Article(id=1240977220915753955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412220, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733932800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773801625707, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773801625707, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773801625707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773801625707, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240977214964036360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1729', pageEnd='1920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773801624289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773825591019, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241077738770068227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241077738770068228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1831, endPage=1836, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240977221238715384, articleId=1240977220915753955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Impact of community environment on the cognitive function trajectory of older adults, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the impact of community environment on the trajectory of cognitive function among older adults in China, providing a reference for promoting the construction of age-friendly communities and actively addressing aging.

Methods

Based on the data from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey from 2014 to 2020, 4 269 elderly individuals were selected. A group-based trajectory model was applied to construct trajectories of cognitive function changes, and a multinomial unordered logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between community environment and trajectories of cognitive function.

Results

Three groups of cognitive function trajectories were identified: “Low Decline Group” (21.06%), “Moderate Stable Group” (66.19%), and “High Stable Group” (12.75%). Taking the “low decline group” as the reference group, after controlling for individual basic characteristics and health characteristics, it was found that the higher the community environment score of the elderly, the more their trajectory tended to be in the “High Stable Group” (OR=1.10, 95%CI: 0.93-1.30; OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.21-1.66), indicating that the community environment has a protective effect on the cognitive decline of the elderly. Stratified analysis showed that compared to females and the elderly living alone, the improvement of the community environment is more beneficial for males and the non-living alone elderly to slow down their cognitive decline.

Conclusion

There is heterogeneity in the cognitive function trajectories of the elderly, and the community environment affects the attribution of cognitive function trajectories. Optimizing the community environment for males and non-lonely elderly can significantly protect their cognitive function.

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目的

探讨社区环境对我国老年人认知功能轨迹的影响,为推动老龄友好社区建设和积极应对老龄化提供参考。

方法

基于2014—2020年中国老年社会追踪调查数据,选取4 269名老年人,应用组基轨迹模型构建认知功能变化轨迹,运用多分类无序logistic回归模型分析社区环境与认知功能轨迹的关联。

结果

识别出3组认知功能轨迹:“低下降组”(21.06%)、“中稳定组”(66.19%)、“高稳定组”(12.75%)。以“低下降组”作为参照组,在控制个人基本特征及生活与健康状况特征后,发现老年人的社区环境得分越高,其轨迹归属越趋向于“高稳定组”(OR=1.10,95% CI:0.93~1.30;OR=1.41,95% CI:1.21~1.66),说明社区环境对老年人认知衰退具有保护作用。分层分析显示,相较于女性和独居老人,男性和非独居老人所处社区环境的改善更有利于延缓认知衰退。

结论

老年人认知功能轨迹存在异质性,社区环境显著影响认知功能轨迹,男性和非独居老人所处社区环境的优化更能显著保护其认知功能。

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乔学斌,E-mail:
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蒋晨悦(2001—)女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共管理

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蒋晨悦(2001—)女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共管理

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蒋晨悦(2001—)女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共管理

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Chinese Health Service Management, 2024, 41(8): 928-932.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the status and influencing factors of mild cognitive impairment among the cohabitation and solitude elderly in communities, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240996915576361544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, awardId=B-b/2024/01/107, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省教育科学规划课题(重点项目)(B-b/2024/01/107), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240996915689607764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, awardId=ZT202202, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省中医药科技发展计划专题研究项目(ZT202202), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240996915798659677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏高校“青蓝工程”, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240996915899322983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, awardId=2024YLFWYGL016, language=CN, fundingSource=南京中医药大学养老服务与管理学院(养老产业学院)专项研究项目(2024YLFWYGL016), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240996908861280448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240996908869669058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, companyId=1240996908861280448, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Elderly Care Services and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240996908878057667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, companyId=1240996908861280448, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京中医药大学养老服务与管理学院,江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240996908982915279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240996908987109584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, companyId=1240996908982915279, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江苏重大健康风险管理与中医药防控政策研究中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240996912833286614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Older Adults cognitive function trajectory group, figureFileSmall=1GGPQq/NF5dtvmh7nIOmcQ==, figureFileBig=YeltS8fBjDX+Ts8wcDhTGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996912929755612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, language=CN, label=图1, caption=老年人认知功能轨迹组, figureFileSmall=1GGPQq/NF5dtvmh7nIOmcQ==, figureFileBig=YeltS8fBjDX+Ts8wcDhTGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996913055584746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The trajectory model fitting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轨迹组别组群规模样本比例(%)估计的组群身份概率π(%)组群平均后验概率
AvePP
低下降组82921.0619.420.821
中稳定组2 91666.1968.310.880
高稳定组52412.7512.270.788
), ArticleFig(id=1240996913164636661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

轨迹模型拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轨迹组别组群规模样本比例(%)估计的组群身份概率π(%)组群平均后验概率
AvePP
低下降组82921.0619.420.821
中稳定组2 91666.1968.310.880
高稳定组52412.7512.270.788
), ArticleFig(id=1240996913256911356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of baseline characteristics among different cognitive function trajectory groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量认知功能轨迹F/χ2P
低下降组中稳定组高稳定组
年龄(岁) 73.49±7.9968.89±7.3567.62±7.438.19 <0.001
性别22.93<0.001
男性371(44.75)1 547(53.05)296(56.49)
女性458(55.25)1 369(46.95)228(43.51)
居住地119.06<0.001
农村499(60.19)1 264(43.35)165(31.49)
城镇330(39.81)1 652(56.65)359(68.51)
婚姻情况87.09<0.001
无配偶375(45.24)874(29.97)126(24.05)
有配偶454(54.76)2 042(70.03)398(75.95)
教育程度237.30<0.001
文盲421(50.78)745(25.55)93(17.75)
非文盲408(49.22)2 171(74.45)431(82.25)
居住方式16.75<0.001
独居131(15.80)339(11.63)46(8.78)
非独居698(84.20)2 577(88.37)478(91.22)
收入8.17±2.148.93±1.969.28±1.8219.52<0.001
慢病情况20.21<0.001
无慢性病164(19.78)725(24.86)144(27.48)
一种慢性病215(25.94)833(28.57)144(27.48)
两种及以上450(54.28)1 358(46.57)236(45.04)
ADL20.37±2.7021.31±1.7521.46±1.5011.30<0.001
自评健康15.81<0.001
较差535(64.54)1 657(56.82)307(58.59)
较好294(35.46)1 259(43.18)217(41.41)
生活满意度0.670.714
满意635(76.60)2 194(75.24)130(24.81)
不满意194(23.40)722(24.76)394(75.19)
社区环境评分47.76<0.001
0426(51.39)1 251(42.90)197(37.60)
1213(25.69)695(23.83)123(23.47)
≥2190(22.92)970(33.27)204(38.93)
), ArticleFig(id=1240996913353380354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同认知功能轨迹组的基线特征比较[(),n(%)]

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变量认知功能轨迹F/χ2P
低下降组中稳定组高稳定组
年龄(岁) 73.49±7.9968.89±7.3567.62±7.438.19 <0.001
性别22.93<0.001
男性371(44.75)1 547(53.05)296(56.49)
女性458(55.25)1 369(46.95)228(43.51)
居住地119.06<0.001
农村499(60.19)1 264(43.35)165(31.49)
城镇330(39.81)1 652(56.65)359(68.51)
婚姻情况87.09<0.001
无配偶375(45.24)874(29.97)126(24.05)
有配偶454(54.76)2 042(70.03)398(75.95)
教育程度237.30<0.001
文盲421(50.78)745(25.55)93(17.75)
非文盲408(49.22)2 171(74.45)431(82.25)
居住方式16.75<0.001
独居131(15.80)339(11.63)46(8.78)
非独居698(84.20)2 577(88.37)478(91.22)
收入8.17±2.148.93±1.969.28±1.8219.52<0.001
慢病情况20.21<0.001
无慢性病164(19.78)725(24.86)144(27.48)
一种慢性病215(25.94)833(28.57)144(27.48)
两种及以上450(54.28)1 358(46.57)236(45.04)
ADL20.37±2.7021.31±1.7521.46±1.5011.30<0.001
自评健康15.81<0.001
较差535(64.54)1 657(56.82)307(58.59)
较好294(35.46)1 259(43.18)217(41.41)
生活满意度0.670.714
满意635(76.60)2 194(75.24)130(24.81)
不满意194(23.40)722(24.76)394(75.19)
社区环境评分47.76<0.001
0426(51.39)1 251(42.90)197(37.60)
1213(25.69)695(23.83)123(23.47)
≥2190(22.92)970(33.27)204(38.93)
), ArticleFig(id=1240996913479209483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Association analysis between community environment and cognitive function trajectories

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模型中稳定组
OR(95%CI
高稳定组
OR(95%CI
模型1
社区环境评分
01.001.00
11.32(1.19~1.48)1.51(1.30~1.76)
≥21.96(1.77~2.17)2.33(2.03~2.67)
P趋势<0.001<0.001
模型2
社区环境评分
01.001.00
11.09(0.97~1.23)1.12(0.95~1.32)
≥21.48(1.32~1.67)1.50(1.28~1.75)
P趋势<0.001<0.001
模型3
社区环境评分
01.001.00
11.08(0.96~1.22)1.10(0.93~1.30)
≥21.42(1.26~1.60)1.41(1.21~1.66)
P趋势<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240996913563095572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

社区环境与认知功能轨迹间的关联分析[OR(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型中稳定组
OR(95%CI
高稳定组
OR(95%CI
模型1
社区环境评分
01.001.00
11.32(1.19~1.48)1.51(1.30~1.76)
≥21.96(1.77~2.17)2.33(2.03~2.67)
P趋势<0.001<0.001
模型2
社区环境评分
01.001.00
11.09(0.97~1.23)1.12(0.95~1.32)
≥21.48(1.32~1.67)1.50(1.28~1.75)
P趋势<0.001<0.001
模型3
社区环境评分
01.001.00
11.08(0.96~1.22)1.10(0.93~1.30)
≥21.42(1.26~1.60)1.41(1.21~1.66)
P趋势<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240996915102405151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Stratified analysis of the associations between community environment and cognitive function trajectories

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组中稳定组 OR(95%CIP交互高稳定组OR(95%CIP交互
性别<0.001<0.001
男性
社区环境评分
01.001.00
11.12(0.94~1.33)1.40(1.12~1.75)
≥21.43(1.20~1.70)1.47(1.18~1.84)
女性
社区环境评分
01.001.00
11.08(0.92~1.27)0.78(0.61~1.01)
≥21.48(1.26~1.73)1.39(1.11~1.74)
居住方式<0.001<0.001
独居
社区环境评分
01.001.00
10.87(0.63~1.20)0.85(0.53~1.36)
≥21.23(0.89~1.69)1.08(0.68~1.72)
非独居
社区环境评分
01.001.00
11.13(1.00~1.29)1.16(0.97~1.39)
≥21.49(1.31~1.68)1.51(1.28~1.79)
), ArticleFig(id=1240996915207262763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977220915753955, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

社区环境与认知功能轨迹关联的分层分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组中稳定组 OR(95%CIP交互高稳定组OR(95%CIP交互
性别<0.001<0.001
男性
社区环境评分
01.001.00
11.12(0.94~1.33)1.40(1.12~1.75)
≥21.43(1.20~1.70)1.47(1.18~1.84)
女性
社区环境评分
01.001.00
11.08(0.92~1.27)0.78(0.61~1.01)
≥21.48(1.26~1.73)1.39(1.11~1.74)
居住方式<0.001<0.001
独居
社区环境评分
01.001.00
10.87(0.63~1.20)0.85(0.53~1.36)
≥21.23(0.89~1.69)1.08(0.68~1.72)
非独居
社区环境评分
01.001.00
11.13(1.00~1.29)1.16(0.97~1.39)
≥21.49(1.31~1.68)1.51(1.28~1.79)
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社区环境对老年人认知功能轨迹的影响
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蒋晨悦 1 , 陈娜 1 , 蒋煜 1 , 乔学斌 2
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025,52(10): 1831-1836
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2025, 52(10): 1831-1836
社区环境对老年人认知功能轨迹的影响
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蒋晨悦1, 陈娜1, 蒋煜1, 乔学斌2
作者信息
  • 1.南京中医药大学养老服务与管理学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.江苏重大健康风险管理与中医药防控政策研究中心
  • 蒋晨悦(2001—)女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共管理

通讯作者:

乔学斌,E-mail:
Impact of community environment on the cognitive function trajectory of older adults
Chen-yue JIANG1, Na CHEN1, Yu JIANG1, Xue-bin QIAO2
Affiliations
  • School of Elderly Care Services and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412220
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目的

探讨社区环境对我国老年人认知功能轨迹的影响,为推动老龄友好社区建设和积极应对老龄化提供参考。

方法

基于2014—2020年中国老年社会追踪调查数据,选取4 269名老年人,应用组基轨迹模型构建认知功能变化轨迹,运用多分类无序logistic回归模型分析社区环境与认知功能轨迹的关联。

结果

识别出3组认知功能轨迹:“低下降组”(21.06%)、“中稳定组”(66.19%)、“高稳定组”(12.75%)。以“低下降组”作为参照组,在控制个人基本特征及生活与健康状况特征后,发现老年人的社区环境得分越高,其轨迹归属越趋向于“高稳定组”(OR=1.10,95% CI:0.93~1.30;OR=1.41,95% CI:1.21~1.66),说明社区环境对老年人认知衰退具有保护作用。分层分析显示,相较于女性和独居老人,男性和非独居老人所处社区环境的改善更有利于延缓认知衰退。

结论

老年人认知功能轨迹存在异质性,社区环境显著影响认知功能轨迹,男性和非独居老人所处社区环境的优化更能显著保护其认知功能。

社区环境  /  老年人  /  认知功能  /  组基轨迹模型
Objective

To investigate the impact of community environment on the trajectory of cognitive function among older adults in China, providing a reference for promoting the construction of age-friendly communities and actively addressing aging.

Methods

Based on the data from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey from 2014 to 2020, 4 269 elderly individuals were selected. A group-based trajectory model was applied to construct trajectories of cognitive function changes, and a multinomial unordered logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between community environment and trajectories of cognitive function.

Results

Three groups of cognitive function trajectories were identified: “Low Decline Group” (21.06%), “Moderate Stable Group” (66.19%), and “High Stable Group” (12.75%). Taking the “low decline group” as the reference group, after controlling for individual basic characteristics and health characteristics, it was found that the higher the community environment score of the elderly, the more their trajectory tended to be in the “High Stable Group” (OR=1.10, 95%CI: 0.93-1.30; OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.21-1.66), indicating that the community environment has a protective effect on the cognitive decline of the elderly. Stratified analysis showed that compared to females and the elderly living alone, the improvement of the community environment is more beneficial for males and the non-living alone elderly to slow down their cognitive decline.

Conclusion

There is heterogeneity in the cognitive function trajectories of the elderly, and the community environment affects the attribution of cognitive function trajectories. Optimizing the community environment for males and non-lonely elderly can significantly protect their cognitive function.

Community environment  /  Older adults  /  Cognitive function  /  Group-based trajectory model
蒋晨悦, 陈娜, 蒋煜, 乔学斌. 社区环境对老年人认知功能轨迹的影响. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (10) : 1831 -1836 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412220
Chen-yue JIANG, Na CHEN, Yu JIANG, Xue-bin QIAO. Impact of community environment on the cognitive function trajectory of older adults[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (10) : 1831 -1836 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412220
认知功能在老年人的日常生活中起着至关重要的作用。随着个体的不断衰老,其认知功能也逐渐减退,可能导致轻度认知障碍,甚至发展为失智症。研究显示,中国失智症患病率增速远高于全球平均水平,预计到2050年,我国失智老人总数将从2030年的2 220万人增至2 898万人[1]。近年来,在老龄友好社区建设的背景下,社区作为老年人日常生活的重要环境,开始受到研究者的广泛关注。研究发现,社区的环境资源与老年人的认知水平相关联[2],感知社区属性及基础设施有益于老年人的认知健康[3],社区环境的不同特征会对个体认知功能衰退产生影响[4]。然而,目前关于社区环境对老年人认知功能影响的研究仍相对有限,大多数研究局限于横截面数据,缺乏对社区环境是否持续影响老年人认知功能的探讨;而已有的纵向研究,对于数据库的挖掘较单一或尚未采用最新数据进行探究。此外,尽管已有研究指出社区环境与认知功能之间存在某种关联,但缺少对不同老年群体的异质性分析。基于此,本研究利用CLASS纵向数据,借助组基轨迹模型[5-6](Group-Based Trajectory Modelling, GBTM)识别不同的认知功能轨迹,探讨社区环境对认知轨迹的影响,为推动适老化环境建设提供科学依据。
本研究使用2014—2020年四期中国老年社会追踪调查(China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey,CLASS)数据。该调查是全国性的社会调查项目,由中国人民大学老年研究所设计,旨在全面深入地探究中国老年人基本信息、健康状况、经济状况、养老规划及社会支持等方面[7]。该调查对象为60周岁及以上的老年人,数据较新,具有较好的代表性。在数据分析过程中,共有11 511名老年人参与基期调查,本研究在剔除了其他重要变量缺失者(n=670)以及随后3次调查都未完成认知功能测试者(n=6 572)后,共有4 269名老年人纳入分析。
本研究的因变量是认知功能。认知功能的评估包含对定向力、计算力和记忆等方面能力的考查,本研究采用问卷中的简易精神状态量表(MMSE)进行测量,计算总得分来衡量受访者的认知功能,得分范围为0~16分,分数越高代表老年人的认知功能越好[8]。为验证评估的可靠性,本研究对量表的Alpha系数进行计算,结果均在0.807至0.854之间,表明该量表信度较好,可用于评估老年人的认知功能[9]
本研究的自变量是社区环境。参考以往文献[10],社区环境选用问卷中“您所在的社区是否有以下活动场所或者设施?”这一问题,衡量社区的社会环境,并对问题进行评分。问题包括该社区是否有(1)老年活动室、(2)健身室、(3)棋牌(麻将)室、(4)图书室、(5)室外活动场地,总分为0~5分,分数越高说明社区环境越好。由于该评分呈现偏态分布的特性[11],其中位数(P25P75)为1(0,2),基于这一分布特点,将社区环境评分划分为0、1和≥2分三个类别作为后续分析。
基于以往文献的梳理[12-13],本研究的协变量包括个人基本特征:年龄、性别、居住地、受教育程度、婚姻状况、个人年收入(为防止共线性,研究对个人年收入取对数处理);生活与健康状况特征:居住方式、慢性病情况、日常生活活动能力(activities of daily living,ADL)、自评健康以及生活满意度。
首先,利用组基轨迹模型拟合老年人的认知功能轨迹。根据以往研究[14-15],初步选择构建3~5条轨迹,从少亚组数、高阶项的模型开始拟合,若统计学意义不显著,则逐步转向低阶项拟合,直至每条轨迹参数均显著。再结合贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian Information Criterions, BIC),BIC绝对值最小、平均后验概率(Average posterior probability, AvePP)大于0.7以及各亚组内个体占比大于5%等原则,综合选择最优模型。其次,采用卡方检验和方差分析,对不同认知功能轨迹亚组的基线特征进行比较。构建无序多分类Logistic回归模型,探究社区环境和老年人认知功能轨迹之间的关联。模型1未调整混杂因素,模型2调整个人基本特征,包括年龄、性别、居住地、婚姻状况、教育程度、收入等,模型3在模型2的基础上调整生活与健康状况特征,包括居住方式、自评健康、生活满意度、ADL、慢性病数量等。为进一步探讨性别和居住方式对社区环境与认知功能轨迹关系的影响,在模型中分别引入性别(男性和女性)、居住方式(独居和非独居)与社区环境评分的相乘交互项,采用双侧检验,检验水准为0.05。以上过程均通过STATA 18.0和SPSS 27.0软件实现。
基于GBTM模型,按不同轨迹组数和不同函数形式拟合,其中轨迹数为3组时相关参数均显著,且BIC绝对值最小为32 698.66,再结合AvePP及各亚组内个体占比,最终确定最佳轨迹组数为3组,分别是“低下降组(n=829,21.06%)”、“中稳定组(n=2 916,66.19%)”和“高稳定组(n=524,12.75%)”,见图1。从表1结果显示,3个轨迹组的平均验后分组概率均大于0.7,且各亚组内个体成员占比均大于5%,模型拟合较为理想。
识别出不同轨迹组后,本研究进一步对各个轨迹亚组进行描述,见表2。结果显示,不同认知功能轨迹分组下老年人群的个体基本特征、生活与健康状况特征、社区环境评分之间存在差异,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。男性、居住于城镇、有配偶、非文盲、非独居、收入越高、无慢性病、ADL越好、自评健康较好的老人认知功能优于其他亚组。
选取“低下降组”作为多分类无序logistic回归模型中的参照组,线性趋势检验结果均具有统计学意义(P趋势<0.001)。在控制个人基本特征及生活与健康状况特征后,发现社区环境评分1分和≥2分的老年人,与0分相比,归为“高稳定组”的可能性分别增加了10%(OR=1.10;95% CI:0.93~1.30)和41%(OR=1.41;95% CI:1.21~1.66),表明随着社区环境设施的增加,老年人归为“高稳定组”的可能性上升。见表3
性别分层结果显示,性别和社区环境评分的相乘交互项均具有统计学意义(P交互<0.001)。男性老年人群中,相较于社区环境0分,评分为1分被归为“高稳定组”的可能性增加40%(OR=1.40;95% CI:1.12~1.75);女性老年人群中,相较于社区环境0分,评分为1分被归为“高稳定组”的可能性降低22%(OR=0.78;95% CI:0.61~1.01)。
居住方式分层结果显示,居住方式和社区环境评分的相乘交互项均具有统计学意义(P交互<0.001)。独居老年人中,相较于社区环境0分,评分为1分被归为“高稳定组”的可能性降低15%(OR=0.85;95% CI:0.53~1.36)。非独居老年人群中,相较于社区环境0分,评分为1分被归为“高稳定组”的可能性增加16%(OR=1.16;95% CI:0.97~1.39)。见表4
本研究基于CLASS中4 269名老年人的4次随访数据,利用组基轨迹模型构建了“低下降组”、“中稳定组”和“高稳定组”3个认知功能轨迹组。研究表明,老年人居住的社区环境评分越高,其认知功能轨迹越趋向于“中稳定组”或“高稳定组”。
目前已有研究对老年人的认知轨迹进行分析,不同研究所得出的轨迹拟合数量与形态并非完全一致。Ferraro等[16]使用多维队列研究数据,运用组基轨迹模型(GBTM)识别出“良好组”(70.2%)、“中等组”(25.5%)以及“严重组”(4.3%)三组轨迹。Lee等[17]基于美国健康和退休研究(Health and Retirement Study,HRS)9次随访数据,采用生长曲线模型,发现不同童年家庭结构的老年人认知功能轨迹有所差异。郝晓燕等[18]采用中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(CLHLS)的4次纵向随访数据,构建潜在类轨迹模型(LCTM)识别出“认知良好组”(80.4%)、“认知改善组”(10.3%)及“认知恶化组”(9.2%)三组轨迹。总体上国内外研究均揭示了老年人认知功能发展的异质性。
本研究在探讨社区环境和认知轨迹之间的关联时发现,居住在评分更高的社区环境的老年人,其认知轨迹更易被归为“高稳定组”,该结果与其他研究结论基本相似[3-4]。社区环境对老年人认知功能的影响可能通过以下机制发挥作用。首先,社区环境的改善能增加老年人参与社会活动的机会,如通过阅读、打牌等社区活动延缓认知功能衰退[19]。其次,良好的社区环境能提供更多的社交机会,能有效减少孤独感,促进心理健康[20]。此外,社区环境的改善能有效促进老年人的锻炼,而体育锻炼已被证明对认知有积极影响[21]
本研究的分层分析表明,性别和居住方式会对社区环境与老年人认知功能的关联产生显著影响。性别分层结果显示,相较于女性、男性被归为“高稳定组”的可能性更大。这可能与生理差异和社会环境有关,女性认知功能障碍风险更高,晚年受激素和角色期待影响,认知水平更易下降[22]。居住方式分层结果显示,相较于独居老人,非独居老人被归为“高稳定组”的可能性更大。这可能与非独居老人获得的社会与情感支持更充分有关,利于维持其认知功能;而独居老人因缺少支持,更易认知衰退[22]
本研究的结论为老年人认知健康的干预提供了重要启示。首先,应将社区环境的改善作为提升老年人认知功能的重要策略,为他们提供有利于认知健康的支持环境。其次,重点关注女性和独居老年人的认知健康需求。随着年龄的增长,老年人的认知能力会面临一定的挑战,而女性及独居老年人将面临更多困难,应制定相应的干预措施,保护其认知功能。
本研究尚存在局限性,第一,受限于数据库,关键变量的缺失和失访量较多,可能对结果产生选择偏倚,未来研究需要减少数据的脱落和缺失,以保证结果的科学性;第二,未进一步探究社区环境和认知功能之间的影响机制,有待挖掘社区环境与老年人认知功能间是否存在中介作用。第三,本研究中社区环境变量的选取仅局限于部分社区基础设施,由于数据的局限性,未能涵盖更多自然人文环境方面的内容,今后有待挖掘更丰富的数据库进行探究。
  • 江苏省教育科学规划课题(重点项目)(B-b/2024/01/107)
  • 江苏省中医药科技发展计划专题研究项目(ZT202202)
  • 江苏高校“青蓝工程”
  • 南京中医药大学养老服务与管理学院(养老产业学院)专项研究项目(2024YLFWYGL016)
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2025年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202412220
  • 接收时间:2024-12-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-12
基金
江苏省教育科学规划课题(重点项目)(B-b/2024/01/107)
江苏省中医药科技发展计划专题研究项目(ZT202202)
江苏高校“青蓝工程”
南京中医药大学养老服务与管理学院(养老产业学院)专项研究项目(2024YLFWYGL016)
作者信息
    1.南京中医药大学养老服务与管理学院,江苏 南京 210023
    2.江苏重大健康风险管理与中医药防控政策研究中心

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乔学斌,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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