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Article(id=1240950907945414740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312282, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702569600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773795352207, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1712678400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773795352207, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773795352207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773795352207, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240950898113966774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='7', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773795349862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773795519367, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240951609136567133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240951609136567134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1314, endPage=1319, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240950908390011000, articleId=1240950907945414740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis on the detection of banned veterinary drugs in freshwater fish sold in Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021, columnId=1228016571713520579, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Supervison, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the detection of four prohibited veterinary drugs of fresh and live freshwater fish sold in Guangzhou by analyzing the test data from risk monitoring and supervision sampling, so as to provide reference basis for food safety supervision.

Methods

Through the Guangzhou Food Safety Risk Monitoring system and the Food Safety Supervision and Inspection Public Information report of Guangzhou Market Administration, the test results of fresh water fish samples collected from supermarkets, markets, and online e-commerce in Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021 were obtained. The detection of nitrofuran drugs, chloramphenicol, sodium pentachloro phenate, and malachite green drugs were analyzed.

Results

The total detection rate of banned veterinary drugs in risk monitoring samples was 35.3% (84/238), and that in supervised sampling samples was 3.10% (118/3 806). The banned veterinary drugs with high detection rates of the two data sources were different. The risk monitoring rates of chloramphenicol and sodium pentachloro phenate were 17.23% (41/238) and 17.23% (41/238), respectively, and that of malachite green was 2.18% (83/3 806). The drug detection rate of the samples collected by risk monitoring in the network e-commerce link was 47.50% (19/40), which was the highest among all sampling links. The results of the two data sources showed that the detection rate of banned veterinary drugs in the wholesale market was high: 47.37% (18/38) and 4.13% (5/121),respectively.

Conclusion

The results of data analysis from the two sources complement each other and jointly reveal the problem of banned veterinary drug residues in fresh freshwater fish sold in Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021. It is suggested that the relevant departments pay more attention to the illegal use of chloramphenicol, sodium pentachloro phenate, and malachite green drugs.

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目的

通过分析风险监测和监督抽检两种来源的检测数据了解广州市市售鲜活淡水鱼4种禁用兽药的检出情况，为食品安全监管提供参考依据。

方法

通过广州市食品安全风险监测系统和广州市市场监管局食品安全监督抽检公开信息报告，获取2017—2021年在广州市超市、市场、网络电商等环节采集的鲜活淡水鱼样品检测结果数据，进行硝基呋喃类药物、氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠和孔雀石绿类药物项目的检出情况分析。

结果

禁用兽药在风险监测样品中总检出率为35.30%（84/238），在监督抽检样品中总检出率为3.10%（118/3 806）。两种数据来源检出率较高的禁用兽药不相同，风险监测为氯霉素和五氯酚酸钠，分别为17.23%（41/238）、17.23%（41/238），监督抽检则为孔雀石绿类药物，占2.18%（83/3 806）。风险监测在网络电商环节采集的样品药物检出率为47.50%（19/40），在所有采样环节中最高；两种数据来源结果共同显示批发市场环节样品禁用兽药检出率偏高，分别为47.37%（18/38）、4.13%（5/121）。

结论

两种来源数据分析结果相互补充，共同揭示广州市2017—2021年市售鲜活淡水鱼存在禁用兽药残留问题，提示相关部门需加强对氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠和孔雀石绿类药物非法使用的关注和重视。

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张玉华，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=qWt/Pni6aXyqRh5ddJFMKQ==, magXml=yiNIX0oySojhf1xycj5G1w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YAON3bN5lopmCViSLmQiFQ==, pdfFileSize=649339, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=JM62IlrbDlymLlaOkXs4Zw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘绮琪（1997—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：食品安全风险监测与评估

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刘绮琪（1997—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：食品安全风险监测与评估

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刘绮琪（1997—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：食品安全风险监测与评估

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=孔雀石绿), Keyword(id=1240972163293958558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=禁用兽药)], refs=[Reference(id=1240972164753576484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=陈华燕, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈华燕.饮食人类学视域下广东食俗文化符号视觉转译设计研究[D].天津：天津理工大学，2023., articleTitle=饮食人类学视域下广东食俗文化符号视觉转译设计研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240972166297080367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, 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The consumption pattern of aquatic products quietly changes[N]. China Fishery Ind Daily, 2022-12-05(001)., articleTitle=The consumption pattern of aquatic products quietly changes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240972172064248703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=10, issue=12, pageStart=2581, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Pu XJ, Chai JY, Qi RT, journalName=Healthcare, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pu XJ, Chai JY, Qi RT. Consumers' Channel preference for fresh foods and its determinants during COVID-19-Evidence from China[J]. Healthcare, 2022, 10(12): 2581., articleTitle=Consumers' Channel preference for fresh foods and its determinants during COVID-19-Evidence from China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240972164556444174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, awardId=2023A03J0935; 202103000039, language=CN, fundingSource=广州市科技计划项目(2023A03J0935; 202103000039), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240972158453731548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972158491480286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, companyId=1240972158453731548, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Basic Medicine and Public Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972158504063199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, companyId=1240972158453731548, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院，广东 广州 510630)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240972158604726500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972158613115109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, companyId=1240972158604726500, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.广州市疾病预防控制中心食源性疾病和食品安全风险监测部，广东 广州 510440)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240972163579171256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection of forbidden drugs in freshwater fish under risk monitoring in Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目标准限量样品数（份）检出范围
（μg/kg）		均值（μg/kg）P50（μg/kg）P95（μg/kg）检出数（份）检出率（%）
硝基呋喃类呋喃唑酮不得检出2382.00 ~ 37.800.47——41.68
呋喃它酮不得检出238—0.2500.00
呋喃西林不得检出2380.78 ~ 1.240.2620.84
呋喃妥因不得检出2380.860.25—10.42
氯霉素不得检出2380.10 ~ 2.900.130.504117.23
五氯酚酸钠不得检出2381.15 ~ 543.009.0725.214117.23
孔雀石绿类孔雀石绿不得检出208—0.50—00.00
隐性孔雀石绿不得检出2081.20 ~ 115.601.391.26115.29
合计—238————8435.30
), ArticleFig(id=1240972163696611785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2017—2021年广州市风险监测鲜活淡水鱼禁用兽药检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目标准限量样品数（份）检出范围
（μg/kg）		均值（μg/kg）P50（μg/kg）P95（μg/kg）检出数（份）检出率（%）
硝基呋喃类呋喃唑酮不得检出2382.00 ~ 37.800.47——41.68
呋喃它酮不得检出238—0.2500.00
呋喃西林不得检出2380.78 ~ 1.240.2620.84
呋喃妥因不得检出2380.860.25—10.42
氯霉素不得检出2380.10 ~ 2.900.130.504117.23
五氯酚酸钠不得检出2381.15 ~ 543.009.0725.214117.23
孔雀石绿类孔雀石绿不得检出208—0.50—00.00
隐性孔雀石绿不得检出2081.20 ~ 115.601.391.26115.29
合计—238————8435.30
), ArticleFig(id=1240972163843412432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection of forbidden drugs in different steps of sampling process of risk monitoring

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样环节样品数（份）检出数（检出率，%）总检出数（份）总检出率（%）
硝基呋喃类氯霉素五氯酚酸钠孔雀石绿类
常规超市241（4.16）4（16.67）5（20.83）0（0.00）833.33
生鲜超市260（0.00）8（30.77）5（19.23）0（0.00）934.62
农贸市场471（2.13）9（19.15）10（21.28）2（4.26）1940.43
批发市场381（2.63）11（28.95）8（21.05）1（2.63）1847.37
网络电商400（0.00）9（22.50）13（32.50）1（2.50）1947.50
餐饮单位634（6.35）0（0.00）0（0.00）7（11.11）1117.46
), ArticleFig(id=1240972163923104216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

风险监测不同采样环节禁用兽药检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样环节样品数（份）检出数（检出率，%）总检出数（份）总检出率（%）
硝基呋喃类氯霉素五氯酚酸钠孔雀石绿类
常规超市241（4.16）4（16.67）5（20.83）0（0.00）833.33
生鲜超市260（0.00）8（30.77）5（19.23）0（0.00）934.62
农贸市场471（2.13）9（19.15）10（21.28）2（4.26）1940.43
批发市场381（2.63）11（28.95）8（21.05）1（2.63）1847.37
网络电商400（0.00）9（22.50）13（32.50）1（2.50）1947.50
餐饮单位634（6.35）0（0.00）0（0.00）7（11.11）1117.46
), ArticleFig(id=1240972164044739043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Detection of forbidden drugs in freshwater fish under supervision sampling in Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目标准限量样品数（份）检出范围
（μg/kg）		均值（μg/kg）P50（μg/kg）P95（μg/kg）检出数（份）检出率（%）
硝基呋喃类不得检出3 8061.30 ~ 474.000.44——190.50
氯霉素不得检出3 8060.18 ~ 5.280.06170.45
五氯酚酸钠不得检出2 4577.70 ~ 9.600.5130.12
孔雀石绿类孔雀石绿不得检出3 8060.71 ~ 130.000.64—701.84
隐性孔雀石绿不得检出2200.63 ~ 54.001.111.40146.36
合计—3 806————1183.10
), ArticleFig(id=1240972164141208043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2017—2021年广州市监督抽检鲜活淡水鱼禁用兽药检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目标准限量样品数（份）检出范围
（μg/kg）		均值（μg/kg）P50（μg/kg）P95（μg/kg）检出数（份）检出率（%）
硝基呋喃类不得检出3 8061.30 ~ 474.000.44——190.50
氯霉素不得检出3 8060.18 ~ 5.280.06170.45
五氯酚酸钠不得检出2 4577.70 ~ 9.600.5130.12
孔雀石绿类孔雀石绿不得检出3 8060.71 ~ 130.000.64—701.84
隐性孔雀石绿不得检出2200.63 ~ 54.001.111.40146.36
合计—3 806————1183.10
), ArticleFig(id=1240972164271231475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Detection of forbidden drugs in different sampling process of supervision sampling

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样环节样品数（份）检出数（检出率，%）总检出数（份）总检出率（%）
硝基呋喃类氯霉素五氯酚酸钠三苯甲烷类
超市3540（0.00）1（0.28）0（0.00）3（0.85）41.13
农贸市场3 02017（0.56）15（0.50）2（0.11）71（2.35）1023.38
批发市场1210（0.00）0（0.00）1（1.10）4（3.31）54.13
网络电商130（0.00）0（0.00）0（0.00）0（0.00）00.00
餐饮单位2982（0.67）1（0.34）0（0.00）5（1.68）72.35
), ArticleFig(id=1240972164371894785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950907945414740, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

监督抽检不同采样环节禁用兽药检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样环节样品数（份）检出数（检出率，%）总检出数（份）总检出率（%）
硝基呋喃类氯霉素五氯酚酸钠三苯甲烷类
超市3540（0.00）1（0.28）0（0.00）3（0.85）41.13
农贸市场3 02017（0.56）15（0.50）2（0.11）71（2.35）1023.38
批发市场1210（0.00）0（0.00）1（1.10）4（3.31）54.13
网络电商130（0.00）0（0.00）0（0.00）0（0.00）00.00
餐饮单位2982（0.67）1（0.34）0（0.00）5（1.68）72.35
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2017—2021年广州市市售鲜活淡水鱼禁用兽药检出情况分析
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刘绮琪 1 , 张维蔚 2 , 李燕 2 , 王燕燕 2 , 刘览 2 , 张玉华 2
现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2024,51(7): 1314-1319
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现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2024, 51(7): 1314-1319
2017—2021年广州市市售鲜活淡水鱼禁用兽药检出情况分析
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刘绮琪1, 张维蔚2, 李燕2, 王燕燕2, 刘览2, 张玉华2
作者信息
  • 1.暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院，广东 广州 510630
  • 2.广州市疾病预防控制中心食源性疾病和食品安全风险监测部，广东 广州 510440

    • 刘绮琪（1997—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：食品安全风险监测与评估

通讯作者:

张玉华，E-mail:
Analysis on the detection of banned veterinary drugs in freshwater fish sold in Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021
Qi-qi LIU1, Wei-wei ZHANG2, Yan LI2, Yan-yan WANG2, Lan LIU2, Yu-hua ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • School of Basic Medicine and Public Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
出版时间: 2024-04-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312282
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摘要
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目的

通过分析风险监测和监督抽检两种来源的检测数据了解广州市市售鲜活淡水鱼4种禁用兽药的检出情况，为食品安全监管提供参考依据。

方法

通过广州市食品安全风险监测系统和广州市市场监管局食品安全监督抽检公开信息报告，获取2017—2021年在广州市超市、市场、网络电商等环节采集的鲜活淡水鱼样品检测结果数据，进行硝基呋喃类药物、氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠和孔雀石绿类药物项目的检出情况分析。

结果

禁用兽药在风险监测样品中总检出率为35.30%（84/238），在监督抽检样品中总检出率为3.10%（118/3 806）。两种数据来源检出率较高的禁用兽药不相同，风险监测为氯霉素和五氯酚酸钠，分别为17.23%（41/238）、17.23%（41/238），监督抽检则为孔雀石绿类药物，占2.18%（83/3 806）。风险监测在网络电商环节采集的样品药物检出率为47.50%（19/40），在所有采样环节中最高；两种数据来源结果共同显示批发市场环节样品禁用兽药检出率偏高，分别为47.37%（18/38）、4.13%（5/121）。

结论

两种来源数据分析结果相互补充，共同揭示广州市2017—2021年市售鲜活淡水鱼存在禁用兽药残留问题，提示相关部门需加强对氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠和孔雀石绿类药物非法使用的关注和重视。

淡水鱼  /  氯霉素  /  五氯酚酸钠  /  孔雀石绿  /  禁用兽药
Objective

To understand the detection of four prohibited veterinary drugs of fresh and live freshwater fish sold in Guangzhou by analyzing the test data from risk monitoring and supervision sampling, so as to provide reference basis for food safety supervision.

Methods

Through the Guangzhou Food Safety Risk Monitoring system and the Food Safety Supervision and Inspection Public Information report of Guangzhou Market Administration, the test results of fresh water fish samples collected from supermarkets, markets, and online e-commerce in Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021 were obtained. The detection of nitrofuran drugs, chloramphenicol, sodium pentachloro phenate, and malachite green drugs were analyzed.

Results

The total detection rate of banned veterinary drugs in risk monitoring samples was 35.3% (84/238), and that in supervised sampling samples was 3.10% (118/3 806). The banned veterinary drugs with high detection rates of the two data sources were different. The risk monitoring rates of chloramphenicol and sodium pentachloro phenate were 17.23% (41/238) and 17.23% (41/238), respectively, and that of malachite green was 2.18% (83/3 806). The drug detection rate of the samples collected by risk monitoring in the network e-commerce link was 47.50% (19/40), which was the highest among all sampling links. The results of the two data sources showed that the detection rate of banned veterinary drugs in the wholesale market was high: 47.37% (18/38) and 4.13% (5/121),respectively.

Conclusion

The results of data analysis from the two sources complement each other and jointly reveal the problem of banned veterinary drug residues in fresh freshwater fish sold in Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021. It is suggested that the relevant departments pay more attention to the illegal use of chloramphenicol, sodium pentachloro phenate, and malachite green drugs.

Freshwater fish  /  Chloramphenicol  /  Sodium pentachloro phenate  /  Malachite green  /  Banned veterinary drugs
刘绮琪, 张维蔚, 李燕, 王燕燕, 刘览, 张玉华. 2017—2021年广州市市售鲜活淡水鱼禁用兽药检出情况分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (7) : 1314 -1319 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312282
Qi-qi LIU, Wei-wei ZHANG, Yan LI, Yan-yan WANG, Lan LIU, Yu-hua ZHANG. Analysis on the detection of banned veterinary drugs in freshwater fish sold in Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (7) : 1314 -1319 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312282
正文
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广州地处中国南方丰水区，水产品供应充足、种类繁多，鲜活鱼类在当地居民的动物性食物消费中占据很大比例[1]。然而，近年市售鲜活鱼类兽药残留等问题屡禁不止[2-4]，已成为社会关注的焦点和亟待解决的食品安全问题。
在鲜活淡水鱼中，检出频率高且对人体危害大的禁用兽药主要包括硝基呋喃类药物、氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠和孔雀石绿。硝基呋喃类药物和孔雀石绿价格低且杀菌效果好，但均被证明对人体具有致癌、致畸和致突变等毒副作用[5]，原农业部在2017年开始对水产养殖中违法使用此类药物的行为进行了专项整治[6]。氯霉素在水产养殖中用作抗菌药，动物体内残留的药物被人类长期微量摄入会引起肠道菌群失调、再生障碍性贫血等多种疾病[7]。五氯酚酸钠在水产养殖中曾用于杀菌、杀螺以及鱼塘的消毒，但人体长期接触可导致周围神经炎和癌症的发生[8]。上述4种药物已被明令禁止在食品动物中使用[9]。张维蔚等[7]对2013—2014年广州市204份鲜活淡水鱼样品的检测结果分析显示硝基呋喃类药物、孔雀石绿和氯霉素均有检出，孔雀石绿的检出情况最突出，检出率为10.29%。广东省食品药品监督管理局2015年7—8月的水产品专项抽检结果显示197批次水产品中检出的不合格样品有11批次来自广州，在市售鲜活淡水鱼中检出的不合格指标包括氯霉素和孔雀石绿[10]。鲜活淡水鱼中禁用兽药检出的问题在全国多个省市[11-13]亦广泛存在。
持续关注市售鲜活淡水鱼中禁用兽药问题并加强检测工作有助于及时发现问题和实施有效监管。疾病预防控制中心和市场监督管理局是目前国内进行与淡水鱼相关检测工作的两个权威机构，然而，由于缺乏资源共享平台，分析研究多仅基于单一来源数据进行。两种来源数据对比分析可能具有相互补充的作用，能更全面地揭示禁用兽药的分布情况。基于此，本研究将2017—2021年间广州市食品安全风险监测采集的样品检测结果和广州市市场监督管理局的抽检数据进行综合描述分析，以了解禁用兽药在市售鲜活淡水鱼中的残留情况，为相关部门提供更科学的监管依据，从而更有效地保障公众健康。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　数据来源
食品安全风险监测工作由广州市疾病预防控制中心执行。本研究中的风险监测数据从广州市食品安全风险监测系统获取。2017—2021年风险监测共计采集市售鲜活淡水鱼样品238份。监测范围覆盖广州市11个行政区，采样环节涵盖各区常规超市、生鲜超市、农贸市场、批发市场、餐饮单位及网络电商。
食品安全监督抽检工作由广州市市场监督管理局执行，并由该部门发布抽检结果。本研究中的监督抽检数据从广州市市场监管局公开发布的食品安全监督抽检信息报告获得。2017—2021年共有112期食品安全监督抽检采集了市售鲜活淡水鱼进行检测，样品共计3 806份。抽检范围覆盖广州市11个行政区，根据样品的采样地点将采样环节划分为超市、农贸市场、批发市场、餐饮单位及网络电商。
1.2　检测项目
本研究对氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠、孔雀石绿类和硝基呋喃类药物4种禁用兽药的检测数据进行分析，其中硝基呋喃类药物包括呋喃唑酮、呋喃它酮、呋喃西林、呋喃妥因4种，孔雀石绿类药物包括孔雀石绿及其代谢产物隐性孔雀石绿。
各年风险监测项目会根据往年监测的情况以及近年关注的问题进行调整，氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠和硝基呋喃类药物在2017—2021年的鲜活淡水鱼样品中均有检测，孔雀石绿类药物仅2017—2020年进行了检测。每年的监督抽检项目根据公告当期公布的实际抽检项目进行汇总整理，氯霉素、孔雀石绿类和硝基呋喃类药物在2017—2021年的鲜活淡水鱼样品中均有检测，五氯酚酸钠则仅在2019—2021年进行了检测。
1.3　评价依据
两种来源数据评价参考依据相同，2017—2019年参考农业农村部第235号公告《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》、2020—2021年参考农业农村部第250号公告《食品动物中禁止使用的药品及其他化合物清单》。公告均明确规定氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠、孔雀石绿和硝基呋喃类药物为食品动物中禁止使用的药品，在食品动物体内不得检出。
1.4　统计学方法
使用Microsoft Excel 2019进行数据汇总整理，使用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行数据分析。统计描述指标包括均值、中位数、P95和检出率，率之间的比较采用χ2检验和Fisher确切概率法进行，检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　风险监测数据分析
2.1.1　禁用兽药检出情况
风险监测样品中，禁用兽药总检出率为35.30%（84/238）。硝基呋喃类药物总检出率为2.94%（7/238），呋喃唑酮、呋喃西林和呋喃妥因均有检出；孔雀石绿类药物总检出率为5.29%（11/208），检出项目均为隐性孔雀石绿；氯霉素和五氯酚酸钠的检出率相同，五氯酚酸钠的最高检出值为543.00 μg/kg。有15份样品被同时检出两种禁用兽药。见表1。
χ2检验结果表明，4种禁用兽药检出率之间的差异有统计学意义（χ2=42.067，P<0.001）。进一步分析结果显示，硝基呋喃类和氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠间的差异有统计学意义（χ2=26.784、26.784，P<0.001），孔雀石绿类和氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠间的差异有统计学意义（χ2=15.359、15.359，P<0.001），可以认为氯霉素和五氯酚酸钠的检出率显著高于其他两类药物。
2.1.2　禁用兽药检出在不同采样环节的分布情况
结果显示，在6个采样环节采集的样品中，均不同程度地检出4种禁用兽药。从网络电商采购的样品检出率最高，其中有4份样品同时检出含有氯霉素和五氯酚酸钠；批发市场和农贸市场的检出率次之，各有3份样品同时检出两种药物；餐饮单位样品的总检出率相对较低。见表2。
χ2检验结果显示，6类采样环节禁用兽药检出率之间的差异有统计学意义（χ2=14.397，P<0.05）。进一步分析发现，餐饮单位分别和批发市场、网络电商样品的检出率差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.358、10.695，P=0.001<0.003，0.003为调整后的检验水准）。
2.2　市场监管局监督抽检数据分析
2.2.1　禁用兽药检出情况
监督抽检样品中，禁用兽药总检出率为3.10%（118/3 806）。硝基呋喃类药物总检出率为0.50%（19/3 806），呋喃唑酮和呋喃西林均有检出，最高检出值为474.00 μg/kg；氯霉素和五氯酚酸钠的检出率相对较低；孔雀石绿类药物的检出情况最严重，总检出率为2.18%（73/3 806），1份样品同时检出孔雀石绿和隐性孔雀石绿。见表3。
χ2检验结果显示，4种药物检出率差异有统计学意义（χ2=104.614，P<0.05）。进一步分析发现，孔雀石绿类药物与硝基呋喃类、氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠3种药物之间的检出率差异均有统计学意义（χ2=40.702、44.140、46.725，P<0.007，0.007为调整后的检验水准），可以认为孔雀石绿类药物的检出率显著高于其他3种药物。
2.2.2　禁用兽药检出在不同采样环节的分布情况
分析发现，孔雀石绿类药物在各环节的检出率均为4种药物之首；批发市场和农贸市场的样品禁用兽药检出率相对较高；相较于其他采样环节，农贸市场的样品检出的药物种类最多。见表4。
比较结果显示，尚不能认为5类采样环节禁用兽药的检出情况不同（Fisher确切概率法，值为6.887，P=0.124>0.05）。
3　讨论
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广州市市售鲜活淡水鱼风险监测的整体禁用兽药检出情况与同地区2013—2014年[8]相比，总检出率出现了大幅度上升，其中，氯霉素的检出率翻了近四倍。氯霉素的检出还高于2017年深圳市风险监测的淡水鱼抽检结果[14]。硝基呋喃类和孔雀石绿类药物的总检出率为8.23%，这一数值高于武汉市2018—2020年间两种药物的检出率[15]。说明禁用兽药在广州市市售鲜活淡水鱼中的使用并未得到有效控制。
综合分析两种来源的数据结果发现，风险监测的禁用兽药检出率均高于监督抽检，但因两者样本量相差较大，该现象的准确性有待验证。在风险监测中氯霉素和五氯酚酸钠的检出率显著偏高，而在监督抽检中检出率相对较高的则为孔雀石绿类药物，差异的存在可能是风险监测和监督抽检的任务不同所引起。风险监测主要为制定标准、评价食品安全状况和预防疾病等提供科学依据，其通过随机采样保证样品的代表性，内容涵盖标准内的项目和其他潜在污染物，结果不用于监管执法。监督抽检的开展是用于确认市场上流通的食品质量情况，其采样具有靶向性，一般针对容易出问题的产品、环节等进行，是对照标准进行的符合性检验，其结果可以作为执法依据。任务目的不同，导致了方案设计、检测项目等存在差别，但二者同为食品安全监管的一部分，一定程度上检测结果可以相互作为参考和补充[16]。本研究中，风险监测结果揭示氯霉素和五氯酚酸钠在鲜活淡水鱼中存在安全风险，即提示监督抽检人员应加强对这两种禁用兽药的关注，而监督抽检结果显示孔雀石绿类药物问题较大，则提示风险监测人员应加强对此药物风险的监测和评估。由此可见，市售鲜活淡水鱼4种禁用兽药残留的问题依然严峻。
本研究中的采样环节为消费者能够直接购买或食用鲜活淡水鱼的可能渠道，通过分析以了解消费者摄入禁用兽药的潜在风险大小。两种数据来源结果共同揭示批发市场和农贸市场的样品禁用兽药总检出率偏高，其中孔雀石绿检出最严重，此结果与2017—2018年对深圳市淡水鱼的调查结果相近[15]。市场是鲜活淡水鱼供货和售卖的主要场所[17]，鱼类品种和数量多，存在商贩为了保证淡水鱼的新鲜程度和存活时长，从而人为添加药物的可能性；对于药物售卖环节管理不当也是造成禁用兽药屡禁不止的可能原因之一[18]，这凸显了完善药物销售监管机制的必要性。
随着近年市民消费习惯的变化，生鲜网络电商和线下生鲜超市等新兴的农产品销售渠道也逐渐开始售卖鲜活淡水鱼[19-20]。本研究中，风险监测采集的网络电商样品禁用兽药检出率在所有采样环节中最高，其中氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠和孔雀石绿均有检出，采集的生鲜超市样品也同样存在氯霉素和五氯酚酸钠药物残留，目前我国这两类销售渠道售卖的鲜活水产品质量安全情况的调查研究较少，在新兴零售渠道蓬勃发展的后疫情时代，为了更好地保障市民的饮食安全，风险监测部门需持续采集相关样品进行深入分析和风险评估，以预防潜在的健康危害，市场监管部门应增加此类样品的抽检频率，加强对供应商及售卖商的监督监管。
综合两种数据来源结果，餐饮环节的禁用兽药检出率相较其他环节偏低，但仍存在硝基呋喃类和孔雀石绿类药物残留。淡水鱼在养殖、运输、售卖以及加工制作等各个环节都有可能被添加兽药以预防和治疗鱼类疾病，从而保证鱼类品质。餐饮单位样品的兽药残留水平主要受到进货渠道和加工方式的影响，如果从规模较小、管理不规范的水产养殖户或市场进行采购，可能会增加药物残留的风险。另外，一些餐饮商家会在店内设置鱼缸，养殖各种不同的淡水鱼供顾客现场挑选，此类餐饮单位尚不能排除存在非法添加药物的可能性。
综上所述，两种来源数据的分析结果相互补充，共同揭示广州市2017—2021年的市售鲜活淡水鱼存在禁用兽药残留的问题，且不同程度地分布于各采样环节，问题突出的药物为氯霉素、五氯酚酸钠和孔雀石绿类药物。提示相关部门应加强对养殖、运输、售卖等整个产业链的综合监管，同时提高检测技术水平，从源头上遏制禁用兽药的非法使用，此外，还需在全市范围内加强禁用兽药的宣传教育，提升养殖户和商家的法律和安全意识，确保消费者的健康权益和食品安全。
基金
收起
  • 广州市科技计划项目(2023A03J0935; 202103000039)
文献
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2024年第51卷第7期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312282
  • 接收时间：2023-12-15
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2024-04-10
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  • 收稿日期：2023-12-15
基金
广州市科技计划项目(2023A03J0935; 202103000039)
作者信息
    1.暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院，广东 广州 510630
    2.广州市疾病预防控制中心食源性疾病和食品安全风险监测部，广东 广州 510440

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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