Article(id=1240972414843154676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240972413354176744, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311456, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700841600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773800479851, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1715270400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773800479851, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773800479851, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773800479851, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240972413354176744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='9', pageStart='1537', pageEnd='1728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773800479495, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773800596829, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240972905568334240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240972413354176744, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240972905568334241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240972413354176744, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1671, endPage=1676, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240972415065452793, articleId=1240972414843154676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis on the importance of influencing factors of self-rated health of the middle-aged and elderly based on the theory of life course, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

According to the theory of life course, family environmental factors in early life have influence on individual health. The objective is to understand the influence and importance of family environmental factors in early life and other factors in adulthood on self-rated health of the middle-aged and elderly, so as to provide reference for active aging and healthy aging.

Methods

The demographic data, social support, and early family environmental factors of people over 45 years old from Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) data in 2021 were collected. Chi-square test, binary Logistic regression, and random forest model were used to analyze the influencing factors and importance of self-rated health of the middle-aged and elderly.

Results

Among the 4 311 subjects, 2 427 were unhealthy and 1 884 were healthy. The regression results showed that the middle-aged and elderly people aged 79 and over, working in agriculture, not working, never engaging in social and recreational activities, middle-and lower-middle-level socioeconomic status, and fathers with college education or above had a higher rate of self-rated unhealth (P < 0.05). The self-rated unhealthy rate of the middle-aged and elderly with normal and overweight, non-depression, average family economic level and higher than the average level of BMI was lower (P < 0.05). The order of influencing factors was depression (73.717), family economic level (55.361), nature of work (47.074), personal socio-economic status (42.177), BMI (38.952), age (28.842), frequency of social and recreational activities (28.270), and father’s education level (22.319).

Conclusion

There are many factors affecting the self-rated health of the middle-aged and elderly in China. Depression, family economic level, and the nature of work are important factors affecting the self-rated health of the middle-aged and elderly in China. Attention should be paid to special groups such as depression, low income, perennial farming, and out of work.

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目的

根据生命历程理论,生命早期家庭环境因素对个体健康存在着影响,了解生命早期家庭环境因素以及成年期其他因素对中老年人自评健康的影响及其重要性排序,为开展积极老龄化、健康老龄化提供参考。

方法

收集2021年中国综合调查(CGSS)数据中45岁以上人群人口学资料、社会支持、早期家庭环境因素资料,运用χ2检验,二元logistic回归和随机森林模型,分析中老年人自评健康的影响因素及其重要性。

结果

4 311例研究对象中,自评健康为不健康的2 427例,健康的1 884例;回归结果显示,年龄为60~79岁以及80岁以上、工作性质为务农以及没有工作、从不进行社交娱乐活动、个人社会经济地位为中层和中下层、父亲受教育水平为大专及以上的中老年人自评不健康率较高(P<0.05),BMI为正常和超重、不抑郁、家庭经济水平为平均水平和高于平均水平的中老年人自评不健康率较低(P<0.05)。影响因素按重要性得分排序依次是抑郁、家庭经济水平、工作性质、个人社会经济地位、BMI、年龄、社交娱乐活动频率、父亲受教育水平,得分分别为73.717、55.361、47.074、42.177、38.952、28.842、28.270和22.319分。

结论

影响我国中老年人自评健康的因素众多,抑郁状况、家庭经济水平、工作性质是影响中老年人自评健康的重要因素,应关注有抑郁倾向、收入较低、常年务农及没有工作等特殊群体。

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汤榕,E-mail:
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马春芳(1996—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生经济与健康管理

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Variables and assignments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值
一般人口学特征
性别男=1,女=2
年龄(岁)45~59=1,60~79=2,80以上=3
BMI偏瘦=1,正常=2,超重=3,肥胖=4
受教育水平小学及以下=1,初/高中=2,大专及以上=3
婚姻状况有配偶=1,无配偶=2
子女数量(个)0=1,1=2,2~3=3,4及以上=4
社会支持
社会信任是=1,否=2
是否有手机是=1,否=2
社交娱乐活动频率经常=1,偶尔=2,从不=3
个人社会经济地位中上层=1,中层=2,中下层=3
家庭经济水平低于平均水平=1,平均水平=2,高于平均水平=3
早期家庭环境因素
出生时母亲常住地区农村=1,城市=2
14岁时常住地区农村=1,城市=2
父亲受教育水平小学及以下=1,初/高中=2,大专及以上=3
母亲受教育水平小学及以下=1,初/高中=2,大专及以上=3
14岁时父亲工作状况在业=1,离退休=2,无业=3,已去世=4
14岁时母亲工作状况在业=1,离退休=2,无业=3,已去世=4
), ArticleFig(id=1240986265500316378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240972414843154676, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量及赋值情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值
一般人口学特征
性别男=1,女=2
年龄(岁)45~59=1,60~79=2,80以上=3
BMI偏瘦=1,正常=2,超重=3,肥胖=4
受教育水平小学及以下=1,初/高中=2,大专及以上=3
婚姻状况有配偶=1,无配偶=2
子女数量(个)0=1,1=2,2~3=3,4及以上=4
社会支持
社会信任是=1,否=2
是否有手机是=1,否=2
社交娱乐活动频率经常=1,偶尔=2,从不=3
个人社会经济地位中上层=1,中层=2,中下层=3
家庭经济水平低于平均水平=1,平均水平=2,高于平均水平=3
早期家庭环境因素
出生时母亲常住地区农村=1,城市=2
14岁时常住地区农村=1,城市=2
父亲受教育水平小学及以下=1,初/高中=2,大专及以上=3
母亲受教育水平小学及以下=1,初/高中=2,大专及以上=3
14岁时父亲工作状况在业=1,离退休=2,无业=3,已去世=4
14岁时母亲工作状况在业=1,离退休=2,无业=3,已去世=4
), ArticleFig(id=1240986265789723370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240972414843154676, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Self-rated health status of middle-aged and elderly people in China with different characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量例数自评健康[n(%)]χ2P
不健康(n=2 427)健康(n=1 884)
一般人口学特征
性别7.651b0.005
2 0401 103(54.1)937(45.9)
2 2711 324(58.3)947(41.7)
年龄(岁)66.356a0.000
45~591 991991(49.8)1 000(50.2)
60~792 0781 275(61.4)803(38.6)
80以上242161(66.5)81(33.5)
BMI27.667a0.000
偏瘦356239(67.1)117(32.9)
正常2 0951 164(55.6)931(44.4)
超重1 421755(53.1)666(46.9)
肥胖439269(61.3)170(38.7)
受教育水平80.544a0.000
小学及以下1 8911 198(63.4)693(36.6)
初/高中2 0691 081(52.2)988(47.8)
大专及以上351148(42.2)167(57.8)
婚姻状况17.070b0.000
有配偶3 4791 905(54.8)1 574(45.2)
无配偶832522(62.7)310(37.3)
子女数量(个)44.910a0.000
010056(56.0)44(44.0)
11 548772(49.9)776(50.1)
2~32 2531 335(59.3)918(40.7)
4及以上410264(64.4)146(35.6)
家庭常住人口(人)3.634a0.163
11 8031 024(56.8)779(43.2)
2~31 397759(54.3)638(45.7)
4及以上1 111644(58.0)467(42.0)
是否抑郁256.616b0.000
544480(88.2)64(11.8)
3 7671 947(51.7)1 820(48.3)
户口性质16.094b0.000
农业3 0701 788(58.2)1 282(41.8)
非农业1 241639(51.5)602(48.5)
工作性质159.304a0.000
非农业1 007393(39.0)614(61.0)
农业908560(61.7)348(38.3)
没有工作2 3961 474(61.5)922(38.5)
社会支持
社会信任15.690b0.000
3 1481 715(54.5)1 433(45.5)
1 163712(61.2)451(38.8)
是否有手机16.824b0.000
4 0102 223(55.4)1 787(44.6)
301204(67.8)97(32.2)
社交娱乐活动频率48.534a0.000
经常925470(50.8)455(49.2)
偶尔906449(49.6)457(50.4)
从不2 4801 508(60.8)972(39.2)
个人社会经济地位132.159b0.000
中上层305119(39.0)186(81.0)
中层1 586772(48.4)824(51.6)
中下层2 4101 536(63.7)874(36.3)
家庭经济水平209.476a0.000
低于平均水平1 9341 317(68.1)617(31.9)
平均水平2 034978(48.1)1 056(51.9)
高于平均水平343132(38.5)211(61.5)
早期家庭环境因素
出生时母亲常住地区12.149b0.000
农村3 5662 051(57.5)1 515(42.5)
城市745376(50.5)369(49.5)
14岁时常住地区14.915b0.000
农村3 4982 019(57.5)1 479(42.3)
城市813408(50.2)405(49.8)
父亲受教育水平22.485a0.000
小学及以下3 6242 085(57.5)1 539(42.5)
初/高中556262(47.1)294(52.9)
大专及以上13180(61.1)51(38.9)
14岁时父亲工作状况2.802a0.423
在业3 9672 219(55.9)1 748(44.1)
离退休1711(64.7)6(35.3)
无业169101(59.8)68(40.2)
已去世15896(60.8)62(39.2)
母亲受教育水平6.066a0.048
小学及以下4 0372 292(56.8)1 745(43.2)
初/高中237118(49.8)119(50.2)
大专及以上3717(45.9)20(54.1)
14岁时母亲就业状况2.703c0.446
在业3 6712 083(56.7)1 588(43.3)
离退休53(60.0)2(40.0)
失业517274(53.0)243(47.0)
已去世11867(56.8)51(43.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1240986266024604405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240972414843154676, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同资料的我国中老年人自评健康状况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量例数自评健康[n(%)]χ2P
不健康(n=2 427)健康(n=1 884)
一般人口学特征
性别7.651b0.005
2 0401 103(54.1)937(45.9)
2 2711 324(58.3)947(41.7)
年龄(岁)66.356a0.000
45~591 991991(49.8)1 000(50.2)
60~792 0781 275(61.4)803(38.6)
80以上242161(66.5)81(33.5)
BMI27.667a0.000
偏瘦356239(67.1)117(32.9)
正常2 0951 164(55.6)931(44.4)
超重1 421755(53.1)666(46.9)
肥胖439269(61.3)170(38.7)
受教育水平80.544a0.000
小学及以下1 8911 198(63.4)693(36.6)
初/高中2 0691 081(52.2)988(47.8)
大专及以上351148(42.2)167(57.8)
婚姻状况17.070b0.000
有配偶3 4791 905(54.8)1 574(45.2)
无配偶832522(62.7)310(37.3)
子女数量(个)44.910a0.000
010056(56.0)44(44.0)
11 548772(49.9)776(50.1)
2~32 2531 335(59.3)918(40.7)
4及以上410264(64.4)146(35.6)
家庭常住人口(人)3.634a0.163
11 8031 024(56.8)779(43.2)
2~31 397759(54.3)638(45.7)
4及以上1 111644(58.0)467(42.0)
是否抑郁256.616b0.000
544480(88.2)64(11.8)
3 7671 947(51.7)1 820(48.3)
户口性质16.094b0.000
农业3 0701 788(58.2)1 282(41.8)
非农业1 241639(51.5)602(48.5)
工作性质159.304a0.000
非农业1 007393(39.0)614(61.0)
农业908560(61.7)348(38.3)
没有工作2 3961 474(61.5)922(38.5)
社会支持
社会信任15.690b0.000
3 1481 715(54.5)1 433(45.5)
1 163712(61.2)451(38.8)
是否有手机16.824b0.000
4 0102 223(55.4)1 787(44.6)
301204(67.8)97(32.2)
社交娱乐活动频率48.534a0.000
经常925470(50.8)455(49.2)
偶尔906449(49.6)457(50.4)
从不2 4801 508(60.8)972(39.2)
个人社会经济地位132.159b0.000
中上层305119(39.0)186(81.0)
中层1 586772(48.4)824(51.6)
中下层2 4101 536(63.7)874(36.3)
家庭经济水平209.476a0.000
低于平均水平1 9341 317(68.1)617(31.9)
平均水平2 034978(48.1)1 056(51.9)
高于平均水平343132(38.5)211(61.5)
早期家庭环境因素
出生时母亲常住地区12.149b0.000
农村3 5662 051(57.5)1 515(42.5)
城市745376(50.5)369(49.5)
14岁时常住地区14.915b0.000
农村3 4982 019(57.5)1 479(42.3)
城市813408(50.2)405(49.8)
父亲受教育水平22.485a0.000
小学及以下3 6242 085(57.5)1 539(42.5)
初/高中556262(47.1)294(52.9)
大专及以上13180(61.1)51(38.9)
14岁时父亲工作状况2.802a0.423
在业3 9672 219(55.9)1 748(44.1)
离退休1711(64.7)6(35.3)
无业169101(59.8)68(40.2)
已去世15896(60.8)62(39.2)
母亲受教育水平6.066a0.048
小学及以下4 0372 292(56.8)1 745(43.2)
初/高中237118(49.8)119(50.2)
大专及以上3717(45.9)20(54.1)
14岁时母亲就业状况2.703c0.446
在业3 6712 083(56.7)1 588(43.3)
离退休53(60.0)2(40.0)
失业517274(53.0)243(47.0)
已去世11867(56.8)51(43.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1240986266179793665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240972414843154676, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Binary logistic regression results of factors influencing self-rated health among middle-aged and elderly people in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β Wald χ2POR95%CI
一般人口学特征
性别(男)
0.0230.0700.1090.7411.0230.892~1.174
年龄(岁,45~59)
60~790.2700.08110.9900.0011.3101.117~1.537
80岁以上0.5150.1768.5900.0031.6731.186~2.361
BMI(偏瘦)
正常-0.3170.1315.8710.0150.7280.563~0.941
超重-0.2910.1364.5960.0320.7480.573~0.975
肥胖-0.0210.1620.0170.8980.9790.713~1.345
受教育水平(小学及以下)
初/高中-0.0580.0780.5540.4570.9440.810~1.099
大专及以上-0.0360.1500.0570.8110.9650.719~1.295
婚姻状况(有配偶)
无配偶0.0290.0910.1040.7471.0300.861~1.232
子女数量(个,0)
1-0.1260.2290.3040.5810.8810.725~1.776
2~30.0230.2290.0100.9211.0230.624~1.531
4个及以上-0.0070.2530.0010.9931.0070.613~1.653
抑郁状况(是)
-1.6200.142131.1070.0000.1980.150~0.261
户口性质(农业)
非农业0.0660.1020.4220.5161.0690.875~1.305
工作性质(非务农)
务农0.5740.10828.1890.0001.7761.437~2.195
没有工作0.6080.09441.7510.0001.8371.528~2.210
社会支持
社会信任(否)
-0.1250.0772.6700.1020.8820.759~1.025
是否有手机(是)
0.0520.1410.1370.7121.0540.799~1.389
社交娱乐活动频率(经常)
偶尔0.0570.1110.2660.6061.0590.852~1.317
从不0.2250.0975.3110.0211.2521.034~1.515
个人社会经济地位(中上层)
中层0.3100.1404.8780.0271.3631.035~1.794
中下层0.5930.14217.3630.0001.8091.369~2.391
家庭经济水平(低于平均水平)
平均水平-0.5130.07744.4410.0000.5990.515~0.696
高于平均水平-0.7760.14130.3190.0000.4600.349~0.607
早期家庭环境因素
出生时母亲常住地区(农村)
城市0.0230.1910.0150.9031.0230.7042~1.489
14岁时常住地区(农村)
城市-0.1230.1930.4090.5220.8840.606~1.290
父亲受教育水平(小学及以下)
初/高中0.0400.1090.1340.7140.9610.775~1.191
大专及以上-0.4640.2174.5720.0331.5901.039~2.431
母亲受教育水平(小学及以下)2.9250.232
初/高中0.2180.1601.8400.1751.2430.908~1.702
大专及以上-0.3430.3810.8080.3690.7100.336~1.499
), ArticleFig(id=1240986266381120264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240972414843154676, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

我国中老年人自评健康影响因素的二元logistic回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量β Wald χ2POR95%CI
一般人口学特征
性别(男)
0.0230.0700.1090.7411.0230.892~1.174
年龄(岁,45~59)
60~790.2700.08110.9900.0011.3101.117~1.537
80岁以上0.5150.1768.5900.0031.6731.186~2.361
BMI(偏瘦)
正常-0.3170.1315.8710.0150.7280.563~0.941
超重-0.2910.1364.5960.0320.7480.573~0.975
肥胖-0.0210.1620.0170.8980.9790.713~1.345
受教育水平(小学及以下)
初/高中-0.0580.0780.5540.4570.9440.810~1.099
大专及以上-0.0360.1500.0570.8110.9650.719~1.295
婚姻状况(有配偶)
无配偶0.0290.0910.1040.7471.0300.861~1.232
子女数量(个,0)
1-0.1260.2290.3040.5810.8810.725~1.776
2~30.0230.2290.0100.9211.0230.624~1.531
4个及以上-0.0070.2530.0010.9931.0070.613~1.653
抑郁状况(是)
-1.6200.142131.1070.0000.1980.150~0.261
户口性质(农业)
非农业0.0660.1020.4220.5161.0690.875~1.305
工作性质(非务农)
务农0.5740.10828.1890.0001.7761.437~2.195
没有工作0.6080.09441.7510.0001.8371.528~2.210
社会支持
社会信任(否)
-0.1250.0772.6700.1020.8820.759~1.025
是否有手机(是)
0.0520.1410.1370.7121.0540.799~1.389
社交娱乐活动频率(经常)
偶尔0.0570.1110.2660.6061.0590.852~1.317
从不0.2250.0975.3110.0211.2521.034~1.515
个人社会经济地位(中上层)
中层0.3100.1404.8780.0271.3631.035~1.794
中下层0.5930.14217.3630.0001.8091.369~2.391
家庭经济水平(低于平均水平)
平均水平-0.5130.07744.4410.0000.5990.515~0.696
高于平均水平-0.7760.14130.3190.0000.4600.349~0.607
早期家庭环境因素
出生时母亲常住地区(农村)
城市0.0230.1910.0150.9031.0230.7042~1.489
14岁时常住地区(农村)
城市-0.1230.1930.4090.5220.8840.606~1.290
父亲受教育水平(小学及以下)
初/高中0.0400.1090.1340.7140.9610.775~1.191
大专及以上-0.4640.2174.5720.0331.5901.039~2.431
母亲受教育水平(小学及以下)2.9250.232
初/高中0.2180.1601.8400.1751.2430.908~1.702
大专及以上-0.3430.3810.8080.3690.7100.336~1.499
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基于生命历程理论的中老年人自评健康影响因素重要性分析
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马春芳 , 汤榕 , 杨晓花 , 史晓洁
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024,51(9): 1671-1676
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024, 51(9): 1671-1676
基于生命历程理论的中老年人自评健康影响因素重要性分析
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马春芳, 汤榕 , 杨晓花, 史晓洁
作者信息
  • 宁夏医科大学人文与管理学院,宁夏 银川 750004
  • 马春芳(1996—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生经济与健康管理

通讯作者:

汤榕,E-mail:
Analysis on the importance of influencing factors of self-rated health of the middle-aged and elderly based on the theory of life course
Chun-fang MA, Rong TANG , Xiao-hua YANG, Xiao-jie SHI
Affiliations
  • School of Humanities and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
出版时间: 2024-05-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311456
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目的

根据生命历程理论,生命早期家庭环境因素对个体健康存在着影响,了解生命早期家庭环境因素以及成年期其他因素对中老年人自评健康的影响及其重要性排序,为开展积极老龄化、健康老龄化提供参考。

方法

收集2021年中国综合调查(CGSS)数据中45岁以上人群人口学资料、社会支持、早期家庭环境因素资料,运用χ2检验,二元logistic回归和随机森林模型,分析中老年人自评健康的影响因素及其重要性。

结果

4 311例研究对象中,自评健康为不健康的2 427例,健康的1 884例;回归结果显示,年龄为60~79岁以及80岁以上、工作性质为务农以及没有工作、从不进行社交娱乐活动、个人社会经济地位为中层和中下层、父亲受教育水平为大专及以上的中老年人自评不健康率较高(P<0.05),BMI为正常和超重、不抑郁、家庭经济水平为平均水平和高于平均水平的中老年人自评不健康率较低(P<0.05)。影响因素按重要性得分排序依次是抑郁、家庭经济水平、工作性质、个人社会经济地位、BMI、年龄、社交娱乐活动频率、父亲受教育水平,得分分别为73.717、55.361、47.074、42.177、38.952、28.842、28.270和22.319分。

结论

影响我国中老年人自评健康的因素众多,抑郁状况、家庭经济水平、工作性质是影响中老年人自评健康的重要因素,应关注有抑郁倾向、收入较低、常年务农及没有工作等特殊群体。

中老年人  /  自评健康  /  影响因素重要性  /  随机森林模型
Objective

According to the theory of life course, family environmental factors in early life have influence on individual health. The objective is to understand the influence and importance of family environmental factors in early life and other factors in adulthood on self-rated health of the middle-aged and elderly, so as to provide reference for active aging and healthy aging.

Methods

The demographic data, social support, and early family environmental factors of people over 45 years old from Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) data in 2021 were collected. Chi-square test, binary Logistic regression, and random forest model were used to analyze the influencing factors and importance of self-rated health of the middle-aged and elderly.

Results

Among the 4 311 subjects, 2 427 were unhealthy and 1 884 were healthy. The regression results showed that the middle-aged and elderly people aged 79 and over, working in agriculture, not working, never engaging in social and recreational activities, middle-and lower-middle-level socioeconomic status, and fathers with college education or above had a higher rate of self-rated unhealth (P < 0.05). The self-rated unhealthy rate of the middle-aged and elderly with normal and overweight, non-depression, average family economic level and higher than the average level of BMI was lower (P < 0.05). The order of influencing factors was depression (73.717), family economic level (55.361), nature of work (47.074), personal socio-economic status (42.177), BMI (38.952), age (28.842), frequency of social and recreational activities (28.270), and father’s education level (22.319).

Conclusion

There are many factors affecting the self-rated health of the middle-aged and elderly in China. Depression, family economic level, and the nature of work are important factors affecting the self-rated health of the middle-aged and elderly in China. Attention should be paid to special groups such as depression, low income, perennial farming, and out of work.

Middle-aged and elderly  /  Self-rated health  /  Importance of influencing factors  /  Random forest model
马春芳, 汤榕, 杨晓花, 史晓洁. 基于生命历程理论的中老年人自评健康影响因素重要性分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (9) : 1671 -1676 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311456
Chun-fang MA, Rong TANG, Xiao-hua YANG, Xiao-jie SHI. Analysis on the importance of influencing factors of self-rated health of the middle-aged and elderly based on the theory of life course[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (9) : 1671 -1676 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311456
根据第七次全国人口普查资料显示,60岁及以上老年人口占比从2010年的13.26%上升到2020年的18.7%,增长5.44个百分点,老龄化程度日益加深[1]。中共中央、国务院印发《关于加强新时代老龄工作的意见》指出,把积极老龄观、健康老龄化理念融入经济社会发展全过程作为中国老龄工作的主线[2]。然而,目前关于中老年自评健康的研究大多关注生命历程后期阶段以及影响因素,关于生命历程早期对中老年自评健康的影响及因素重要性的研究相对较少[3-5]。西方国家早在上世纪末就开始关注老龄化传播中生命历程视角的重要性[6]。生命历程(life course/life span)是指在一个人成长过程中随着年龄的增加,加入不同的团体,扮演不同的角色,会经历不同的事件等[7]。生命历程理论认为生命早期的影响是累积的,暴露在不利条件下的时间越长,人的健康状况则越差[8]。在生命历程视角下,对健康影响因素的最新研究主要体现在两个方面,一是重视早期因素的长远影响,将健康的缘起沿时间轴追溯到生命历程“上游”[9];二是优势/劣势累积,早期因素可能导致生命历程的后期阶段出现健康问题。基于此,本研究纳入生命早期家庭环境因素,结合其他因素,探讨中老年人自评健康的影响因素及其重要性排序,为政策制定、健康干预提供参考。
数据来源于中国人民大学中国调查与数据中心组织实施的2021年中国综合社会调查(Chinese General Social Survey,CGSS)。本次调查总共获取有效样本8 148例。研究对象为年龄≥45岁人口,经过数据清洗,删除年龄不符合、重要信息缺失、异常和空白的样本,最终纳入4 311例有效样本。
因变量为老年人自评健康状况,以“您觉得您目前的身体健康状况是?”测量。根据以往研究[5],将“很不健康、比较不健康、一般”合并为“不健康”,将“比较健康、很健康”合并为“健康”。
参考以往研究[10],自变量纳入一般人口学特征:性别、年龄、BMI、受教育水平、婚姻状况、子女数量;社会支持:社会信任、是否有手机、社交娱乐活动频率、个人社会经济地位、家庭经济水平;早期家庭环境因素:出生时母亲常住地区、14岁时常住地区、父母亲受教育水平、14岁时父母亲工作状况。变量及赋值情况见表1
采用Microsoft Excel处理数据,导入SPSS 25.0进行数据分析。计数资料采用频数与构成比进行描述,中老年人自评健康情况运用χ2检验分析,影响因素采用二元logistic回归分析,检验水准α=0.05。使用RStudio软件中Random Forest包构建随机森林模型,对影响因素进行重要性排序。随机森林是一种基于分类树的机器学习算法,利用自助法从原始数据中有放回的随机抽取n个训练样本,其余未被抽取到的样本作为测试样本。然后根据n个训练样本建立n棵分类树组成随机森林结合分类树投票结果决定测试样本最终分类;采用平均基尼系数下降评价影响因素重要性,平均基尼系数下降值越大,说明该影响因素越重要[11]
4 311例研究对象中,自评健康为不健康的2 427例,健康的1 884例;χ2检验结果显示,不同性别、年龄、BMI、受教育水平、婚姻状况、子女数量、是否抑郁、户口性质、工作性质、社会信任、是否有手机、社交娱乐活动频率、个人社会经济地位、家庭经济水平、出生时母亲常住地区、14岁时常住地区、父亲受教育水平、母亲受教育水平与中老年人自评健康状况有关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2
以自评健康为因变量,以χ2检验中有意义的变量为自变量。二元logistic回归结果显示,60~79岁以及80岁以上、务农以及没有工作、从不进行社交娱乐活动、个人社会经济地位为中层和中下层、父亲受教育水平为大专及以上的中老年人自评不健康率较高(P<0.05),BMI为正常和超重、不抑郁、家庭经济水平为平均水平和高于平均水平的中老年人自评不健康率较低(P<0.05)。见表3
以自评健康为因变量,纳入二元logistic回归结果中有意义的变量构建随机森林模型。结果显示,中老年人自评健康三个最重要的影响因素依次是抑郁状况、家庭经济水平、工作性质,分别为73.717、55.361和47.074分,其次是个人社会经济地位、BMI、年龄、社交娱乐活动频率、父亲受教育水平,分别为42.177、38.952、28.842、28.270和22.319分。见图1
结果显示一般人口学特征里年龄、BMI、抑郁状况和工作性质与中老年人自评健康有关。其中BMI为正常与超重对中老年人健康状况起保护作用,这与学者宛星霖[12]的研究结果一致,这可能是BMI正常及超重的中老年人营养状况良好、经济水平相对也较好,加之随着年龄的不断增加,身体代谢逐渐变差,保持正常或超重的体重可以让他们拥有健康的身体素质和状态;不抑郁的中老年人健康状况也较好,可能是积极情绪的中老年人更愿意参加社交活动,拥有更好的心理状态[13],本研究抑郁状况在所有影响因素中排名第一,这提示保持积极情绪是改善健康状况的重要途径,一定要重视抑郁及不良心理问题。而60~79岁及80岁以上、务农及没有工作是影响中老年人健康状况的危险因素。年龄增大,老年人的身体机能倒退,慢性病及其他健康问题显现,自评不健康率相应增高;工作性质是影响自评健康的第三大因素,务农及没有工作的老年人身体状况较差,这与学者张永辉[14]的研究结果一致,是因为常年从事农业生产导致该部分人群的腰腿、肩颈等有不同程度的劳损,随着常年积累这些问题逐渐凸显,提示要关注务农的中老年人,针对这部分人群开展健康教育,尽量劳逸结合,没有工作的中老年人没有收入来源且与社会脱节,心理与生理都得不到好的照顾,因此健康状况较差。社会支持方面社交娱乐活动频率、个人社会经济地位和家庭经济水平与中老年人的自评健康有关。家庭经济水平为平均水平和高于平均水平对中老年人的健康状况有促进作用,这与学者朱晓文[15]的研究结果一致,可能是家庭经济水平高的中老年人拥有更多的社会资源与医疗资源,更加注重自身生命质量,家庭经济水平在重要性排序中位列第二,提示要关注低收入水平,健康不平等的中老年人。而从不进行社交娱乐活动、个人社会经济地位为中层和中下层是中老年人健康状况的危险因素。从不进行社交娱乐活动的中老年人自评不健康率较高,可能是建立良好的社交网络与群体关系,可以促进社会交往与互动,已有研究显示社会支持可以促进人的身心健康与自我效能感,这部分人群从不进行社交娱乐活动就缺乏了来自社会的支持,久而久之身心健康受到了损害[16];个人社会经济地位中层与中下层,老年人的健康状况也不好,社会经济地位低的人群在很多方面处于劣势,这部分人群的职业、收入以及所受教育大多不好,就会导致健康问题的产生[17]。早期家庭环境因素里父亲受教育水平对中老年人的自评健康存在影响,但与我们的常规认识所不同的是,本研究发现父亲受教育水平为大专及以上的中老年人反而自评健康状况为不健康,这可能是因为在上世纪二三十年代以及四五十年代,中国总体的经济状况并不好,且国家还受到战争纷扰,受教育水平高的人群也并没有给自己的孩子良好的生活水平和成长环境,因此这部分中老年人自评健康状况较差。
综上所述,我国中老年人自评健康受多种因素影响,提高我国中老年人的健康及健康公平性要从全局思路出发,针对主要因素进行干预,以期为实现积极老龄化和健康老龄化助力[18]。本研究纳入的变量有限且自评健康是一个较为主观的指标,因此本研究具有一定局限,未来可纳入该数据库纵向年份数据开展研究以弥补不足。
  • 宁夏自然科学基金项目(2023AAC03233)
  • 宁夏区级本科教育教学改革研究与实践项目(bjg2023053)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311456
  • 接收时间:2023-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-25
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宁夏自然科学基金项目(2023AAC03233)
宁夏区级本科教育教学改革研究与实践项目(bjg2023053)
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    宁夏医科大学人文与管理学院,宁夏 银川 750004

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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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