Article(id=1240977216985690904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501304, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737043200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773801624771, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773801624771, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773801624771, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773801624771, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240977214964036360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1729', pageEnd='1920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773801624289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773825591019, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241077738770068227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241077738770068228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240977214964036360, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1879, endPage=1885, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240977217375761184, articleId=1240977216985690904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Combined effects and mechanisms of all-trans-retinoic acid and tofacitinib on synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the effects of the combination of all-trans retinoic acidand tofacitinib on human fibroblast-like synoviocytes from rheumatoid arthritis and explorethe mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis in the NF-κB signalingpathway.

Methods

Cells were adaptively cultured and stimulated with TNF-α and IL-1β.Subsequently, HFLS-RA cells were intervened with ATRA, tofacitinib, and their combination.Cell proliferation rate, migration ability, inflammatory cytokine concentrations, and apoptosis levels were detected. Different concentrations of ATRA, autophagy inhibitor (3-MA), andtheir combination were also used to intervene, and relevant protein expressions were detected by Western Blotting.

Results

The combined use of ATRA and tofacitinib inhibited the proliferation and migration of HFLS-RA cells, upregulated IL-6 and IL-10 levels, downregulated IL-17 and VEGF levels, and promoted early apoptosis. Different concentrations ofATRA downregulated Bcl-2, upregulated IκBα, and affected the expression of XIAP, P65, and IKKα/β. The combination of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and ATRA further upregulated IκBα, downregulated Bcl-2, IKKα/β, and P65.

Conclusion

ATRA may inhibit the activationof the NF-κB pathway by suppressing cell proliferation and migration, downregulating IL-6levels, and inducing apoptosis.

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目的

探讨全反式视黄酸(ATRA)与托法替尼(Tofacitinib)联用对类风湿关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞(HFLS-RA)的作用机制,及其自噬和凋亡在NF-κB信号通路中的影响。

方法

采用肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和白介素-1β(IL-1β)刺激HFLS-RA细胞,随后以ATRA、托法替尼及二者联合进行干预。检测细胞增长率、迁移能力、炎症因子IL-6、IL-10、IL-17和VEGF浓度及凋亡水平,评估干预效果。用不同浓度ATRA、自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)及两者联合处理细胞,通过Western Blotting技术检测Bcl-2、XIAP及NF-κB通路相关蛋白的表达水平。

结果

ATRA与托法替尼联合应用显著抑制HFLS-RA细胞的增殖和迁移能力,上调抗炎因子IL-10的水平,同时下调促炎因子IL-17和血管生成因子VEGF的水平,并促进细胞的早期凋亡。ATRA单独作用时,不同浓度均可下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,上调NF-κB抑制蛋白IκBα的水平;0.1 μmol/L和1 μmol/L的ATRA下调XIAP的表达;1 μmol/L和10 μmol/L的ATRA下调P65水平;10 μmol/L的ATRA下调IKKα/β的表达。3-MA与ATRA的联合应用展现出更强的促进HFLS-RA细胞凋亡的作用。自噬抑制剂3-MA与ATRA联合使用,可进一步上调IκBα的表达,同时下调Bcl-2、IKKα/β和P65的水平。

结论

ATRA可能通过抑制细胞增殖和迁移、降低IL-6水平以及诱导细胞凋亡来抑制NF-κB通路的激活。

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李云,E-mail:
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朱虹蓓(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:营养与食品卫生

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注: A 与对照组比较,*P<0.001;与DMSO组比较,#P<0.001;与托法替尼组比较,P<0.001;B与对照组比较,*P<0.001; 与DMSO组比较,#P<0.001;与IL-1β组比较,P<0.001;与托法替尼组比较,P<0.001;C 与对照组比较,*P<0.001;与DMSO组比较,#P<0.001;与TNF-α组比较,P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=P1u4D8ddqpThrddeP3+Kgw==, figureFileBig=fJGG9koJOn4ySaCYr2MdWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996917598016228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Pictures of scratches of HFLS-RA cells at different times in each group, figureFileSmall=HMJ6xDC42KdXzP5odG8vvw==, figureFileBig=Ve4QCdW0dJ2x4MB8LNc/6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996917681902313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=CN, label=图2, caption=HFLS-RA细胞在不同时间点的划痕图片

注:B2对照组;S2:DMSO组;M2:TNF-α组;A2:ATRA组;T2托法替尼组;AT2:联合干预组。

, figureFileSmall=HMJ6xDC42KdXzP5odG8vvw==, figureFileBig=Ve4QCdW0dJ2x4MB8LNc/6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996917862257393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Annexin V FITC/PI staining was used to determine cell apoptosis(A) and apoptosis rate(B), figureFileSmall=S+VYkMtEuWmgLPswuCgFtw==, figureFileBig=++/uf+Dp/fQh7/OX15z2OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996917962920694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各组HFLS-RA细胞AnnexinV-FITC/PI参数图

注:B2对照组;S2:DMSO组;M2:TNF-α组;A2:ATRA组;T2托法替尼组;AT2:联合干预组。

, figureFileSmall=S+VYkMtEuWmgLPswuCgFtw==, figureFileBig=++/uf+Dp/fQh7/OX15z2OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996918080361216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The concentrations (pg/ml) of cytokines including IL-6(A),IL-1β(B),IL-10(C) and IL-17(D) in ATRA-experiment, figureFileSmall=Hc+YWFy1aYs4POnkSvskqw==, figureFileBig=yoek6zL7tMfLsK37uFyrww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996919602893573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各组 IL-6(A)、IL-1β(B) 、IL-10(C)、IL-17(D)的表达水平(pg/ml)

注:与对照组比较,*P<0.001;与DMSO组比较,#P <0.001; 与TNF-α组比较,P<0.001;与ATRA组比较,aP <0.001;与托法替尼组比较,bP<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=Hc+YWFy1aYs4POnkSvskqw==, figureFileBig=yoek6zL7tMfLsK37uFyrww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996919816803088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The concentrations(pg/ml) of VEGF (A) and MMP9(B), figureFileSmall=Il7PMRb4+7S0YQeeRb26eg==, figureFileBig=CParnHnDAKdLf03y+r2ziw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996919909077779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各组VEGF(A)和MMP9 (B)的表达水平(pg/ml)

注:与对照组比较,*P<0.001;与DMSO组比较,#P<0.001; 与TNF-α组比较,P<0.001; 与ATRA组比较,aP<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=Il7PMRb4+7S0YQeeRb26eg==, figureFileBig=CParnHnDAKdLf03y+r2ziw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996920055878429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=CCK-8 assay measuring the proliferation of HFLS-RA cells, figureFileSmall=4OhW+VZMHFU2HoFLnzzYIQ==, figureFileBig=+pQLHXIbGwSn7X7Z5j/iGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996920198484774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=CN, label=图6, caption=使用CCK-8试剂盒检测各组HFLS-RA细胞的增殖情况

注:与对照组比较,*P<0.001;与DMSO组比较,#P<0.001; 与TNF-α组比较,P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=4OhW+VZMHFU2HoFLnzzYIQ==, figureFileBig=+pQLHXIbGwSn7X7Z5j/iGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996920311730989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The concentrations(pg/ml) of cytokines including IL-6(A) and VEGF (B) in ATRA-experiment, figureFileSmall=UD1J+pzBII6c+/W5u0mV2w==, figureFileBig=9BAakEZ9MKgwpkKyyqnc3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996920424977205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各组IL-6(A)和VEGF(B)在干预24h和48h的表达水平(pg/ml)

注:与对照组比较,*P <0.001;与DMSO组比较,#P <0.001;与TNF-α组比较,P <0.001;与0.1μmol/LATRA组比较,aP <0.001; 与1μmol/LATRA组比较,bP <0.001;与10 μmol/LATRA组比较,cP <0.001。

, figureFileSmall=UD1J+pzBII6c+/W5u0mV2w==, figureFileBig=9BAakEZ9MKgwpkKyyqnc3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996920546612029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of different interventions on NF-κB/P65/IκB signaling pathway, figureFileSmall=LvzI0X7TB2xloXAYT/H+mw==, figureFileBig=8a+lG8/FKu92Zv/RhPT2mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996920643081027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=CN, label=图8, caption=HFLS-RA细胞NF-κB 通路相关蛋白表达情况

注:B3:对照组; S3: DMSO组; M3: TNF-α组; L: 0.1μmol/LATRA组;Z: 1μmol/LATRA组; H: 10μmol/LATRA组; MA:3-MA组; MAA:联合干预组。

, figureFileSmall=LvzI0X7TB2xloXAYT/H+mw==, figureFileBig=8a+lG8/FKu92Zv/RhPT2mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996920743744332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The expression levels of NF-κB pathway-related proteins in HFLS-RA cells, including Bcl-2 (A), XIAP (B), IκBα (C), IKKα/β (D), and P65 (E), figureFileSmall=noFIfdg2on3J1Abr/W2xaQ==, figureFileBig=1YcfBtg+Qclo0eVyDbTHew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240996920852796246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240977216985690904, language=CN, label=图9, caption=HFLS-RA 细胞 NF-κB 通路相关蛋白Bcl-2(A)、XIAP(B)、IκBα(C)、IKKα/β(D)和P65(E)表达水平

注:与对照组比较,*P<0.001;与DMSO组比较,#P<0.001;与TNF-α组比较,P<0.001;与0.1 μmol/L ATRA组比较,aP<0.001;与1 μmol/L ATRA组比较,bP<0.001;与10 μmol/L ATRA组比较,cP<0.001。

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全反式视黄酸和托法替尼在类风湿关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞中的联合作用及机制
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朱虹蓓 , 罗雅亭 , 赵靖 , 苏欣怡 , 蔡秋莹 , 李云
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025,52(10): 1879-1885
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025, 52(10): 1879-1885
全反式视黄酸和托法替尼在类风湿关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞中的联合作用及机制
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朱虹蓓, 罗雅亭, 赵靖, 苏欣怡, 蔡秋莹, 李云
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 朱虹蓓(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:营养与食品卫生

通讯作者:

李云,E-mail:
Combined effects and mechanisms of all-trans-retinoic acid and tofacitinib on synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis
Hong-bei ZHU, Ya-ting LUO, Jing ZHAO, Xin-yi SU, Qiu-ying CAI, Yun LI
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501304
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目的

探讨全反式视黄酸(ATRA)与托法替尼(Tofacitinib)联用对类风湿关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞(HFLS-RA)的作用机制,及其自噬和凋亡在NF-κB信号通路中的影响。

方法

采用肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和白介素-1β(IL-1β)刺激HFLS-RA细胞,随后以ATRA、托法替尼及二者联合进行干预。检测细胞增长率、迁移能力、炎症因子IL-6、IL-10、IL-17和VEGF浓度及凋亡水平,评估干预效果。用不同浓度ATRA、自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)及两者联合处理细胞,通过Western Blotting技术检测Bcl-2、XIAP及NF-κB通路相关蛋白的表达水平。

结果

ATRA与托法替尼联合应用显著抑制HFLS-RA细胞的增殖和迁移能力,上调抗炎因子IL-10的水平,同时下调促炎因子IL-17和血管生成因子VEGF的水平,并促进细胞的早期凋亡。ATRA单独作用时,不同浓度均可下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,上调NF-κB抑制蛋白IκBα的水平;0.1 μmol/L和1 μmol/L的ATRA下调XIAP的表达;1 μmol/L和10 μmol/L的ATRA下调P65水平;10 μmol/L的ATRA下调IKKα/β的表达。3-MA与ATRA的联合应用展现出更强的促进HFLS-RA细胞凋亡的作用。自噬抑制剂3-MA与ATRA联合使用,可进一步上调IκBα的表达,同时下调Bcl-2、IKKα/β和P65的水平。

结论

ATRA可能通过抑制细胞增殖和迁移、降低IL-6水平以及诱导细胞凋亡来抑制NF-κB通路的激活。

类风湿性关节炎  /  滑膜成纤维细胞  /  全反式视黄酸  /  托法替尼  /  NF-κB
Objective

To investigate the effects of the combination of all-trans retinoic acidand tofacitinib on human fibroblast-like synoviocytes from rheumatoid arthritis and explorethe mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis in the NF-κB signalingpathway.

Methods

Cells were adaptively cultured and stimulated with TNF-α and IL-1β.Subsequently, HFLS-RA cells were intervened with ATRA, tofacitinib, and their combination.Cell proliferation rate, migration ability, inflammatory cytokine concentrations, and apoptosis levels were detected. Different concentrations of ATRA, autophagy inhibitor (3-MA), andtheir combination were also used to intervene, and relevant protein expressions were detected by Western Blotting.

Results

The combined use of ATRA and tofacitinib inhibited the proliferation and migration of HFLS-RA cells, upregulated IL-6 and IL-10 levels, downregulated IL-17 and VEGF levels, and promoted early apoptosis. Different concentrations ofATRA downregulated Bcl-2, upregulated IκBα, and affected the expression of XIAP, P65, and IKKα/β. The combination of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and ATRA further upregulated IκBα, downregulated Bcl-2, IKKα/β, and P65.

Conclusion

ATRA may inhibit the activationof the NF-κB pathway by suppressing cell proliferation and migration, downregulating IL-6levels, and inducing apoptosis.

Rheumatoid arthritis  /  Synovial fibroblasts  /  All-trans retinoic acid  /  Tofacitinib  /  NF-κB
朱虹蓓, 罗雅亭, 赵靖, 苏欣怡, 蔡秋莹, 李云. 全反式视黄酸和托法替尼在类风湿关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞中的联合作用及机制. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (10) : 1879 -1885 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501304
Hong-bei ZHU, Ya-ting LUO, Jing ZHAO, Xin-yi SU, Qiu-ying CAI, Yun LI. Combined effects and mechanisms of all-trans-retinoic acid and tofacitinib on synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (10) : 1879 -1885 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501304
类风湿性关节炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis,RA)是一种与慢性炎症过程相关的系统性自身免疫性病变[1],可损害关节和关节外器官,世界范围内RA的平均发病率为0.5%~2.0%[2]。RA的发病机制与遗传和环境因素密切相关,危险因素包括吸烟、肥胖、性激素和感染等[3]。影响RA的炎症介质种类繁多,肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor Necrosis Factor,TNF-α)是不可忽视的一类[4]。TNF-α具备诱导炎性细胞因子(如IL-6和IL-1β)分泌增多的能力,从而加剧炎症反应。Th17细胞产生IL-17A,一方面促使成骨细胞和滑膜细胞在内皮细胞和成纤维细胞引发的炎性反应刺激下产生核因子-κB受体活化因子配体(Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand,RANK-L)、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor,GM-CSF)加强该过程[5],另一方面中性粒细胞聚集[6],血管内皮生长因子(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor,VEGF)大量分泌[7],共同促进RA患者骨侵蚀、软骨破坏和新生血管生成[8]。滑膜成纤维细胞在RA的发病中表现出过度增殖、生存期延长和凋亡抵抗[9]。共同维持促炎细胞因子高水平状态,导致全身性炎症[10]。类风湿关节炎滑膜成纤维(Human Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes from Rheumatoid Arthritis,HFLS-RA)细胞中基质金属蛋白酶(Matrix Metalloproteinases,MMPs)的表达增加,显著促进关节破坏[5]。有针对性地抑制HFLS-RA细胞过度增殖及炎性因子和金属蛋白酶分泌,促进HFLS-RA细胞凋亡可以达到治疗RA的良好效果[9,11]
全反式视黄酸(All-Trans Retinoic Acid,ATRA)在体内参与正常细胞分化和广泛的生物过程[12],在人体多个器官和系统的发育中发挥重要作用,并影响肿瘤的发生[13-14]。膳食维生素A日常摄入不够可增加RA的患病风险[15]。ATRA通过抑制HFLS-RA细胞增殖和迁移及TNF-α和IL-6分泌水平,减轻炎症和抑制滑膜增生,从而缓解RA[16]。课题组前期发现ATRA可抑制HFLS-RA细胞TNF-α和IL-6的分泌水平,采用TNF-α建立的诱导滑膜外植体培养模型中的核因子-κB(Nuclear Factor-kappa B,NF-κB)家族P65蛋白表达增加[17],通过ATRA处理后其表达水平降低,提示可能与NF-κB信号通路失活有关。透射电镜观察结果提示ATRA可明显诱导HFLS-RA细胞的自噬,上调自噬相关蛋白LC3A/B、Beclin-1的表达水平[17],但ATRA诱导的自噬、凋亡与NF-κB 信号通路是否有关及明确的机制还需进一步研究。
目前RA的临床治疗策略主要是非甾体抗炎药等[18],这些药物可导致心血管和胃肠道出血、肝肾毒性、感染等风险增加[19]。托法替尼(Tofacitinib)是RA的二线治疗药物,可干扰炎症因子的信号转导[20],使RA患者获得最佳治疗效果并最大限度减少不良反应。本研究拟采用全反式视黄酸联合托法替尼干预TNF-α刺激的HFLS-RA细胞,阐述两者联用对RA的影响,观察ARTA是否能增强托法替尼缓解RA的疗效。用ATRA联合自噬抑制剂干预HFLS-RA细胞,观察主要炎性细胞因子、血管生成因子的变化,探索NF-κB信号通路与自噬、凋亡在ATRA干预RA滑膜炎的机制中的作用。
HFLS-RA细胞和HFLS细胞(广州吉妮欧生物科技有限公司);胰蛋白酶消化液、全蛋白提取试剂盒、BCA蛋白含量检测试剂盒、SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液、超敏ECL化学发光底物(江苏凯基生物技术股份有限公司);双抗(青霉素-链霉素溶液)(美国HyClone);IL-1β、ThecellCountingKit-8 (CCK-8)、全反式视黄酸 ATRA(Sigma公司);托法替尼(GLPBIO公司);人TNF-α(Peprotech);IL-6、IL-1β、IL-10、IL-17、VEGF、MMP-9 ELISA试剂盒(北京四正柏生物科技有限公司)。
HFLS-RA细胞和HFLS细胞接种于含有H-DMEM培养基(含20%FBS和双抗)的培养瓶中,置于37 ℃、5%CO2的细胞培养箱中培养;避光条件下,将全反式视黄酸(ATRA)溶于二甲基亚砜(DMSO)中,充分混匀后得到10 μmol/L的ATRA原液。使用时,用DMEM培养基稀释至所需浓度。
取对数生长期细胞,胰酶消化后,以H-DMEM调至1×104个/ml,接种于96孔板(100 μl/孔),37 ℃、5%CO2培养24 h。换液并PBS洗涤后,按组加入加药培养基(100 μl/孔,5复孔/组),继续培养24 h。再向每孔加入含CCK8培养基20 μl,颜色变化后用酶标仪于490 nm测OD值,计算细胞增殖率。
选取对数生长期细胞,经胰酶消化后调整至1×105个/ml密度,接种于六孔板,37 ℃、5%二氧化碳培养24 h。配制加药培养基备用。次日划痕处理,PBS洗涤后拍摄初始照片。按组别加入加药培养基,继续培养24 h及48 h后,分别拍摄划痕照片并记录。
收集上清液,离心去除细胞和碎片后保存于-80 ℃。采用特异性酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒检测IL-6、IL-1β、IL-10、IL-17、VEGF、MMP-9和 TNF-α的浓度。实验按照生产厂家的说明书进行。
细胞经无EDTA胰酶消化1 min,离心(1 000 r/min,5 min)后调整浓度为3~5×106/ml。按说明书进行抗体染色,每100 μl细胞悬液加5 μl Annexin V/FITC,室温避光孵育5分钟。再加入400 μl PBS和10 μl碘化丙啶,1 h内上流式细胞仪检测。
细胞预处理后冰上聚集,以RIPA裂解,经10% SDS-PAGE于120V分离蛋白,电转至NC膜。膜以5%BSA或脱脂奶粉的PBS封闭60 min,再分别与一抗Bcl-2、IκBα、XIAP、IKKα/β、P65及二抗37 ℃孵育各1 h。最后,用Image J软件进行蛋白表达的可视化与定量分析。
数据以均数±标准差()表示。采用单因素方差分析并进行方差齐性检验,方差齐时采用LSD检验,方差不齐时采用Dunnett-T3法进行组间两两比较,检验水准为α=0.05。
与DMSO组和托法替尼组相比,ATRA组和联合干预组在HFLS细胞中的增殖率均显著增加(见图1A)。进一步探究ATRA及联合干预对TNF-α和IL-1β诱导下HFLS-RA细胞的作用差异,发现IL-1β干预实验中,IL-1β组、DMSO组、托法替尼组增殖率高于对照组;ATRA组和联合干预组的增殖率较IL-1β组降低(见图1B)。TNF-α诱导实验中,联合干预组、托法替尼组及ATRA组的细胞增殖率显著低于TNF-α组(见图1C)。结果提示,10 μmol/L的ATRA单独使用或与托法替尼联用,均能够显著促进HFLS细胞的增殖,抑制HFLS-RA细胞的生长。
前期研究发现20 ng/mL的TNF-α能提升HFLS-RA细胞的增殖率,后续实验选用其为诱导因子。划痕实验表明对照组划痕变窄,细胞迁移能力增强;ATRA组抑制划痕变窄;托法替尼组划痕较ATRA组更宽,联合干预组划痕最宽,表明ATRA能增强托法替尼对HFLS-RA细胞迁移的抑制,且随时间推移,增强作用更明显,两组划痕变化趋势一致(见图2)。
流式细胞术检测发现,与对照组比较,TNF-α和DMSO组HFLS-RA细胞早期凋亡降低(见图3)。与TNF-α组相比,ATRA、托法替尼及联合干预组早期凋亡率升高。且联合干预组的早期凋亡率高于ATRA组和托法替尼组。ATRA组晚期凋亡率高于TNF-α组;托法替尼和联合干预组晚期凋亡率低于TNF-α组,但差异无统计学意义。结果表明,10 μmol/L的ATRA和托法替尼能促进HFLS-RA细胞早期凋亡,联合干预能够显著提升早期凋亡率,但对晚期凋亡率有抑制作用。
20 ng/ml TNF-α刺激48 h后,联合干预组IL-6浓度显著高于ATRA组、托法替尼组和TNF-α组(见图4A)。与TNF-α组相比,ATRA组、托法替尼组和联合干预组IL-1β浓度差异无统计学意义(见图4B)。联合干预组IL-10浓度均高于TNF-α组,差异有统计学意义(见图4C)。ATRA组、托法替尼组和联合干预组的IL-17浓度均低于TNF-α组,但差异无统计学意义(见图4D)。结果表明,ATRA和托法替尼对IL-6的抑制作用相当,联合干预可显著提高IL-6和IL-10的分泌水平。且ATRA能增强托法替尼降低IL-17水平的功效。
干预24 h后,ATRA组与联合干预组的VEGF浓度较对照组、DMSO组及TNF-α组上升,但联合干预组VEGF表达显著低于ATRA组(见图5A)。48 h后,两组VEGF浓度仍高,但联合干预组升高幅度更大,表明托法替尼能抑制ATRA诱导的VEGF过表达,但此效应随时间减弱(见图5A)。
干预24 h后,ATRA组、托法替尼组及联合干预组MMP-9浓度低于TNF-α组,但差异无统计意义(见图5B)。48 h后,各组浓度均低于对照组,联合干预组MMP-9浓度相对更低,但差异不显著。这表明ATRA对MMP-9的抑制作用与课题组此前动物实验结果不符。结合前期研究,推测ATRA可能通过失活NF-κB信号通路抑制HFLS-RA细胞中TNF-α和IL-6分泌。鉴于ATRA的治疗作用涉及自噬、凋亡及细胞增殖抑制,故进一步探究ATRA对NF-κB通路的影响及其与细胞过程的关系。实验采用不同浓度ATRA及ATRA联合自噬抑制剂3-MA进行。
ATRA组、3-MA组和联合干预组的增殖率低于TNF-α、DMSO和对照组(见图6)。表明,ATRA和3-MA可抑制TNF-α诱导的HFLS-RA细胞过度生长,且ATRA对HFLS-RA细胞的抑制作用是3-MA无法替代的。
干预24 h后,与TNF-α组相比,ATRA组和3-MA组的IL-6浓度显著降低。ATRA和联合干预组的IL-6浓度显著低于3-MA组(见图7A)。干预48 h后,与TNF-α组相比,ATRA组、3-MA组和联合干预组IL-6浓度均显著降低。
干预24 h后,TNF-α组VEGF浓度较对照组和DMSO组升高(见图7B),ATRA组的VEGF浓度高于3-MA组和联合干预组。干预48 h后,与对照组和DMSO组以及TNF-α组相比,ATRA组的VEGF浓度显著升高,而3-MA组的VEGF浓度明显低于10 μmol/L ATRA组和联合干预组。
评估各组HFLS-RA细胞中凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、XIAP、IκBα、IKKα/β和P65的表达水平(见图8图9)。对于凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2,与TNF-α组相比,3-MA组Bcl-2表达上调;0.1 μmol/L和10 μmol/L ATRA组Bcl-2水平均下调,联合干预组表达最低(见图9A),提示TNF-α下调Bcl-2的表达被3-MA逆转,但3-MA并未抑制ATRA下调Bcl-2的作用,ATRA协同3-MA促进细胞凋亡。
NF-κB通路相关蛋白方面,0.1μmol/L和1 μmol/L ATRA组XIAP表达低于TNF-α组,3-MA及联合干预组高于TNF-α组,且显著高于ATRA各组(见图9B)。与TNF-α组相比,ATRA组、3-MA组和联合干预组中IκBα的表达水平显著升高。与0.1 μmol/L ATRA组相比,10 μmol/L ATRA组IκBα的表达水平显著升高,但联合干预组使IκBα上调水平降低,提示IκBα表达在ATRA、3-MA及联合干预组中均升高,且随ATRA浓度增加而升高(见图9C)。与TNF-α组相比,0.1 μmol/L ATRA组IKKα/β表达水平显著升高,10 μmol/L ATRA组IKKα/β表达水平显著降低,提示IKKα/β表达随ATRA浓度变化呈先升后降趋势(见图9D)。此外,所有干预组的P65表达均低于3-MA干预组,且显著高于0.1 μmol/L ATRA干预组(见图9E),提示ATRA 下调P65水平,且呈浓度依赖性。
促炎因子TNF-α和IL-1β在RA的发病和进展中至关重要,可刺激HFLS-RA细胞过度增殖。其中,20 ng/ml IL-1β刺激后细胞增殖率上升更显著,但联合干预效果与TNF-α刺激一致。此外,HFLS-RA细胞通过迁移和侵袭骨与软骨,导致骨关节的损害[2]。本研究中,模型对照组细胞迁移能力增强,而ATRA能抑制细胞迁移,与前期研究结果相符。托法替尼干预组效果优于ATRA组,联合干预组效果最显著,且抑制作用随时间增强。
托法替尼通过抑制JAK通路间接抑制IL-10和IL-6的分泌[20]。研究发现,ATRA和托法替尼对IL-6的抑制作用相当,但联合使用可显著提高IL-6和IL-10水平。IL-17家族是促进RA的炎症网络的中心部分[21],RA患者IL-17水平显著高于对照人群[22]。早期干预中,托法替尼可显著降低IL-17分泌[20],本研究中虽不显著。但联合干预进一步降低了IL-17分泌,提示ATRA可能增强托法替尼降低IL-17水平的能力。
许多研究都表明抑制VEGF的表达可缓解RA。本研究发现,ATRA上调VEGF水平,但联合干预能有效降低其表达。提示托法替尼可抑制ATRA诱导的VEGF过度上调,但这种效应在48 h后消失。考虑到VEGF在RA中的表达受多因素影响,ATRA在RA中上调VEGF与促进血管生成是否是完全的正向关系还有待进一步研究。此外,基质金属蛋白酶MMPs家族在RA的进展中起重要作用,其过度分泌会加速骨质流失[8]。本研究表明,ATRA和托法替尼单独对MMP-9的抑制作用随时间减弱,但联合干预在48 h时对MMP-9的抑制作用强于24 h干预组。
HFLS-RA 细胞抵抗细胞凋亡导致滑膜持续增生并迁移侵袭邻近关节[9],导致损伤加剧。流式细胞术显示,10 μmol/L ATRA和托法替尼均能促进HFLS-RA细胞早期凋亡,联合干预时早期凋亡率最高,ATRA及联合干预对HFLS-RA细胞总凋亡率的影响基本与对早期凋亡率的影响一致,可以认为ATRA在早期和晚期都能增强托法替促进细胞凋亡的能力。
通过对ATRA诱导的HFLS-RA细胞高水平自噬凋亡与NF-κB信号通路关系的研究发现,不同浓度的ATRA和3-MA均可抑制HFLS-RA细胞增殖并下调IL-6水平。两者作用相互独立。此外,ATRA上调VEGF表达,而3-MA下调VEGF表达,从而减弱ATRA的影响,这些发现与Fang等[23]的研究一致,表明3-MA可以逆转ATRA对细胞增殖、凋亡和分化的影响。
研究表明,诱导自噬能拮抗RA中HFLS-RA细胞的凋亡,且高水平自噬常伴随AKT/IKK/NFKBIA/NF-κB信号通路激活。HFLS-RA高表达导致激酶上调和抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达增加,从而抑制HFLS-RA细胞凋亡[24]。本研究发现,0.1 μmol/L和10 μmol/L ATRA均下调Bcl-2的表达,且3-MA对Bcl-2表达的促进作用被10 μmol/L ATRA逆转,提示ATRA协同3-MA能促进细胞凋亡。
对NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白的研究显示,TNF-α可下调IκBα的表达;而ATRA和3-MA导致其上调,但联合干预可降低其上调的程度,与Rao等研究结果一致[25]。不同浓度的ATRA下调P65的水平,呈浓度依赖性,与前期动物实验结果一致。ATRA干预后,HFLS-RA细胞中XIAP表达下降,与自噬增强时XIAP下调的相关性研究相悖。RA患者HFLS-RA细胞高表达Fas抗原后,多种激酶(ERK、PI3K、JNK)信号通路被激活,导致抑制HFLS-RA细胞凋亡的抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达增加。在TNF-α诱导下,Bcl-2表达上调,但3-MA可以逆转此效应。虽然不同浓度ATRA均下调Bcl-2表达,但3-MA下调Bcl-2的表达被10μmol/LATRA逆转,提示ATRA与自噬抑制剂联合时,ATRA介导的Bcl-2下调,仍促进细胞凋亡。此外,XIAP表达在低浓度ATRA下调,在高浓度ATRA时不受影响。而3-MA或两者联合治疗后上调,此变化与NF-κB通路中涉及的其他蛋白质不一致。
在ATRA和托法替尼联合作用的研究中,我们假设其能通过抑制HFLS-RA细胞的增殖和迁移、促进细胞凋亡、减少促炎因子分泌、增加抗炎因子分泌来缓解RA滑膜炎。研究发现,TNF-α激活NF-κB信号通路后,HFLS-RA细胞的自噬水平升高。10 μmol/L ATRA可下调IL-6、Bcl-2及IKKα/β、P65,上调 IκBα,抑制NF-κB信号通路。自噬抑制剂3-MA虽抑制ATRA诱导的HFLS-RA细胞的高自噬水平,但不影响ATRA对NF-κB信号通路的作用;且通过下调Bcl-2水平促进细胞凋亡。这表明ATRA对HFLS-RA细胞的影响主要通过NF-κB信号通路,与自噬水平无直接关联。结合课题组前期研究发现ATRA可明显诱导HFLS-RA细胞的自噬,上调自噬相关蛋白LC3A/B、Beclin-1的表达水平[17]进一步验证该机制。本研究为探索ATRA联合自噬调节剂在RA治疗中的潜在价值提供了实验依据,但需进一步体内实验和临床研究验证其安全性和有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81372983)
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2025年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501304
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-17
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国家自然科学基金(81372983)
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    四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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