Article(id=1240972421302374601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240972413354176744, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310166, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697126400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773800481390, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1715270400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773800481390, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773800481390, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773800481390, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240972413354176744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='9', pageStart='1537', pageEnd='1728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773800479495, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773800596829, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240972905568334240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240972413354176744, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240972905568334241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240972413354176744, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1597, endPage=1602, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240972421654696156, articleId=1240972421302374601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Study on the causal relationship between tea intake and sex hormone levels based on two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the causal relationship between tea intake and sex hormone levels by two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.

Methods

Single nucleotide polymorphisms related to tea intake were screened from the genome-wide association study as genetic instrumental variables. Five Mendelian randomized methods including simple model, weighted model, inverse variance weighted (IVW) analysis, weighted median method, and MR-Egger method were used to study the causal association between tea intake and sex hormone levels, which was evaluated by the β value.

Results

A total of 41 SNPs were included in this study. The results of inverse variance weighting method showed that tea intake could increase the level of bioavailable testosterone (β=0.073, P < 0.05) and decrease the level of estradiol (β=-0.023, P < 0.05). The estimated results of MR-Egger effect showed that tea intake could increase the level of bioavailable testosterone (β=0.179, P<0.05) and decrease the level of estradiol (β=-0.049, P<0.05), and the weighted median method also found that tea could increase the level of bioavailable testosterone (β=0.120,P<0.05) and decrease the level of extradiol (β=-0.047, P<0.05), consistent with the results of IVW method. MR-Egger regression method showed that there was no horizontal pleiotropy, leaving one method and Cochran’s Q statistics test showed no heterogeneity, and the direction of single SNP was correct.

Conclusion

Tea intake can up-regulate testosterone level and down-regulate estradiol level. Reasonable tea intake will contribute to the effective intervention of sex hormone-related diseases and provide important reference for the prevention and treatment of clinical diseases.

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目的

本文通过两样本孟德尔随机化的方法探究茶摄入与性激素水平之间的因果关系。

方法

从全基因组关联分析研究数据中筛出与茶摄入相关的单核苷酸多态性作为基因工具变量,用简单模式、加权模式、逆方差加权分析方法、加权中值方法和MR-Egger方法一共五种孟德尔随机化方法研究茶摄入与性激素水平的因果关联。β值评价茶摄入与性激素水平的因果关系。

结果

本研究一共筛选了41个相关SNPs。逆方差加权法结果亦证明茶摄入能提高生物可利用睾酮水平(β=0.073,P<0.05),降低雌二醇水平(β=-0.023,P<0.05)。MR-Egger效应估计结果显示茶摄入能提高生物可利用睾酮水平(β=0.179,P<0.05),降低雌二醇水平(β=-0.049,P<0.05);加权中值法得出生物可利用睾酮水平(β=0.120,P<0.05),雌二醇水平(β=-0.047,P<0.05),前两种方法的结果与逆方差加权法得出结论一致。MR-Egger回归法显示不存在水平多效性,留一法、Cochran Q统计量检验表明SNPs不存在异质性;单一SNP的方向性正确。

结论

茶摄入可上调睾酮水平,下调雌二醇水平。合理安排茶摄入将有助于有效干预性激素相关性疾病,为临床疾病的预防治疗提供了重要的参考依据。

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王麦秋,E-mail:
张蕾,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BqFFwtC08OstnSAPa17HeQ==, magXml=jrAWaB4ZOVHCVN4NRLvAsQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=VylPZXtcpxyNhIRAscFuYg==, pdfFileSize=1032595, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=oHlzNVzefmINhA/w/wbelw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=WuzTpuWqyuUPV2GuqLREWA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张旭(1996—),男,硕士,研究方向:医学大数据、流行病学方向的研究

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基于两样本孟德尔随机化的茶摄入与性激素水平的因果关系研究
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张旭 1, 2 , 赵思亮 3 , 彭朝勇 5 , 张蕾 1, 2, 4 , 王麦秋 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024,51(9): 1597-1602
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现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024, 51(9): 1597-1602
基于两样本孟德尔随机化的茶摄入与性激素水平的因果关系研究
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张旭1, 2, 赵思亮3, 彭朝勇5, 张蕾1, 2, 4 , 王麦秋1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江科技学院生物与化学工程学院,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 2.浙江省农业生物资源生化制造协同创新中心,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 3.金堂县第二人民医院心血管内分泌科
  • 4.浙江科技学院信息与电子工程学院,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 5.北京师范大学生命科学学院
  • 张旭(1996—),男,硕士,研究方向:医学大数据、流行病学方向的研究

通讯作者:

王麦秋,E-mail:
张蕾,E-mail:
Study on the causal relationship between tea intake and sex hormone levels based on two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
Xu ZHANG1, 2, Si-liang ZHAO3, Zhao-yong PENG5, Lei ZHANG1, 2, 4 , Mai-qiu WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012,China
出版时间: 2024-05-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310166
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目的

本文通过两样本孟德尔随机化的方法探究茶摄入与性激素水平之间的因果关系。

方法

从全基因组关联分析研究数据中筛出与茶摄入相关的单核苷酸多态性作为基因工具变量,用简单模式、加权模式、逆方差加权分析方法、加权中值方法和MR-Egger方法一共五种孟德尔随机化方法研究茶摄入与性激素水平的因果关联。β值评价茶摄入与性激素水平的因果关系。

结果

本研究一共筛选了41个相关SNPs。逆方差加权法结果亦证明茶摄入能提高生物可利用睾酮水平(β=0.073,P<0.05),降低雌二醇水平(β=-0.023,P<0.05)。MR-Egger效应估计结果显示茶摄入能提高生物可利用睾酮水平(β=0.179,P<0.05),降低雌二醇水平(β=-0.049,P<0.05);加权中值法得出生物可利用睾酮水平(β=0.120,P<0.05),雌二醇水平(β=-0.047,P<0.05),前两种方法的结果与逆方差加权法得出结论一致。MR-Egger回归法显示不存在水平多效性,留一法、Cochran Q统计量检验表明SNPs不存在异质性;单一SNP的方向性正确。

结论

茶摄入可上调睾酮水平,下调雌二醇水平。合理安排茶摄入将有助于有效干预性激素相关性疾病,为临床疾病的预防治疗提供了重要的参考依据。

茶摄入  /  睾酮  /  雌二醇  /  孟德尔随机化  /  因果关系
Objective

To investigate the causal relationship between tea intake and sex hormone levels by two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.

Methods

Single nucleotide polymorphisms related to tea intake were screened from the genome-wide association study as genetic instrumental variables. Five Mendelian randomized methods including simple model, weighted model, inverse variance weighted (IVW) analysis, weighted median method, and MR-Egger method were used to study the causal association between tea intake and sex hormone levels, which was evaluated by the β value.

Results

A total of 41 SNPs were included in this study. The results of inverse variance weighting method showed that tea intake could increase the level of bioavailable testosterone (β=0.073, P < 0.05) and decrease the level of estradiol (β=-0.023, P < 0.05). The estimated results of MR-Egger effect showed that tea intake could increase the level of bioavailable testosterone (β=0.179, P<0.05) and decrease the level of estradiol (β=-0.049, P<0.05), and the weighted median method also found that tea could increase the level of bioavailable testosterone (β=0.120,P<0.05) and decrease the level of extradiol (β=-0.047, P<0.05), consistent with the results of IVW method. MR-Egger regression method showed that there was no horizontal pleiotropy, leaving one method and Cochran’s Q statistics test showed no heterogeneity, and the direction of single SNP was correct.

Conclusion

Tea intake can up-regulate testosterone level and down-regulate estradiol level. Reasonable tea intake will contribute to the effective intervention of sex hormone-related diseases and provide important reference for the prevention and treatment of clinical diseases.

Tea intake  /  Testosterone  /  Estradiol  /  Mendelian randomization  /  Causality
张旭, 赵思亮, 彭朝勇, 张蕾, 王麦秋. 基于两样本孟德尔随机化的茶摄入与性激素水平的因果关系研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (9) : 1597 -1602 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310166
Xu ZHANG, Si-liang ZHAO, Zhao-yong PENG, Lei ZHANG, Mai-qiu WANG. Study on the causal relationship between tea intake and sex hormone levels based on two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (9) : 1597 -1602 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310166
饮茶受到中西方不同年龄消费者的广泛喜爱,而茶摄入(tea intake)通过调控性激素水平,对乳腺癌、前列腺癌等疾病产生干预治疗的作用,已获得了一定研究论证的支持[1-3]。茶饮品中含有许多目前已被证实有效的活性成分,如茶氨酸、儿茶素、咖啡因等[4]。这些成分同时也对一些受性激素影响的系统产生影响进而干预某些疾病,如咖啡因与血清睾酮呈反向关联[5],高咖啡因摄入行为可以带来更高的前列腺癌(prostatic cancer)特异性生存率[6]。综上,茶摄入对性激素代谢的确切影响,及对相关肿瘤疾病的干预治疗及生存状况改善作用,具有较大研究空间和潜在临床收益。
既往关于绿茶摄入对性激素影响的研究结果存在许多争议。一项双盲随机对照试验表明在不同浓度绿茶提取物干预下不会产生性激素的一致性变化[7],此外绿茶摄入降低雌激素浓度、升高雌激素浓度的论点都有相关观察性研究结果作为论证依据[8-9];有研究表明绿茶可以增加或减少睾酮,但不会影响总睾酮水平[10]。在一篇新近研究报道中,研究者提出绿茶对性激素作用结果的不一致性可能与反馈机制有关,绿茶饮用时间长短可影响性激素水平,并观察到长期饮用绿茶的绝经后妇女雌二醇浓度较对照组升高[11]。综上可见茶摄入与性激素之间确切的关联还有待进一步明确。
孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)是一种工具变量(instrumental variable,IV)分析,相对于传统流行病学方法,其优势主要在于可避免研究中潜在的混杂偏倚影响和反向因果问题。大量暴露和疾病间遗传变异相关的汇总数据使MR可用于估计大样本数据中被研究对象间的因果关系[12]。查阅最新文献发现,茶摄入与性激素水平之间是否存在因果关联,尚未得到确切的方法学论证。本研究可为茶摄入与性激素水平的因果关联提出有力的证据,为性激素相关疾病的防治提供新的思路与证据支持。
本研究以茶摄入为暴露,以总睾酮水平、雌二醇水平、生物可利用睾酮水平、性激素结合球蛋白水平等性激素及其相关物质水平的改变为结局,采用两样本MR的设计方法,探讨两者因果联系。该研究方法遵循以下三个基本假设:(1)遗传变异与茶摄入有密切相关性;(2)遗传变异与任何潜在混杂因素均不相关;(3)遗传变异除了通过茶摄入的方式,与结局之间无直接相关性[13]。见图1
本研究还进行了一项反向MR,即以性激素水平作为暴露,茶摄入行为作为结局,探究性激素水平与茶摄入行为之间是否存在因果关联。
首先使用了全基因组关联研究(Genome-Wide Association Studies,GWAS)最大的茶摄入汇总数据,一共涉及447 485名欧洲样本(表型代码:1488_raw;GWAS ID:UKB-b-6066),涵盖单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs)9 851 867个。该GWAS通过问卷调查获得了喝茶习性相关数据,并对性别、基因分型阵列及主要成分前十进行了相关性和分层性调整。其调查结果显示,茶摄入量平均值为3.51,标准差为2.85[14]
性激素水平相关的暴露数据来自Katherine等人[15]GWAS分析统计汇总数据,该汇总数据中SHBG、总睾酮和雌二醇的血清水平共纳入425 097例欧洲样本;生物可利用睾酮(游离/未结合)共纳入382 988例欧洲样本,使用Vermeulen方程对每一个样本生物的生物可利用睾酮进行计算。此外该GWAS采用线性混合模型并校正了身体质量指数、基因分型芯片、基线年龄等十个协变量。
我们从茶摄入的IEU openGWAS数据库中按照本研究的质量控制筛选出符合工具变量标准的SNPs。首先以P<5×10-8为阈提值取出所有与暴露相关且有全基因组意义的SNPs,设定kb=10 000,连锁不平衡r2<0.001为默认参数;然后在本研究设计的四个性激素指标对应的GWAS数据库中进行有效工具变量筛查:将暴露与结局中中等等位基因频率的回文SNP剔除,确定暴露中与混杂因素相关的SNP并剔除,以P<5×10-8为阈值确定与研究结局强相关的SNP并剔除,用MR-presso法检出离群值并剔除;最终提取出41个符合本研究的SNPs。
为避免弱关联IV致使结果发生偏倚,用F检验评估选定SNPs是否受弱工具变量影响,用公式评估单个IV的强度,R2表示由遗传变异解释的暴露方差,
其中N为暴露GWAS总样本数量,EAF为效应等位基因频率,β代表暴露GWAS中遗传变异的影响估计值[16]F值超过10可视为无弱工具变量偏差[17]
本研究主要运用逆方差加权分析法(inverse variance weighting,IVW)对两样本进行MR分析,运用加权模式、加权中值方法(weighted median estimator,WME)、MR-Egger回归法作为IVW法的补充,对其结果提供稳健分析。
IVW运用荟萃分析方法,在每个遗传变异均满足工具变量假设的前提下,对不同SNPs因果效应Wald比率进行估计,最终得出暴露对结果产生因果效应的一致性评估[18]。当有效IV超过50%即可用WME法进行加权权重计算,然后按权重大小排列SNPs并取中位数为结果,该方法得到的因果估计值具有良好的一致性。MR-Egger法主要参考截距项值,以此判定多效性存在与否:截距近似或等于零时,MR-Egger法与IVW法的结果相近;截距项与0之间间隔较大,则IV间可能存在水平多效性[19]
以WME和MR-Egger回归法检验IVW结果的稳健性。采用MR多效性残差和异常值检验法(MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier,MR-PRESSO)检出离群值,剔除后予以重新分析。MR Steiger方向性测试用于判断单一SNP的方向性是否正确,该过滤法假设有效的遗传变异能解释的暴露方差比结果方差更多,如果不符合这一标准,则证明其有双向效应[20]
其他敏感性分析主要包括基因多效性分析、异质性检验和留一法。以MR-Egger回归法的截距项评估基因多效性,近似于零时可认为基因多效性可忽略,并以回归线的斜率来估计暴露对结果的影响效应值[21]。用Cochran Q统计量检验异质性是否存在,若该检验的P值小于0.05,则研究结果存在异质性[22]。留一法用于保证整体的可靠性,通过逐次剔除单个SNP并评估剩余SNPs对整体因果的影响来确保研究不存在异质性[19]
本研究的统计学结果均以β值和95%置信区间(95% confidence interval, 95%CI)表示。本研究以R 4.2.2版本进行统计分析,检验水准α=0.05;并用MR-PRESSO、TwoSampleMR R包分析样本数据。
最终选定41个符合本研究筛选标准的SNPs作为IVs,见图2。每个与暴露相关的IV的F值都大于10(30.021~493.646),有效避免了弱工具变量带来偏差。
IVW结果显示在茶摄入人群中,生物可利用睾酮水平(β=0.073=0.054,P=0.008)、总睾酮水平(β=0.050=0.049,P=0.042)得到了提高,雌二醇水平(β=-0.023,=0.018,P=0.011)下降;对性激素结合球蛋白水平(β=-0.004=0,P=0.869)的影响则没有统计学意义。生物可利用睾酮水平的WME结果(β=0.120,=0.062,P=0.000 1),雌二醇(β=-0.047,=0.025,P=0.000 2)与IVW法结果相似,但总睾酮水平(β=0.043=0.05,P=0.070)的结果没有统计学意义。用MR-Egger法估算生物可利用睾酮水平的结果(β=0.179,=0.116,P= 0.004),雌二醇(β=-0.049,=0.039,P=0.017)。两者补充证明了本研究得出的IVW结果稳健可靠。见图23
Steiger过滤检验显示,四个结局的方向检验P值均远远小于0.05,说明单一SNP的方向是正确的。反向MR分析发现性激素水平变化与茶摄入行为之间没有因果关联。
综上,证明茶摄入能提高人群的生物可利用睾酮水平,且使雌二醇水平下降。
基于本研究的MR-Egger的截距检验示,对应生物可利用睾酮水平和雌激素水平的截距项分别为-0.002和0.001,P值分别为0.051、0.142,均大于0.05,故认为受基因多效性的影响可以忽略。雌激素水平的Cochran Q检验表明结果不存在异质性(Q=45.099, P=0.199);生物可利用睾酮水平的Cochran Q检验结果表明不存在异质性(Q=72.09, P=0.390)。运用留一法逐一排查每个SNP对结果整体性影响的过程中,未观察到剩余SNPs的合并效应与最终结果之间有差异,证实本研究的结果相对可靠。见图4
在本研究中,两样本MR方法被用于评估茶摄入与性激素水平之间是否存在因果关系。其结果验证了茶摄入与生物可利用睾酮水平之间呈正相关(β=0.073,P<0.05),与雌激素水平之间呈负相关(β=-0.023,<0.05)。该结果明确了茶摄入对性激素的具体影响,成为茶摄入干预性激素相关性疾病的依据;同时结果也表明性激素水平的变化不会影响茶摄入行为。
我们将本研究的结论与既往观察性研究的结论进行对比后发现,这些观察性研究得出的结论目前存在一定流行病学方面的局限,且缺乏一致性。本研究运用MR的方法论证得出的统计学结果则可以进一步明确茶摄入与性激素水平之间的因果关联,对乳腺癌、前列腺癌等性激素高度相关性疾病的预防治疗及生存改善等方面带来的积极影响值得进一步肯定。
本研究的结论较上述诸多观察性研究的推论,所提供的结论更为可靠:第一,MR分析具有免除反向因果关联及多种混杂因素所造成混淆的系统优势,同时摆脱了观察性研究对于时间及资源消耗的顾虑;第二,随机对照试验设计的样本量不如MR分析涵盖的样本量大,因此MR的试验设计理论上更接近随机分配;第三,本研究运用多种的统计方法对工具变量和回归直线的要求各不相同,但其最终结果趋向一致,亦未揭示出潜在的多效性影响,因果推断结果较为确切、稳定。
本研究亦存在一定局限性:(1)本研究分析的全部数据来源于IEU openGWAS数据库,仅限于欧洲人群,虽然这样做避免了人口分层带来的可能偏倚,但该结论对于其他种族人群的适用性在本次研究中则得不到有效评估。(2)茶摄入能够提高睾酮水平,相关研究表明睾酮治疗对于前列腺癌的整个病程而言有利有弊[23],未经治疗的前列腺癌承受睾酮带来的负面影响,而经治后呈现出睾酮缺乏状态的前列腺癌则可以相对安全地使用睾酮对症治疗。由此可见全周期的前列腺癌治疗应对应动态化的雄激素管理,茶摄入的时机也应因此而有所选择,但这些病程进展中的时间节点目前仍未得到阐明,茶摄入的时机选择也缺乏支撑依据,故本研究结论的有效应用将受到限制。(3)本研究推测出茶摄入与雌激素之间存在负向的因果关联,但有研究证实绿茶提取物对循环雌激素浓度有升高的作用[24],意味着茶叶中不同活性成分对性激素的调控方向可能存在不同,因此茶叶品种、发酵程度、加工方式等可以改变茶叶活性成分组成的物理因素亦能对性激素水平的调控方向造成影响。这些都是值得在本研究的基础上深入研究的方向。
综上,本研究采用两样本MR方法推断茶摄入与性激素水平的因果关系,可初步得出其与雌二醇水平存在负向因果关系、与生物可利用睾酮水平呈正向因果关联的结论。这个结果在观察性研究所得相同结论的基础上增强了其方法学论证方面的可靠性。同时也为我们带来关于性激素水平对于乳腺癌或者前列腺癌作用的双重性的思考;而性激素治疗在不同阶段对乳腺癌或者前列腺癌带来的风险与收益或许是下一个值得深入研究探讨的主题。就本研究而言,茶摄入降低雌激素水平、增高雄激素水平的结果是确切的。因此,通过适当增加茶摄入的方式调节改善性激素水平,从而有效预防治疗乳腺癌,促进前列腺癌局部治疗后的睾酮水平回归正常,这一结论值得推广应用及深度验证。
  • 浙江省重点研究项目(2020C03071)
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2024年第51卷第9期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310166
  • 接收时间:2023-10-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-13
基金
浙江省重点研究项目(2020C03071)
作者信息
    1.浙江科技学院生物与化学工程学院,浙江 杭州 310012
    2.浙江省农业生物资源生化制造协同创新中心,浙江 杭州 310012
    3.金堂县第二人民医院心血管内分泌科
    4.浙江科技学院信息与电子工程学院,浙江 杭州 310012
    5.北京师范大学生命科学学院

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王麦秋,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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