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Article(id=1240977219133165966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409134, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725552000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773801625282, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773801625282, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773801625282, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773801625282, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240977214964036360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1729', pageEnd='1920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773801624289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773825591019, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241077738770068227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241077738770068228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1849, endPage=1853, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240977219531624862, articleId=1240977219133165966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of the effect of good childhood traits on self-rated health in Chinese elderly population, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the current situation of self-rated health among older adults, to analyze the influence of good childhood traits on older adults' self-rated health, and to make suggestions for factors with high influence to promote the improvement of health in the whole society.

Methods

Using data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS), select data for individuals aged≥60, with self-rated health as the dependent variable. Independent variables include age, gender, smoking, drinking, household registration, marital status, education levels, working status, medical insurance, health status before the age of 14, leadership spirit before the age of 14, and adventurous spirit before the age of 14. Employ the χ2 test and binary logistic regression to analyze the influencing factors of self-rated health in the elderly. Additionally, use a random forest model to rank the importance of these influencing factors.

Results

Smoking, drinking, higher education levels, being employed, good health status before the age of 14, good leadership spirit before the age of 14, and good adventurous spirit before the age of 14 all have OR values greater than 1 and P<0.05, suggesting they may be protective factors for elderly self-rated health. In contrast, being female and living in rural areas have OR values less than 1 and P<0.05, suggesting they may be risk factors for elderly self-rated health. The top three influencing factors are health status before the age of 14, leadership spirit, and adventurous spirit.

Conclusion

Childhood characteristics have a certain impact on health in old age. To promote the physical health of the elderly, we can improve the physical and mental health of children and cultivate their leadership and adventurous spirit.

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目的

了解老年人自评健康现况，分析良好童年特质对老年人自评健康影响，并针对影响程度高的因素提出建议，促进全社会健康水平提高。

方法

利用中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据，选择年龄≥60岁的老年人数据，以自评健康为因变量，年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、户口、婚姻状况、受教育程度、工作状态、医疗保险、14岁前健康状况、14岁前领袖气质、14岁前冒险精神为自变量，采用χ2检验和二元logistic回归分析老年人自评健康的影响因素，并用随机森林模型对影响因素重要性进行排序。

结果

大部分老年人在童年期健康状况良好，具有领袖气质和冒险精神。吸烟、饮酒、受教育程度高、处于工作状态、14岁前健康状态好、14岁前具有冒险精神、14岁前具有领袖气质，其OR值均大于1，且P<0.05，可能是老年人自评健康的保护因素，而女性、农村户口的OR值均小于1，且P<0.05，可能是老年人自评健康的危险因素。影响因素的重要性排序前三位依次是14岁前健康状况、14岁前领袖气质、14岁前冒险精神。

结论

童年特质对老年期健康存在一定影响，可以从改善儿童生理和心理健康状况入手，培养他们的领袖气质与冒险精神，促进老年人身体健康。

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王萍玉，E-mail：
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姜欣彤（2002—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

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姜欣彤（2002—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

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姜欣彤（2002—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis on the status and influencing factors of self-rated health among Chinese Senior citizens, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240996913567289875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, awardId=81772281, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(81772281), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240996915102405152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, awardId=ZR2024MH228, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金(ZR2024MH228), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240996909112938710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240996909138104538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, companyId=1240996909112938710, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240996909146493148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, companyId=1240996909112938710, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=滨州医学院公共卫生学院流行病学教研室，山东 烟台 264003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240996912392884640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Forest map of multi-factor analysis of self-rated health factors in the elderly population, figureFileSmall=6ufVNJFtEVNNtBzldxuWyQ==, figureFileBig=MpstTgRatMmzBP+qFAk5zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996912485159338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, language=CN, label=图1, caption=老年人群自评健康影响因素多因素分析森林图, figureFileSmall=6ufVNJFtEVNNtBzldxuWyQ==, figureFileBig=MpstTgRatMmzBP+qFAk5zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996912615182778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Ranking the importance of childhood traits on self-rated health, figureFileSmall=UiwLqXMBFQlIa46h5uSmLQ==, figureFileBig=UYkiKUuiZZRfl6rui8iTKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996912720040390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, language=CN, label=图2, caption=童年特质对自评健康影响重要性排序, figureFileSmall=UiwLqXMBFQlIa46h5uSmLQ==, figureFileBig=UYkiKUuiZZRfl6rui8iTKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996912812315088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Univariate analysis of self-rated health influencing factors in the elderly

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量自评健康χ2值P值
不好（n=1 208）好（n=3 594）
年龄（岁）[n(%)]2.450.294
60~69753(62.3)2 328(64.8)
70~79397(32.9)1 097(30.5)
≥8058(4.8)169(4.7)
性别[n(%)]61.17<0.001
男517(42.8)2 005(55.8)
女691(57.2)1 589(44.2)
吸烟[n(%)]35.74<0.001
否952(78.8)2 512(69.9)
是256(21.2)1 082(30.1)
饮酒[n(%)]53.23<0.001
否1 095(90.6)2 938(81.7)
是113(9.4)656(18.3)
户口[n(%)]45.75<0.001
城镇489(40.5)1 859(51.7)
农村719(59.5)1 735(48.3)
婚姻状况[n(%)]4.170.046
无配偶202(16.7)514(14.3)
有配偶1 006(83.3)3 080(85.7)
受教育程度[n(%)]70.11<0.001
小学及以下864(71.5)2 102(58.5)
中学329(27.2)1 368(38.1)
大专及以上15(1.2)124(3.5)
工作状态[n(%)]21.26<0.001
未在业663(54.9)1 697(47.2)
在业545(45.1)1 897(52.8)
医疗保险[n(%)]4.060.05
无133(11.0)325(9.0)
有1 075(89.0)3 269(91.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1240996912908784089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

老年人自评健康影响因素的单因素分析（n=4 802）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量自评健康χ2值P值
不好（n=1 208）好（n=3 594）
年龄（岁）[n(%)]2.450.294
60~69753(62.3)2 328(64.8)
70~79397(32.9)1 097(30.5)
≥8058(4.8)169(4.7)
性别[n(%)]61.17<0.001
男517(42.8)2 005(55.8)
女691(57.2)1 589(44.2)
吸烟[n(%)]35.74<0.001
否952(78.8)2 512(69.9)
是256(21.2)1 082(30.1)
饮酒[n(%)]53.23<0.001
否1 095(90.6)2 938(81.7)
是113(9.4)656(18.3)
户口[n(%)]45.75<0.001
城镇489(40.5)1 859(51.7)
农村719(59.5)1 735(48.3)
婚姻状况[n(%)]4.170.046
无配偶202(16.7)514(14.3)
有配偶1 006(83.3)3 080(85.7)
受教育程度[n(%)]70.11<0.001
小学及以下864(71.5)2 102(58.5)
中学329(27.2)1 368(38.1)
大专及以上15(1.2)124(3.5)
工作状态[n(%)]21.26<0.001
未在业663(54.9)1 697(47.2)
在业545(45.1)1 897(52.8)
医疗保险[n(%)]4.060.05
无133(11.0)325(9.0)
有1 075(89.0)3 269(91.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1240996913026224612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Single factor analysis of the influence of childhood traits on self-rated health of the elderly （n=4 802）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量自评健康χ2值P值
不好（n=1 208）好（n=3 594）
14岁前健康状况别[n(%)]29.51<0.001
不好136（11.3）200（5.6）
一般249（20.6）915（25.5）
好823（68.1）2 479（69.0）
14岁前领袖气质[n(%)]18.220.001
不好251（20.8）556（15.5）
一般761（63.0）2 416（67.2）
好196（16.2）622（17.3）
14岁前冒险精神[n(%)]18.25<0.001
不好176（14.6）375（10.4）
一般87（7.2）219（6.1）
好945（78.2）3 000（83.5）
), ArticleFig(id=1240996913152053745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

老年人童年特质对自评健康影响单因素分析（n=4 802）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量自评健康χ2值P值
不好（n=1 208）好（n=3 594）
14岁前健康状况别[n(%)]29.51<0.001
不好136（11.3）200（5.6）
一般249（20.6）915（25.5）
好823（68.1）2 479（69.0）
14岁前领袖气质[n(%)]18.220.001
不好251（20.8）556（15.5）
一般761（63.0）2 416（67.2）
好196（16.2）622（17.3）
14岁前冒险精神[n(%)]18.25<0.001
不好176（14.6）375（10.4）
一般87（7.2）219（6.1）
好945（78.2）3 000（83.5）
), ArticleFig(id=1240996913248522746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Evaluation table of factors influencing elderly self-rated health

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值
年龄（岁）1=60~69,2=70~79,3=≥80
性别1=男,2=女
吸烟1=否,2=是
饮酒1=否,2=是
户口1=城镇,2=农村
婚姻状况1=无配偶,2=有配偶
受教育程度1=小学及以下,2=中学,3=大专及以上
工作状态1=未在业,2=在业
医疗保险1=无,2=有
14岁前健康状况1=不好,2=一般,3=好
14岁前领袖气质1=不好,2=一般,3=好
14岁前冒险精神1=不好,2=一般,3=好
), ArticleFig(id=1240996913353380355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977219133165966, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

老年人自评健康影响因素赋值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值
年龄（岁）1=60~69,2=70~79,3=≥80
性别1=男,2=女
吸烟1=否,2=是
饮酒1=否,2=是
户口1=城镇,2=农村
婚姻状况1=无配偶,2=有配偶
受教育程度1=小学及以下,2=中学,3=大专及以上
工作状态1=未在业,2=在业
医疗保险1=无,2=有
14岁前健康状况1=不好,2=一般,3=好
14岁前领袖气质1=不好,2=一般,3=好
14岁前冒险精神1=不好,2=一般,3=好
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良好童年特质对促进中国老年人群自评健康的分析
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姜欣彤 , 张滢 , 王萍玉
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(10): 1849-1853
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(10): 1849-1853
良好童年特质对促进中国老年人群自评健康的分析
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姜欣彤, 张滢, 王萍玉
作者信息
  • 滨州医学院公共卫生学院流行病学教研室，山东 烟台 264003

    • 姜欣彤（2002—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：流行病与卫生统计学

通讯作者:

王萍玉，E-mail：
Analysis of the effect of good childhood traits on self-rated health in Chinese elderly population
Xin-tong JIANG, Ying ZHANG, Ping-yu WANG
Affiliations
  • Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409134
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摘要
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目的

了解老年人自评健康现况，分析良好童年特质对老年人自评健康影响，并针对影响程度高的因素提出建议，促进全社会健康水平提高。

方法

利用中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据，选择年龄≥60岁的老年人数据，以自评健康为因变量，年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、户口、婚姻状况、受教育程度、工作状态、医疗保险、14岁前健康状况、14岁前领袖气质、14岁前冒险精神为自变量，采用χ2检验和二元logistic回归分析老年人自评健康的影响因素，并用随机森林模型对影响因素重要性进行排序。

结果

大部分老年人在童年期健康状况良好，具有领袖气质和冒险精神。吸烟、饮酒、受教育程度高、处于工作状态、14岁前健康状态好、14岁前具有冒险精神、14岁前具有领袖气质，其OR值均大于1，且P<0.05，可能是老年人自评健康的保护因素，而女性、农村户口的OR值均小于1，且P<0.05，可能是老年人自评健康的危险因素。影响因素的重要性排序前三位依次是14岁前健康状况、14岁前领袖气质、14岁前冒险精神。

结论

童年特质对老年期健康存在一定影响，可以从改善儿童生理和心理健康状况入手，培养他们的领袖气质与冒险精神，促进老年人身体健康。

良好童年特质  /  老年人群  /  自评健康
Objective

To understand the current situation of self-rated health among older adults, to analyze the influence of good childhood traits on older adults' self-rated health, and to make suggestions for factors with high influence to promote the improvement of health in the whole society.

Methods

Using data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS), select data for individuals aged≥60, with self-rated health as the dependent variable. Independent variables include age, gender, smoking, drinking, household registration, marital status, education levels, working status, medical insurance, health status before the age of 14, leadership spirit before the age of 14, and adventurous spirit before the age of 14. Employ the χ2 test and binary logistic regression to analyze the influencing factors of self-rated health in the elderly. Additionally, use a random forest model to rank the importance of these influencing factors.

Results

Smoking, drinking, higher education levels, being employed, good health status before the age of 14, good leadership spirit before the age of 14, and good adventurous spirit before the age of 14 all have OR values greater than 1 and P<0.05, suggesting they may be protective factors for elderly self-rated health. In contrast, being female and living in rural areas have OR values less than 1 and P<0.05, suggesting they may be risk factors for elderly self-rated health. The top three influencing factors are health status before the age of 14, leadership spirit, and adventurous spirit.

Conclusion

Childhood characteristics have a certain impact on health in old age. To promote the physical health of the elderly, we can improve the physical and mental health of children and cultivate their leadership and adventurous spirit.

Good childhood traits  /  The elderly  /  Self-rated health
姜欣彤, 张滢, 王萍玉. 良好童年特质对促进中国老年人群自评健康的分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (10) : 1849 -1853 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409134
Xin-tong JIANG, Ying ZHANG, Ping-yu WANG. Analysis of the effect of good childhood traits on self-rated health in Chinese elderly population[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (10) : 1849 -1853 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409134
正文
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近年来，我国人口呈现负增长趋势，在国家统计局发布的数据中显示，2022年较2021年人口减少85万，人口自然增长率降至-0.60‰，到2023年进一步降至-1.48‰[1]，这种社会现象加剧了我国人口老龄化，促使社会更加关注老年人健康。童年期作为每个个体都会经历的一个阶段，形成的性格特征和身体素质对老年健康具有重要影响[2]，然而当前研究多数聚焦于童年社会经济地位[3-4]、童年不良经历[5]、自伤行为[6]等负面因素，忽视了童年健康状况、领袖气质、冒险精神等正向因素的作用。而针对童年特质正向因素进行研究，能够帮助我们从全生命周期的角度理解老年人自评健康的影响因素[7]，拓宽改善老年人健康的理论体系，并有针对性地引导社会机构对儿童阶段进行早期干预，培养儿童积极的性格特质，提高老年人的生活质量和健康水平。基于上述背景，本文将重点分析良好童年特质对中国老年人群自评健康的影响，探讨童年特质与自评健康之间的关系，从源头上改善老年人的健康状况。
1　资料与方法
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1.1　资料来源
本研究使用的数据来自于中国家庭追踪调查（China Family Panel Studies，CFPS）。CFPS涵盖的主题范围广泛，核心内容主要涉及经济活动、家庭动态、健康状况以及人口迁移等方面，本文旨在调查良好童年特质对促进中国老年人群自评健康状况的影响，以年龄大于等于60岁为标准进行筛选，在删除数据严重缺失及不合格的样本之后，最终纳入样本4 802人。
1.2　变量的选择与定义
本文设置的因变量为老年人自评健康，相较于传统的健康指标更能精准反映整体健康水平，且信效度较好[8]。根据CFPS 2020问卷中的“健康状况”一题，将选择“不健康”的人设定为自评不健康，选择“非常健康”、“很健康”、“比较健康”、“一般”的合并为自评健康。调查问卷中无其他有关健康问题的提问，表明调查对象在对其健康状态进行界定时没有受到其他客观条件的影响。本文的自变量通过查阅既往研究文献[7,9-10]，从CFPS 2020问卷设计的问题中选取年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、户口、婚姻状况、受教育程度、工作状态、医疗保险、14岁前健康状况、14岁前领袖气质、14岁前冒险精神共12个变量。其中，在14岁前健康状况一题中，设定选择一般和不健康的人为健康状况不好，选择比较健康的为健康状况一般，选择非常健康和很健康的为健康状况好。在14岁冒险精神一题中，设定选择十分不同意和不同意的人为冒险精神不好，选择既不同意也不反对的为冒险精神一般，选择同意和十分同意的为冒险精神好。吸烟是指过去1个月有吸烟行为，饮酒是指过去1个月每周有3次以上饮酒行为。
1.3　统计学方法
采用R 4.3软件进行统计分析，计数资料以人数（构成比%）表示，组间比较采用χ2检验，运用二元logistic回归对老年人自评健康状况影响因素进行分析并绘制相应森林图，最后对随机森林模型进行变量重要性排序，检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　研究对象基本情况
4 802位老年人中，自评健康者4 594人（74.8%），自评不健康者1 208人（25.2%）；年龄以60~69岁为主，共3 081（64.2%）；男性2 522人（52.5%），女性2 280人（47.5%）。见表1。
2.2　老年人群童年特质基本情况
在4 802名老年人中，14岁前健康状况好的人居多，共3 302（68.8%）；14岁前领袖气质一般的人居多，共3 177人（66.2%）；14岁前冒险精神好的人居多，共3 945人（82.2%），见表2。各自变量及其赋值见表3。
2.3　老年人群自评健康影响因素多因素分析
以自评健康评价结果为因变量，以表1、表2数据中显示有统计学意义的指标为自变量，进行二元logistic回归分析。吸烟、饮酒、受教育程度高、处于工作状态、14岁前健康状态好、14岁前冒险精神好、14岁前领袖气质好的OR值均大于1，且P<0.05，可能是老年人自评健康的保护因素，而性别为女、户口为农村的OR值均小于1，且P<0.05，可能是老年人自评健康的危险因素。见图1。
2.4　良好童年特质对自评健康影响重要性排序
进一步对比良好童年特质与其他因素对老年人自评健康的影响程度大小，依据平均基尼系数结果对老年人产生影响的因素重要程度进行排序，从大到小依次为：14岁前健康状况、14岁前领袖气质、14岁前冒险精神、受教育程度、工作状态、户口、性别、饮酒、吸烟。见图2。
3　讨论
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大部分老年人在童年期健康状况良好，具有领袖气质和冒险精神，与其他影响因素相比，14岁前健康状况、领袖气质、冒险精神对老年人自评健康的影响重要性更强，与既往研究一致[11-12]。童年特质对个体身心健康发展有长期影响[13]，童年时期长期暴露于不良生活环境之中，不仅阻碍良好童年特质的养成，还易导致压力系统失调、心理认知障碍[14-15]，最终影响老年期健康水平。这提示我们为儿童创造良好的成长环境、减少不良事件的暴露风险能够提高个体终身的健康水平。
14岁前健康状况不好的老年人自评健康结果较差，且对于老年人自评健康影响的相关性最强，与既往研究一致[16]，童年时期是整个生命历程的关键时期，他不仅会对成年时期的健康产生影响，也会影响生命后期的健康状况[17]，早期重大疾病或心理创伤会与成年期不利因素叠加，增加老年期患病和功能减退的风险[18]，这提示我们对老年人的健康干预应提前到生命早期。此外，儿童期的健康状况是社会阶层再生产的重要机制之一，健康状况良好的儿童更有可能通过教育和职业发展来提升自己的社会地位，养成更强的健康投资意识[19]，有效预防和控制老年期健康问题。
童年形成的性格特征具有长期稳定性，能够直接影响老年人的身心健康[2]。本文研究发现童年期具有冒险精神和领袖气质的老年人自评健康较好，这可能由于冒险精神和领袖气质与性格外向有一定关联，外向的老年人在日常生活中所能获得的幸福感往往更高[20]，促使自评健康结果更好。此外，领袖气质与自信心和责任感有关，能够增强个体的心理韧性[21]，降低心理压力对老年人健康产生的负面影响；并且从社会层面看，具有领袖气质的人通常更擅长组织和协调社会资源，在成年后更容易获得社会支持；在行为上，这种气质能够激励老年人积极参与运动、健康饮食等健康促进活动[22]，降低老年期出现健康问题的风险。冒险精神与“感官寻求”特质相关[23]，能够促使个体参与挑战性活动，获得更高的经济回报和健康资源；同时，这种精神与日常生活中个体对风险的认知和应对方式密切相关，具有冒险精神的老年人可能更倾向于保持自我效能感和身份一致性[24]，其产生的积极心理状态有助于应对衰老过程中的一系列挑战。
吸烟、饮酒、受教育程度高、处于工作状态是老年人自评健康的保护因素，协同本研究中的童年特质共同影响自评健康结果。其中吸烟、饮酒作为自评健康的保护因素，与既往研究有所不同[19]，这可能源于其社交功能带来的社交收益和疲劳缓解[25]。女性、农村户口是自评健康的危险因素，这可能与女性的社会角色分工和农村地区基础设施和医疗环境较差有关[26]，这提示我们应该重点关注女性和农村儿童童年特质的培育。此外，14岁前健康状况良好的老年人更容易形成良好的性格特征。这可能是因为良好的健康状况为儿童的心理发展提供了保障，使其能够在较为积极的环境中成长。相反，童年期经历过重大疾病或心理创伤的儿童往往较为内向，缺乏冒险精神和领袖气质，更容易焦虑忧虑和产生情绪波动[16]。这可能是由于疾病或创伤给儿童心理带来了负面压力，影响了其性格的正常发展。
本研究通过现况研究方法分析既有资料，仅能说明相关性，无法解释因果关系。自评健康作为主观指标，可能受老年人主观认知偏差影响，因此需要综合考虑自评健康与客观健康指标，并采取相应措施来减少偏差的影响。此外，本研究虽考虑到了年龄、性别等12个因素对老年人自评健康的影响，但是对于良好童年特质的刻画仅选取了14岁前健康状况、领袖气质、冒险精神，而14岁家庭地位、父母受教育水平、童年逆境等因素同样可能对老年人的自评健康产生影响，后续的研究可以扩大对于童年特质的选取。
综上所述，14岁前健康状况、领袖气质和冒险精神会对个体健康产生终身影响。为应对目前老龄化日趋严重的现状，可以从儿童入手，为他们提供高质量的生活环境和医疗卫生服务资源，减少未来失能老人的数量并降低长期护理成本，缓解养老资源紧张的现状；倡导家长参与儿童成长，培养其创新能力和领导能力，实现经济收入的增加和社会地位的提高，预防贫困的代际转移[11]；培养儿童的家庭与社会责任感，使其在成年后更愿意照顾老年人，减轻社会养老负担。
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  • 国家自然科学基金(81772281)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2024MH228)
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2025年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202409134
  • 接收时间：2024-09-06
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-06
基金
国家自然科学基金(81772281)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2024MH228)
作者信息
    滨州医学院公共卫生学院流行病学教研室，山东 烟台 264003

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王萍玉，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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