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Article(id=1240950910168387700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309276, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694707200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773795352737, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1712678400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773795352737, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773795352737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773795352737, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240950898113966774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='7', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773795349862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773795519367, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240951609136567133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240951609136567134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1308, endPage=1313, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240950911057580222, articleId=1240950910168387700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of public place sanitation in Hainan Province in 2022, columnId=1228016571713520579, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Supervison, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the basic hygiene status and main health hazard factors of public places in Hainan Province, so as to provide technical support for promoting health management of public places.

Methods

The health hazard factors of 200 public places in Hainan Province were monitored in 2022, and the results were statistically analyzed.

Results

A total of 2 339 samples from public places in Hainan Province were monitored, and the overall qualified rate was 83.9%. There were significant differences in the qualified rates of samples from different types of places (χ2=120.63, P < 0.05). Among them, the qualified rates of swimming pools (halls) and hotels (hotels) were relatively low, which were 65.8% and 76.3%, respectively, while the overall qualified rates of the other five types of places were between 85.7% and 96.5%. The main unqualified indexes of indoor air in hotels were formaldehyde, the total number of bacteria, PM10, and PM2.5. The main unqualified indexes of indoor air in barber shops and beauty shops were ammonia and PM10. The main unqualified index of indoor air in shopping malls (supermarkets) was the total number of bacteria. The total number of bacteria detected in all kinds of public goods and appliances in 6 types of public places exceeded the limit. The unqualified rate of pH value of towels in hotels, beauty shops, and barber shops was 43.2%, 13.6% and 11.4%, respectively. The main unqualified indexes of swimming pool were the pH value of swimming pool water, urea and oxidation-reduction potential, and the unqualified rate of oxidation-reduction potential was 29.6%.

Conclusion

The hygienic condition of public places in Hainan Province still needs to be improved in 2022. It is suggested that the relevant departments further strengthen the supervision and monitoring of the total number of bacteria, ammonia, PM10, PM2.5 and formaldehyde in indoor air, the total number of bacteria, coliform group and pH value of towels for public goods, and the redox potential, urea and pH value of swimming pool water.

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目的

分析海南省公共场所基本卫生状况及其主要健康危害因素，为促进公共场所卫生管理提供技术支持。

方法

2022年对海南省7类200家公共场所进行健康危害因素监测，并对检测结果进行统计分析。

结果

共监测海南省公共场所样品共计2 339份，总体合格率为83.9%。不同类型场所样品合格率差异有统计学意义（χ2=120.63，P<0.05），其中游泳场（馆）和宾馆（酒店）合格率相对较低，分别为65.8%和76.3%，其余5类场所样本整体合格率在85.7% ~96.5%之间。宾馆（酒店）室内空气主要不合格指标为甲醛、细菌总数、PM10和PM2.5；理发店和美容店两类场所室内空气主要不合格指标为氨和PM10；商场（超市）室内空气不合格指标主要是细菌总数。6类公共场所监测的各类公共用品用具均检出细菌总数超标；宾馆（酒店）、美容店和理发店毛巾pH值不合格率分别为43.2%、13.6%和11.4%。游泳场（馆）主要不合格指标是游泳池水pH值、尿素和氧化还原电位，其中氧化还原电位不合格率为29.6%。

结论

2022年海南省公共场所卫生状况仍有待提高，建议相关部门进一步加强对室内空气细菌总数、氨、PM10、PM2.5、甲醛，公共用品用具细菌总数、大肠菌群、毛巾pH值以及游泳池水氧化还原电位、尿素、pH值等重点指标的监督与监测。

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封丹，E-mail:；
陈曦，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=7tFWZN0XlfeV2kaXYDSpWQ==, magXml=8xAy8tLhm8CD6VXbnGCdqg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=OtI10G9+x0+bh+LU68O6xA==, pdfFileSize=646443, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=GstECtyBqacdEpD93cQycg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

曾月（1990—），女，学士，化工工程师，研究方向：环境卫生监测与健康影响研究

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曾月（1990—），女，学士，化工工程师，研究方向：环境卫生监测与健康影响研究

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Chinese Journal of Health Inspection, 2021, 28(4): 383-390., articleTitle=Analysis on surveillance results of health status of public places in Hangzhou city from 2018 to 2020, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240972180876488837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=12, issue=10, pageStart=701, pageEnd=704, 746, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=22, authorNames=王心琪, 马茜, 曹赟, journalName=环境卫生学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王心琪，马茜，曹赟，等.泳池水氧化还原电位卫生标准制定必要性[J].环境卫生学杂志，2022，12（10）：701-704, 746., articleTitle=泳池水氧化还原电位卫生标准制定必要性, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240972180960374923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=12, issue=10, pageStart=701, pageEnd=704, 746, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Wang XQ, Ma Q, Cao Y, journalName=Journal of Environmental Hygiene, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang XQ, Ma Q, Cao Y, et al. Necessity of oxidation-reduction potential standard formulation for swimming pool water[J]. Journal of Environmental Hygiene, 2022, 12(10): 701-704, 746., articleTitle=Necessity of oxidation-reduction potential standard formulation for swimming pool water, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240972176925454360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, awardId=2021YFC2600501, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2600501), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240972177017729049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=全国公共场所健康危害因素监测项目, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240972167467299383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972167475687992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, companyId=1240972167467299383, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Environmental and Health-related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972167484076601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, companyId=1240972167467299383, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海南省疾病预防控制中心，海南 海口 570203)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240972167689597512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972167697986121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, companyId=1240972167689597512, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所，北京 100021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240972175298065347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Standard limit requirements for various monitoring indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测类别监测指标标准限值要求
室内空气苯(mg/m3)≤0.11
甲苯(mg/m3)≤0.20
二甲苯(mg/m3)≤0.20
甲醛(mg/m3)≤0.10
氨(mg/m3)≤0.50
CO(mg/m3)≤10
CO2(%)对有睡眠、休憩需求的公共场所，室内CO2浓度不应大于0.10%；其他场所室内CO2浓度不应大于0.15%
PM10(mg/m3)≤0.15
PM2.5(mg/m3)*≤0.075
室内空气细菌总数(CFU/m3)≤1 500
公共用品用具
（设施设备）		棉织品pH值6.5～8.5
杯具细菌总数(CFU/m2)≤5
棉织品细菌总数(CFU/25m2)≤200
其他用品用具细菌总数
(CFU/25m2)		≤300
大肠菌群不得检出
金黄色葡萄球菌不得检出
游泳池水浑浊度(NTU)≤1
pH值7.0～7.8
尿素(mg/L)≤3.5
氧化还原电位(mV)≥650
游离性余氯(mg/L)0.3～1.0
菌落总数(CFU/ml)≤200
大肠菌群(CFU/100ml)不得检出
耐热大肠菌群(CFU/100ml)不得检出
), ArticleFig(id=1240972175407117260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各类监测指标标准限值要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测类别监测指标标准限值要求
室内空气苯(mg/m3)≤0.11
甲苯(mg/m3)≤0.20
二甲苯(mg/m3)≤0.20
甲醛(mg/m3)≤0.10
氨(mg/m3)≤0.50
CO(mg/m3)≤10
CO2(%)对有睡眠、休憩需求的公共场所，室内CO2浓度不应大于0.10%；其他场所室内CO2浓度不应大于0.15%
PM10(mg/m3)≤0.15
PM2.5(mg/m3)*≤0.075
室内空气细菌总数(CFU/m3)≤1 500
公共用品用具
（设施设备）		棉织品pH值6.5～8.5
杯具细菌总数(CFU/m2)≤5
棉织品细菌总数(CFU/25m2)≤200
其他用品用具细菌总数
(CFU/25m2)		≤300
大肠菌群不得检出
金黄色葡萄球菌不得检出
游泳池水浑浊度(NTU)≤1
pH值7.0～7.8
尿素(mg/L)≤3.5
氧化还原电位(mV)≥650
游离性余氯(mg/L)0.3～1.0
菌落总数(CFU/ml)≤200
大肠菌群(CFU/100ml)不得检出
耐热大肠菌群(CFU/100ml)不得检出
), ArticleFig(id=1240972175520363474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Monitoring results of samples from 7 types of public places in Hainan Province in 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所类别样品类别样本数（份）合格数（份）合格率（%）χ2 值P 值
宾馆（酒店）室内空气21718585.3198.34< 0.001
毛巾45625255.3
漱口杯28025691.4
公用电梯按钮15815598.1
理发店室内空气474493.67.720.021
毛巾21018588.1
理发剪/梳12211896.7
美容店室内空气464189.112.510.006
毛巾19816281.8
床单626096.8
美容工具615793.4
商场（超市）室内空气969497.94.520.104
购物车（篮）12612397.6
收银台817592.6
游泳场（馆）游泳池水271451.9—0.006
浸脚池水1111100.0
健身房室内空气2323100.06.510.011
健身器械332575.8
候车室室内空气2424100.08.160.017
自动扶梯11981.8
候车座椅504998.0
合计2 3391 96283.9——
), ArticleFig(id=1240972175625221081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2022年海南省7类公共场所样品监测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所类别样品类别样本数（份）合格数（份）合格率（%）χ2 值P 值
宾馆（酒店）室内空气21718585.3198.34< 0.001
毛巾45625255.3
漱口杯28025691.4
公用电梯按钮15815598.1
理发店室内空气474493.67.720.021
毛巾21018588.1
理发剪/梳12211896.7
美容店室内空气464189.112.510.006
毛巾19816281.8
床单626096.8
美容工具615793.4
商场（超市）室内空气969497.94.520.104
购物车（篮）12612397.6
收银台817592.6
游泳场（馆）游泳池水271451.9—0.006
浸脚池水1111100.0
健身房室内空气2323100.06.510.011
健身器械332575.8
候车室室内空气2424100.08.160.017
自动扶梯11981.8
候车座椅504998.0
合计2 3391 96283.9——
), ArticleFig(id=1240972175751050209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Unqualified indicators of indoor air in various public places in Hainan Province in 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所类别指标样本数
（份）		不合格数
（份）		不合格率
（%）
宾馆（酒店）甲醛21720.9
细菌总数2172210.1
PM1021762.8
PM2.521762.8
理发店氨4724.3
PM104724.3
PM2.54736.4
美容店氨4636.5
PM104624.3
商场（超市）细菌总数9622.1
), ArticleFig(id=1240972175864296421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2022年海南省各类公共场所室内空气不合格指标情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所类别指标样本数
（份）		不合格数
（份）		不合格率
（%）
宾馆（酒店）甲醛21720.9
细菌总数2172210.1
PM1021762.8
PM2.521762.8
理发店氨4724.3
PM104724.3
PM2.54736.4
美容店氨4636.5
PM104624.3
商场（超市）细菌总数9622.1
), ArticleFig(id=1240972175964959719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Unqualified indicators of public goods and appliances in various public places in Hainan Province in 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所类别样品类别监测指标样本数（份）不合格数（份）不合格率（%）
宾馆（酒店）毛巾pH值45619743.2
细菌总数456122.6
漱口杯细菌总数280238.2
大肠菌群28010.4
公用电梯按钮细菌总数15831.9
理发店毛巾pH值2102411.4
细菌总数21010.5
理发剪/梳细菌总数12243.3
美容店毛巾pH值1982713.6
细菌总数198105.1
金黄色葡萄球菌19810.5
床单细菌总数6211.6
大肠菌群6211.6
美容工具细菌总数6146.6
商场（超市）购物车（篮）细菌总数12632.4
收银台细菌总数8156.2
大肠菌群8111.2
健身房健身器械细菌总数33721.2
大肠菌群33618.2
候车室自动扶梯细菌总数11218.2
候车座椅细菌总数5012.0
), ArticleFig(id=1240972176090788848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2022年海南省各类公共场所公共用品用具不合格指标情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所类别样品类别监测指标样本数（份）不合格数（份）不合格率（%）
宾馆（酒店）毛巾pH值45619743.2
细菌总数456122.6
漱口杯细菌总数280238.2
大肠菌群28010.4
公用电梯按钮细菌总数15831.9
理发店毛巾pH值2102411.4
细菌总数21010.5
理发剪/梳细菌总数12243.3
美容店毛巾pH值1982713.6
细菌总数198105.1
金黄色葡萄球菌19810.5
床单细菌总数6211.6
大肠菌群6211.6
美容工具细菌总数6146.6
商场（超市）购物车（篮）细菌总数12632.4
收银台细菌总数8156.2
大肠菌群8111.2
健身房健身器械细菌总数33721.2
大肠菌群33618.2
候车室自动扶梯细菌总数11218.2
候车座椅细菌总数5012.0
), ArticleFig(id=1240972176237589501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Unqualified water quality indicators of swimming poolcomplex in Hainan Province in 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品类别监测指标样本数
（份）		不合格数
（份）		不合格率
（%）
游泳池水pH值2727.4
尿素27311.1
氧化还原电位27829.6
), ArticleFig(id=1240972176359224320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2022年海南省游泳场（馆）水质不合格指标情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品类别监测指标样本数
（份）		不合格数
（份）		不合格率
（%）
游泳池水pH值2727.4
尿素27311.1
氧化还原电位27829.6
), ArticleFig(id=1240972176506023941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Results of unqualified indicators in various public places in Hainan Province in 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所类别样品类别指标样本数（份）中位数范围
宾馆（酒店）室内空气甲醛(mg/m3)2170.02ND～0.59
细菌总数(CFU/m3)2172700～140 000
PM10(mg/m3)2170.0220.001～0.178
PM2.5(mg/m3)2170.0110.001～0.103
毛巾pH值4568.36.4～9.9
细菌总数(CFU/25m2)45650～980
漱口杯细菌总数(CFU/cm2)2800.20～116
大肠菌群28000～1
公用电梯按钮细菌总数(CFU/25m2)15850～750
理发店室内空气氨(mg/m3)47NDND～1.0
PM10(mg/m3)470.0570.007～0.170
PM2.5(mg/m3)470.0320.003～0.115
毛巾pH值2107.25.5～10.0
细菌总数(CFU/25m2)21019.50～400
理发剪/梳细菌总数(CFU/25m2)12250～1 300
美容店室内空气氨(mg/m3)46NDND ～3.16
PM10(mg/m3)460.0270.007～0.190
毛巾pH值19875.4～9.5
细菌总数(CFU/25m2)198100 ～3 000
金黄色葡萄球菌19800～1
床单细菌总数(CFU/25m2)6227.50 ～250
大肠菌群6200～1
美容工具细菌总数(CFU/25m2)61400～13 000
商场（超市）室内空气细菌总数(CFU/m3)9641542～7 350
购物车（篮）细菌总数(CFU/25m2)126100～3 600
收银台细菌总数(CFU/25m2)81195～1 800
大肠菌群8100～1
游泳场（馆）游泳池水pH值277.47.2～8.1
尿素(mg/L)270.30.15～ 6.62
氧化还原电位 (mV)27682564.7～ 876.9
健身房健身器械细菌总数(CFU/25m2)33100～1 300
大肠菌群3300～1
候车室自动扶梯细菌总数(CFU/25m2)1150～4 000
候车座椅细菌总数(CFU/25m2)50100～1 100
), ArticleFig(id=1240972176623464460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950910168387700, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2022年海南省各类公共场所样品不合格指标测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场所类别样品类别指标样本数（份）中位数范围
宾馆（酒店）室内空气甲醛(mg/m3)2170.02ND～0.59
细菌总数(CFU/m3)2172700～140 000
PM10(mg/m3)2170.0220.001～0.178
PM2.5(mg/m3)2170.0110.001～0.103
毛巾pH值4568.36.4～9.9
细菌总数(CFU/25m2)45650～980
漱口杯细菌总数(CFU/cm2)2800.20～116
大肠菌群28000～1
公用电梯按钮细菌总数(CFU/25m2)15850～750
理发店室内空气氨(mg/m3)47NDND～1.0
PM10(mg/m3)470.0570.007～0.170
PM2.5(mg/m3)470.0320.003～0.115
毛巾pH值2107.25.5～10.0
细菌总数(CFU/25m2)21019.50～400
理发剪/梳细菌总数(CFU/25m2)12250～1 300
美容店室内空气氨(mg/m3)46NDND ～3.16
PM10(mg/m3)460.0270.007～0.190
毛巾pH值19875.4～9.5
细菌总数(CFU/25m2)198100 ～3 000
金黄色葡萄球菌19800～1
床单细菌总数(CFU/25m2)6227.50 ～250
大肠菌群6200～1
美容工具细菌总数(CFU/25m2)61400～13 000
商场（超市）室内空气细菌总数(CFU/m3)9641542～7 350
购物车（篮）细菌总数(CFU/25m2)126100～3 600
收银台细菌总数(CFU/25m2)81195～1 800
大肠菌群8100～1
游泳场（馆）游泳池水pH值277.47.2～8.1
尿素(mg/L)270.30.15～ 6.62
氧化还原电位 (mV)27682564.7～ 876.9
健身房健身器械细菌总数(CFU/25m2)33100～1 300
大肠菌群3300～1
候车室自动扶梯细菌总数(CFU/25m2)1150～4 000
候车座椅细菌总数(CFU/25m2)50100～1 100
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2022年海南省公共场所卫生状况分析
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曾月 1 , 何昌华 1 , 李永忠 1 , 杨夕 1 , 赵仁敏 1 , 梁启昌 1 , 封丹 1 , 陈曦 2
现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2024,51(7): 1308-1313
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现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2024, 51(7): 1308-1313
2022年海南省公共场所卫生状况分析
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曾月1, 何昌华1, 李永忠1, 杨夕1, 赵仁敏1, 梁启昌1, 封丹1 , 陈曦2
作者信息
  • 1.海南省疾病预防控制中心，海南 海口 570203
  • 2.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所，北京 100021

    • 曾月（1990—），女，学士，化工工程师，研究方向：环境卫生监测与健康影响研究

通讯作者:

封丹，E-mail:；
陈曦，E-mail:
Analysis of public place sanitation in Hainan Province in 2022
Yue ZENG1, Chang-hua HE1, Yong-zhong LI1, Xi YANG1, Ren-min ZHAO1, Qi-chang LIANG1, Dan FENG1 , Xi CHEN2
Affiliations
  • Institute of Environmental and Health-related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
出版时间: 2024-04-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309276
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摘要
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目的

分析海南省公共场所基本卫生状况及其主要健康危害因素，为促进公共场所卫生管理提供技术支持。

方法

2022年对海南省7类200家公共场所进行健康危害因素监测，并对检测结果进行统计分析。

结果

共监测海南省公共场所样品共计2 339份，总体合格率为83.9%。不同类型场所样品合格率差异有统计学意义（χ2=120.63，P<0.05），其中游泳场（馆）和宾馆（酒店）合格率相对较低，分别为65.8%和76.3%，其余5类场所样本整体合格率在85.7% ~96.5%之间。宾馆（酒店）室内空气主要不合格指标为甲醛、细菌总数、PM10和PM2.5；理发店和美容店两类场所室内空气主要不合格指标为氨和PM10；商场（超市）室内空气不合格指标主要是细菌总数。6类公共场所监测的各类公共用品用具均检出细菌总数超标；宾馆（酒店）、美容店和理发店毛巾pH值不合格率分别为43.2%、13.6%和11.4%。游泳场（馆）主要不合格指标是游泳池水pH值、尿素和氧化还原电位，其中氧化还原电位不合格率为29.6%。

结论

2022年海南省公共场所卫生状况仍有待提高，建议相关部门进一步加强对室内空气细菌总数、氨、PM10、PM2.5、甲醛，公共用品用具细菌总数、大肠菌群、毛巾pH值以及游泳池水氧化还原电位、尿素、pH值等重点指标的监督与监测。

公共场所  /  室内空气质量  /  公共用品用具  /  游泳池水质
Objective

To analyze the basic hygiene status and main health hazard factors of public places in Hainan Province, so as to provide technical support for promoting health management of public places.

Methods

The health hazard factors of 200 public places in Hainan Province were monitored in 2022, and the results were statistically analyzed.

Results

A total of 2 339 samples from public places in Hainan Province were monitored, and the overall qualified rate was 83.9%. There were significant differences in the qualified rates of samples from different types of places (χ2=120.63, P < 0.05). Among them, the qualified rates of swimming pools (halls) and hotels (hotels) were relatively low, which were 65.8% and 76.3%, respectively, while the overall qualified rates of the other five types of places were between 85.7% and 96.5%. The main unqualified indexes of indoor air in hotels were formaldehyde, the total number of bacteria, PM10, and PM2.5. The main unqualified indexes of indoor air in barber shops and beauty shops were ammonia and PM10. The main unqualified index of indoor air in shopping malls (supermarkets) was the total number of bacteria. The total number of bacteria detected in all kinds of public goods and appliances in 6 types of public places exceeded the limit. The unqualified rate of pH value of towels in hotels, beauty shops, and barber shops was 43.2%, 13.6% and 11.4%, respectively. The main unqualified indexes of swimming pool were the pH value of swimming pool water, urea and oxidation-reduction potential, and the unqualified rate of oxidation-reduction potential was 29.6%.

Conclusion

The hygienic condition of public places in Hainan Province still needs to be improved in 2022. It is suggested that the relevant departments further strengthen the supervision and monitoring of the total number of bacteria, ammonia, PM10, PM2.5 and formaldehyde in indoor air, the total number of bacteria, coliform group and pH value of towels for public goods, and the redox potential, urea and pH value of swimming pool water.

Public places  /  Indoor air quality  /  Public appliances  /  Swimming pool water quality
曾月, 何昌华, 李永忠, 杨夕, 赵仁敏, 梁启昌, 封丹, 陈曦. 2022年海南省公共场所卫生状况分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (7) : 1308 -1313 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309276
Yue ZENG, Chang-hua HE, Yong-zhong LI, Xi YANG, Ren-min ZHAO, Qi-chang LIANG, Dan FENG, Xi CHEN. Analysis of public place sanitation in Hainan Province in 2022[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (7) : 1308 -1313 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309276
正文
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公共场所是人们日常生活的重要组成部分，由于场所内人群密集，流动性大，健康和非健康人群混杂，公共用品用具重复使用率高，若公共场所的卫生状况不佳，会直接影响人群健康[1-2]。海南是中国最大的经济特区，随着《海南自由贸易港建设总体方案》和《中华人民共和国海南自由贸易港法》的颁布实施，未来更加开放的海南将会迎来更多人员、动物和货物的大规模流动，疾病传播风险不容忽视。近年来，一些研究分别对海南省部分城市宾馆（酒店）、游泳场（馆）、集中空调通风系统等公共场所卫生状况进行了调查分析[3-4]，结果显示部分公共场所室内空气、公共用品用具、游泳池水等监测结果超出了国家卫生标准规定，存在一定的卫生隐患。本研究于2022年选择海南省东、南、西、北四个不同方位不同代表城市的200家公共场所开展室内空气质量、公共用品用具和游泳场（馆）水质健康危害因素监测与分析，以期促进海南省公共场所卫生管理提供技术支持。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　样品采集
2022年在海南省海口市、三亚市、儋州市和琼海市各随机抽取50家公共场所作为监测对象，共计抽取7类200家公共场所，其中宾馆（酒店）72家，理发店35家，美容店33家，商场（超市）32家，游泳场（馆）11家，健身房9家，候车室8家。
按照《公共场所卫生检验方法 第6部分：卫生监测技术规范》（GB/T 18204.6-2013）采集宾馆（酒店）、理发店、美容店、商场（超市）、健身房、候车室室内空气和公共用品用具以及游泳场（馆）池水样本共计2 339份。
1.2　监测指标和方法
按照《公共场所卫生检验方法 第2部分：化学污染物》（GB/T 18204.2-2014）对室内空气PM10、PM2.5、CO、CO2、甲醛、氨、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和游泳池水尿素进行检测。按照《公共场所卫生检验方法 第3部分：空气微生物》（GB/T 18204.3-2013）对室内空气细菌总数进行检测。按照《公共场所卫生检验方法 第4部分：公共用品用具微生物》（GB/T 18204.4-2013）对公共用品用具与公共设施设备细菌总数、大肠菌群和金黄色葡萄球菌进行检测。按照《纺织品 水萃取液pH值的测定》（GB/T 7573-2009）对毛巾pH值进行检测。按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》（GB/T 5750-2006）对游泳池水浑浊度、pH值、菌落总数、大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、游离性余氯进行检测。按照《氧化还原电位的测定（电位测定法）》（SL 94-1994）对游泳池水氧化还原电位进行检测。按照《建筑通风效果测试与评价标准》（JGJ/T 309-2013）和《公共场所卫生指标及限值要求》（GB 37488-2019）对检测结果进行评价，1份样品中有1项指标不合格即判断为不合格样品。各指标限值要求见表1。
1.3　质量控制
采样和检测仪器均在检定/校准有效期内，采样、检测人员均经过培训考核合格。采样前均对采样器进行流量校正。使用化学法现场采集样品时每批样品设置一个检测空白样和一个现场空白样，每批样品至少采集两组平行样；微生物采样均进行无菌操作，采集的样品严格按照要求运输、保存和送检。
1.4　统计分析
采用Excel 2016对数据进行整理，SPSS 26.0对数据进行统计分析。对数据进行正态性检验均为非正态分布，采用中位数和四分位数表示。采用χ2检验和Fisher确切概率法进行不同场所或指标间率的比较，检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　各类公共场所样品检测情况
2022年对海南省7类200家公共场所共采集检测样品2 339份，总体合格率为83.9%（1 962/2 339），不同类型场所样品合格率差异有统计学意义（χ2=120.63，P<0.05），其中候车室样品合格率最高为96.5%，游泳场（馆）样品合格率最低为65.8%。宾馆（酒店）、美容店和理发店不同类别样品合格率差异均有统计学意义（χ2=198.34、12.51、7.72，P<0.05），宾馆（酒店）、理发店和美容店毛巾合格率均最低，分别为55.3%、88.1%、81.8%。游泳场（馆）不同类别样品间合格率差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），其中浸脚池水合格率最高为100.0%，游泳池水合格率最低为51.9%。健身房和候车室不同类别样品间合格率差异均有统计学意义（χ2=6.51、8.16，P<0.05），健身房健身器械和候车室自动扶梯合格率最低，分别为75.8%、81.8%。商场（超市）各类样品间合格率差异无统计学意义（χ2=4.52，P>0.05），商场（超市）室内空气、购物车（篮）和收银台合格率分别为97.9%、97.6%、92.6%。见表2。
2.2　各类公共场所室内空气不合格指标情况
除游泳场（馆）仅对泳池水质进行监测外，其他6类场所均对室内空气进行了监测。宾馆（酒店）室内空气苯、甲苯、二甲苯、CO和CO2指标均合格，细菌总数、PM10、PM2.5和甲醛不合格率分别为10.1%、2.8%、2.8%、0.9%；理发店和美容店室内空气甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯指标均合格，两类场所主要不合格指标均为氨和PM10，氨指标不合格率分别为4.3%和6.5%，PM10不合格率均为4.3%，此外，理发店不合格指标还有PM2.5，其不合格率为6.4%。商场（超市）室内空气除细菌总数不合格外（2.1%），其余CO、CO2、PM10和PM2.5指标均合格；候车室和健身房室内空气CO、CO2、PM10 、PM2.5和细菌总数指标均合格。见表3。
2.3　各类场所公共用品用具不合格指标情况
除游泳场（馆）仅对泳池水质进行监测外，其他6类场所均对公共用品用具进行了监测。6类公共场所监测的各类公共用品用具均存在细菌总数超标，其中健身房健身器械细菌总数不合格率为21.2%，候车室自动扶梯不合格率为18.2%，其他各类公共用品用具不合格率在0.5% ～ 8.2%之间；宾馆（酒店）漱口杯、美容店床单、商场（超市）收银台和健身房健身器械均有检出大肠菌群，其中健身房健身器械大肠菌群不合格率为18.2%；宾馆（酒店）、美容店和理发店毛巾pH值均有不合格，不合格率分别为43.2%、13.6%、11.4%；此外，美容店毛巾有1份检出金黄色葡萄球菌。见表4。
2.4　游泳场（馆）水质监测指标情况
游泳场（馆）游泳池水浑浊度、菌落总数、大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群和浸脚池水游离性余氯指标均合格，主要不合格指标为游泳池水pH值、尿素和氧化还原电位，其不合格率分别为29.6%、11.1%、7.4%。见表5。
2.5　各类公共场所监测不合格指标情况
对2022年海南省7类200家公共场所卫生状况监测结果进行评价，不合格样品对应的指标及监测结果见表6。
3　讨论
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2022年对海南省7类200家公共场所共采集检测样品2 339份，样品总体合格率为83.9%，其中游泳场（馆）和宾馆（酒店）合格率相对较低，分别为65.8%和76.3%，其余5类场所样本整体合格率在85.7% ～96.5%之间。提示卫生监管部门仍需进一步加强各类公共场所尤其是游泳场（馆）和宾馆（酒店）的卫生监督与监测。
监测室内空气结果显示，宾馆（酒店）、理发店和美容店监测PM2.5、PM10、氨存在不同程度超标，考虑其原因可能与场所密闭性强、场所内人员密集、流动性大、工作人员清扫引起扬尘和室内通风换气不及时等有关。氨对人体上呼吸道有刺激和腐蚀作用，短期内吸入大量氨气会出现流泪、咽痛、呼吸困难，并伴有头晕、恶心、呕吐等症状[5]，美容美发店在烫发和染发时会用到烫染剂、柔顺剂等，其中大多数都含有氨，在染烫过程中容易释放出氨，若室内通风换气不足，容易导致氨超标。部分宾馆（酒店）和商场（超市）细菌总数存在不合格，宾馆（酒店）室内空气细菌总数不合格率为10.1%，高于2016—2019年海南省182家住宿场所的调查结果[3]。海南高温、高湿的气候条件是影响细菌总数超标的重要原因之一，监测期间多数宾馆（酒店）入住率较低，工作人员为节省成本减少了对空调等设施的调节使用频率，其场所通风不足和消毒不到位，也会导致室内空气细菌总数超标。此外，2家宾馆（酒店）各有1间客房检出甲醛超标，甲醛污染主要与装修材料中的粘合剂及家具有关，调查发现其中1家宾馆（酒店）3个月内有局部装修情况，刚装修完便营业，也易产生甲醛污染。另外1家宾馆（酒店）从2016年开业至今未进行过装修，但仍抽检出1间客房甲醛超标，考虑原因可能与个别客房通风不良及客房购置的新家具有关。
本次监测的各类公共场所公共用品用具均存在不同程度细菌总数超标现象，且宾馆（酒店）漱口杯、美容店床单、商场（超市）收银台和健身房健身器械均有检出大肠菌群，健身房健身器械大肠菌群不合格率为18.2%，美容店有1份毛巾检出金黄色葡萄球菌，提示6类公共场所中公共用品用具存在清洗消毒不到位或用品用具消毒后运输、储存不满足要求。监测的宾馆（酒店）、美容店和理发店毛巾pH值不合格率分别为43.2%、13.6%、11.4%。宾馆（酒店）毛巾pH值不合格率低于2016—2019年海南省182家住宿场所毛巾的调查结果[3]，但高于2019年全国2 134家旅店毛巾的调查结果[6]；美容店和理发店毛巾pH值不合格率则低于顾丹等[7]对广西的调查结果，但高于河北省、杭州市等[8-9]地的调查结果。现场调查中发
现超过半数（52.9%）以上场所将用品用具外送洗涤公司清洗消毒，检测不合格毛巾绝大多数pH值>8.5，说明洗涤过程中有过量使用碱性洗涤剂。此外，洗涤程序不合理、缩减洗涤用水量和清洗过水次数、使用劣质洗涤剂、洗涤水质酸度偏高等也是导致毛巾pH值超标的原因。
与本研究其他类别公共场所相比，游泳场（馆）的合格率最低为65.8%，明显低于近年广州[10]和杭州[11]的调查结果，水质卫生状况仍有待进一步改善。影响游泳池水质不合格的指标主要是pH值、尿素和氧化还原电位。游泳池水pH值过高或过低都会影响人体健康；池水pH值过高时还会影响消毒剂的消毒效果，过低时又会对游泳池硬件结构设备产生腐蚀作用，建议游泳场（馆）将池水pH值控制在7.0～7.8范围内为消毒效果最佳且较经济。尿素是反映池水受人为污染和池水更新程度的一项重要指标。海南属于热带地区，游泳场（馆）人流量大，人体分泌的汗液、排放的尿液以及游泳池未能及时补充新水均易引起尿素超标。氧化还原电位（oxidation reduction potential, ORP）是表示水中的氧化或还原的电动势（电位），ORP越高说明泳池水的氧化和消毒能力越强。《公共场所卫生指标及限值要求》规定ORP≥650 mV具有重要意义，游泳池ORP≥650 mV可防止致病微生物生长[12]。本研究游泳池水的ORP不合格率为29.6%，考虑其原因与池水温度、pH值以及工作人员专业知识和卫生消毒知识较弱，投放消毒药品剂量及作用时间不足等因素有关。
本研究选择在海口市、三亚市、儋州市和琼海市开展监测，监测城市覆盖了海南东、南、西、北四个不同方位，在一定程度上反映了海南省公共场所卫生状况，但监测场所类型和数量有限，仍存在一定局限性。在以后监测中将增加监测覆盖面及监测场所类型和数量，能够更好地反映出海南省公共场所的整体卫生状况。
基金
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  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2600501)
  • 全国公共场所健康危害因素监测项目
文献
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2024年第51卷第7期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309276
  • 接收时间：2023-09-15
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2024-04-10
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  • 收稿日期：2023-09-15
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2600501)
全国公共场所健康危害因素监测项目
作者信息
    1.海南省疾病预防控制中心，海南 海口 570203
    2.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所，北京 100021

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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