底,在认知过程中能够集中注意力去解决问题,遭遇突发事件时也能及时调适情绪状态,降低事件对自身心理健康的不良影响,而低自我效能型的个体则易陷入犹豫不决的循环[1],从而影响学业、人际关系以及社会化发展,产生消极影响。
目前,测量中学生的自我效能感时,一般采用一般自我效能量表(General self-efficacy scale,GSES),该量表最早由德国心理学家Schwarzer等人[2]编制。
研究显示学生自我效能感与学业成绩、学业倦怠、考试焦虑、学习投入、手机依赖、网络游戏成瘾、家庭功能等有关[3-5];也有研究者探讨了一般自我效能感的中介作用,例如自我效能感在中学生父母教养方式与学习倦怠的中介作用[6];一般自我效能感在中学生社会支持与抗挫折能力的中介作用[7]等。目前该量表在应用中缺乏统一的截断值,研究方法相对单一,多数研究仅采用传统的统计方法,如均值法、中位数等统计量来确定截断值,将个体判断为低自我效能与高自我效能[6-8],这些方法无法充分考虑中学生群体的异质性和量表数据的复杂结构,严重影响了量表评估结果的准确性和一致性。GSES最佳截断值对准确识别自我效能感的高低至关重要,准确的截断值有助于更有效地识别低自我效能个体,从而对高风险个体进行干预,为他们提供个性化的心理辅导和干预措施,预防心理问题的发生和发展,维护学生的心理健康。另外,确定最佳截断值能够提高研究结果的可比性和科学性,为进一步的理论研究和实践应用提供坚实的基础。但目前尚未见到关于GSES最佳截断值的研究。因此,本研究以广州市两所中学的学生为研究对象,采用潜在剖面分析(Latent profile analysis,LPA)对自我效能进行分类,并通过受试者工作特性曲线(Receiver operator characteristic curve,ROC)及曲面下体积(Volume under the ROC surface,VUS)进一步探讨GSES量表最佳截断值,旨在为GSES提供一个明确的判断标准,为今后的研究和应用提供参考。
2021年11月在广州市采用方便抽样方法选取2所中学(一所重点中学,另一所为普通中学),对学校中初一至初三年级全部学生以班级为单位进行问卷调查。排除因休学、病假、退学,或有严重的躯体、精神疾病无法完成调查者,共回收问卷2 562份,有效问卷2 494份,有效率为97.35%。本研究调查前已取得所有调查对象的知情同意,已获得暨大伦理委员会批准(批准号:JNUKY-2023-0046)。
(1)调查问卷
采用自编《广州市中小学生健康问卷》进行调查,内容包括性别、年级、年龄等人口统计学变量、GSES量表、用眼习惯、日常作息和身体活动、家庭关怀量表、焦虑量表、抑郁量表和智能手机依赖量表简版。
GSES量表:本研究中使用的GSES由张建新翻译修订,该量表共包含10个条目,总分范围为10~40分[9]。本研究中内部一致性系数Cronbach α=0.92,表明具有良好的信度。
家庭关怀(Adaption partnershipgrowthaffectionand resolve,APGAR)量表:该量表由Smilkstein编制,用于评估中学生家庭关怀情况,总分7~10分为家庭功能良好,4~6分表示家庭功能中度障碍,0~3分表示家庭功能严重障碍[10]。本研究中内部一致性系数Cronbach α=0.87。
智能手机依赖量表简版(Short version of the smartphone addiction scale,SAS-SV)[11]:该量表用于评估中学生手机成瘾情况,智能手机成瘾总分越高表示手机成瘾程度越高。成瘾标准:女生≥33分,男生≥31分,则可诊断为手机成瘾者。本研究中内部一致性系数Cronbach α=0.89。
睡眠时间:根据《健康中国行动(2019~2030)》,初中学生一天睡眠时间(包括午睡)小于9 h为睡眠不足,9 h及以上为睡眠充足。
(2)潜在剖面分析(Latent profile analysis,LPA)LPA是一种基于模型的聚类方法,根据个体在多个观测变量上的反应模式,将人群划分为不同的潜在类别或剖面。其核心是通过潜在类别变量来解释可测连续变量间的内在联系,实现外显变量在特定情境下的局部独立性[12]。这种方法为理解复杂数据结构提供了新的视角,有助于揭示个体间潜在的不易察觉的差异和模式。LPA亚类数的确定可以根据赤池信息指标(Akaike information criterion,AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion)、调整BIC(The sample-adjusted bayesian information criterion,aBIC)、Entropy等统计指标,这些指标一般会随着亚类数的增加而减小,AIC、BIC、aBIC值越小提示模型拟合优度越佳,可以通过aBIC及其碎石图确定最佳类别数。Entropy反映模型的分类准确度,Entropy的值越接近于1,分类越准确,若Entropy>0.8,提示分类结果可靠和稳定。Lo-Mendell-Rubin似然比(Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio,LMRT)检验和Bootstrapped似然比(Bootstrapped likelihood ratio test,BLRT)检验用于比较不同潜在类别数目的模型,LMRT和BLRT的P值小于0.05,表明拟合k类比k-1类更适合;而LMRT的P值大于0.05时提示拟合k-1类比k类更适合。
最佳截断值的确定:当分类数大于2时,可以通过约登指数、ROC曲面下体积(Volume Under Surface,VUS)、灵敏度、特异度等指标来确定最佳截断值。约登指数=(灵敏度+特异度)-1,取值范围在0到1之间。VUS是综合考虑了所有潜在的最佳截断值和阈值的综合性的度量指标[13-14],VUS越趋近于1,表明具有良好的诊断能力[15]。VUS可以通过统计所有可能样本点组合的可分性来计算。假设a、b、c三类的样本数分别为mnl,三分类任务总数为m·n·l,如样本点可分,Uijk=1,否则等于0,VUS的计算公式[16]为:
采用R 4.3.2中DiagTestGrp包和Mplus 7.0软件对数据进行分析。因变量自我效能得分呈偏态分布(W=0.98,P<0.05),用MP25P75)进行描述,采用秩和检验进行计量资料组间差异的比较;计数资料用n(%)描述。采用LPA对自我效能进行分类,采用ROC曲线探索GSES的最佳截断值。采用有序logistic回归模型分析中学生一般自我效能的影响因素。检验水准α=0.05。
本研究共调查2 494名中学生,男生1 285人(51.52%),女生1 209人(48.48%),七年级1 058人(42.42%),八年级1 086人(43.54%),九年级350人(14.03%)。平均年龄为13.30±0.86岁,自我效能中位数为25(21~30)分。
不同性别学生自我效能存在差异,男生自我效能高于女生(Z=-7.86,P<0.01)。不同家庭功能、智能手机依赖程度、睡眠时间、户外活动时间、运动习惯的学生自我效能存在差异(P<0.01);不同年级学生自我效能差异无统计学意义(Z=1.05,P=0.590),结果详见表1
本研究将一般自我效能量表的10个条目作为可测变量,采用LPA构建模型,逐步增加潜在类别的数目,3个剖面时Entropy为0.89,LMRT与BLRT检验的P值均小于0.05。图1为aBIC碎石图中,1类与2类间的下降幅度较大,随着剖面数的增加,模型拟合收益减少,3个剖面时存在一个拐点。综合考虑信息指标AIC、BIC、Entropy,结果碎石图中曲线坡度的陡缓选择最佳模型,提示含3个剖面的模型分类结果较优。详见表2
中学生自我效能的3个亚类的GSES 10个条目上得分情况见图2,类别1的中学生各条目的平均得分都较低,故称为“低自我效能型”,共862人,占34.56%。类别2的中学生各条目的平均得分都处于平均水平,故称为“中自我效能型”,共1166人,占46.75%。类别3的中学生各条目的平均分都处于较高水平,故称为“高自我效能型”,共466人,占18.69%。类别1、类别2、类别3中学生自我效能得分的MP25P75)分为别19(16,21)分、27(25,29)分、36(34,40)分。
基于LPA分析结果,根据ROC曲面下的体积VUS与约登指数,确定中学生自我效能得分的三分类模型的最佳截断值分别为22分和32分,VUS为0.97(95%CI:0.96~0.97),约登指数为0.88(95%CI:0.87~0.89)见图3。三个类别被正确分类的概率分别为96.17%、94.94%、99.57%。因此GSES总分≤21时,为“低自我效能型”,共734人,占29.43%;总分在22~31分时,为“中自我效能型”,共1 257人,占50.40%;总分≥32时,为“高自我效能型”,共503人,占20.17%。
以自我效能感作为因变量,将性别、家庭功能、智能手机依赖、睡眠时间、户外活动时间、运动习惯作为自变量进行有序logistic回归分析。结果显示,性别、家庭功能、智能手机依赖、睡眠时间、户外活动时间和运动习惯是中学生自我效能感的主要影响因素,见表3
自我效能感对中学生的学习动力、目标设定、努力程度及面对挑战的勇气有重要影响[17]。高自我效能型的学生可凭借积极的学习态度提高学业水平[18],因此增强自我效能感有助于中学生提升人际交往水平与学业水平,若能精准判断中学生的自我效能,尽早对低自我效能型学生进行干预、给予心理帮助,有助于中学生的适应学习生活。
本研究采用LPA将中学生分为低、中、高自我效能型三个类别,与麦剑荣等人研究的研究结果一致[19-20]。三个类别在条目3(“坚持理想和达成目标”)、条目5(“应对意外情况”)和条目10(“无论什么事都能应付自如”)的得分都偏低,这与Mei[21]的研究结果相同。中学生大部分的活动范围是家庭与学校,与社会接触较少,应对意外状况的经验不足[22],因此条目5与条目10的得分较低。随着课业压力加重与自我认知的发展,坚持理想与达成目标对于中学生而言并非易事,因此条目3的得分也出现较低的情况。
虽然有研究采用LPA分析根据自我效能得分将研究对象进行分类[19-21],但均未提出中学生一般自我效能量表的最佳截断值。本研究采用LPA与ROC曲面下的体积VUS相结合的方法探讨GSES的最佳截断值,建议中学生群体中GSES量表的中、高自我效能的最佳截断值分别为22分、32分。本文以自我效能感作为因变量进行有序logistic回归,结果显示,性别、家庭功能、智能手机依赖、睡眠时间、户外活动时间和运动习惯是中学生自我效能感的主要影响因素。与男生相比,女生的自我效能感较低,这项结果与颜丽芳等人[23]的研究结果一致,这可能因为人们对于男生与女生的成长期望有所不同,对于男生而言,更多是主动、理性和有能力的期望,而女生更多被投射被动、感性和温柔的期望,这导致处于负面事件时,女生更容易陷入消极情绪,失去对事件的把控,导致女生的自我效能感较低。与家庭功能良好者相比,家庭功能障碍程度越高的学生越倾向于低自我效能,与柴浩等人[23]结果一致,这是因为家庭作为学生的重要活动场所之一,学生的自我效能会受到家庭环境、家长行为的影响,有研究发现,父母的教养方式影响青少年的自我效能感,家长良好的行为模式有利于青少年的知信行[3],因此家长应给予青少年物质、精神上的支持,创造良好的家庭氛围,同时树立好榜样,提高青少年的自我效能感。有研究发现自我效能与手机网络成瘾程度呈负相关[25],本研究结果显示,与手机网络未成瘾者相比,成瘾者的自我效能较低,同时有研究发现,提升学生的自我效能,通过学习榜样行为、鼓励式教育等手段,有助于减少学生的负面情绪,可以减轻手机网络成瘾程度[5]。本研究睡眠充足的学生自我效能感较高,这与Ghose等人[26]的研究结果一致,因此保证学生充足且规律的睡眠有利于提升学生的自我效能感。体育活动时间充足、有规律运动习惯学生的自我效能感更高,这与Burns等人[27]的研究结果一致,青少年的愉悦感与自我效能感与体力活动呈正相关,提示保证青少年每日至少一小时的活动时间、培养规律的运动习惯,有利于学生提高自我效能感。
本研究也存在一定的局限性,本研究调查对象仅来自两所学校的中学生,为增强研究的普适性和准确性,未来研究需扩大样本范围到不同地区和不同类型的学校,使GSES最佳截断值更具有代表性和可靠性,为更准确地评估中学生的自我效能水平提供科学的评估标准。
  • 国家社会科学基金教育学重点项目(AA190015)
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2025年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411124
  • 接收时间:2024-11-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-06
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国家社会科学基金教育学重点项目(AA190015)
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    1.广东药科大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510310
    2.暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院公共卫生与预防医学系

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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