Article(id=1240950906666152955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704211200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773795351902, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1712678400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773795351902, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773795351902, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773795351902, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240950898113966774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='7', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773795349862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773795519367, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240951609136567133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240951609136567134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1331, endPage=1337, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240950906955558924, articleId=1240950906666152955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Study on drug resistance and virulence genes of Helicobacter pylori in patients with failed eradication therapy, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To study the drug resistance phenotype, drug resistance gene, and virulence gene of Helicobacter pylori(Hp) in patients with failed eradication therapy, and to provide reference for remedial therapy.

Methods

Hp was isolated and cultured from gastric mucosa of patients with failed eradication therapy. Drug sensitivity test was used to detect the resistance of isolated strains to Metronidazole (MTZ), Clarithromycin (CLA), Levofloxacin (LEV), Amoxicillin (AMX), Tetracycline (TET),and Furazolidone (FZ). CLA and LEV resistance genes 23S rRNA, gyrA and virulence genes cagA, vacA, iceA, oipA were amplified by PCR, to further explore the relationship between drug resistance phenotype and drug resistance and virulence genes.

Results

In total 40 strains of Hp were isolated from 58 patients (69.0%). The resistance rates to MTZ, CLA, LEV, AMX, TET, and FZ were 100.0%, 82.5%, 72.5%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. The most common mutations of 23S rRNA and gyrA genes were T2182C (78.6%) and N87K (32.0%), respectively, and new C2165T and A2219G mutations were found in CLA resistant strains. In addition, the positive rates of virulence genes cagA, vacA s1, vacA s2, vacA m1, vacA m2, iceA1, iceA2, and oipA were 97.1%, 100.0%, 0%, 42.9%, 57.1%, 62.9%, 11.4%, and 68.6%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant.

Conclusion

The resistance of Hp isolates to MTZ, CLA and LEV in patients with failed eradication therapy in this area is serious, and AMX, TET and FZ are recommended for remedial therapy. The relationship between CLA resistance and C2165T and A2219G mutation and LEV resistance and vacA m2 warrants further investigation.

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目的

研究根除治疗失败患者幽门螺杆菌(Helicobater pylori,Hp)的耐药表型、耐药基因和毒力基因,为补救治疗提供参考依据。

方法

采集根除治疗失败患者胃黏膜组织分离培养Hp,药敏实验检测分离菌株对甲硝唑(metronidazole, MTZ)、克拉霉素(clarithromycin, CLA)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin, LEV)、阿莫西林(amoxicillin, AMX)、四环素(tetracycline, TET)和呋喃唑酮(furazolidone, FZ)的耐药情况,PCR扩增CLA、LEV耐药基因23S rRNA、gyrA及毒力基因cagA、vacA、iceA、oipA,进一步探究耐药表型与耐药及毒力基因的关系。

结果

从58例患者中分离获得40株Hp(69.0%),其对MTZ、CLA、LEV、AMX、TET、FZ的耐药率分别为100.0%、82.5%、72.5%、0%、0%、0%。23S rRNA、gyrA基因最常见的突变位点分别为T2182C(78.6%)和N87K(32.0%),并在CLA耐菌株中新发现了C2165T和A2219G突变。此外,这些菌株毒力基因cagA、vacA s1、vacA s2、vacA m1、vacA m2、iceA1、iceA2、oipA的阳性率分别为97.1%、100.0%、0%、42.9%、57.1%、62.9%、11.4%、68.6%,LEV耐药菌株中vacA m2基因阳性率更高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论

本地区根除治疗失败患者Hp分离株对MTZ、CLA、LEV的耐药情况严峻,补救治疗推荐选用AMX、TET、FZ。CLA耐药与C2165T和A2219G突变及LEV耐药与vacA m2的关系值得进一步探讨。

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廖娟,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1PFjVdM3ofb1/XkXwsiFOA==, magXml=msxta4hnFsYX42Qx0Nl6Ww==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=s7NIKz+Gnsehz7WDMA03Cw==, pdfFileSize=713090, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=9NCXY5LK1TB+8zfAUR4FlQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

何琪云娜(1995—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

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何琪云娜(1995—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

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Resistance to clarithromycin and genotypes in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in Sicily[J].Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2015, 64(11): 1408-1414., articleTitle=Resistance to clarithromycin and genotypes in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in Sicily, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240972184437444743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=47, issue=2, pageStart=124, pageEnd=126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=45, authorNames=林定赛, 夏莲, 方蕾, journalName=医学研究杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=林定赛,夏莲,方蕾,等.幽门螺杆菌VacA基因型与耐药性相关性研究[J].医学研究杂志201847(2):124-126., articleTitle=幽门螺杆菌VacA基因型与耐药性相关性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240972184508747913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=47, issue=2, pageStart=124, pageEnd=126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Lin DS, Xia L, Fang L, journalName=Journal of Medical Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin DS, Xia L, Fang L, et al. Relevance analysis of VacA virulence gene of helicobacter pylori and its drug resistance[J]. Journal of Medical Research,2018, 47(2): 124-126., articleTitle=Relevance analysis of VacA virulence gene of helicobacter pylori and its drug resistance, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240972166343217714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972166368383542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, companyId=1240972166343217714, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972166376772150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, companyId=1240972166343217714, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240972166498406978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972166502601283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, companyId=1240972166498406978, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.成都市双流区疾病预防控制中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240972166607458892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972166615847500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, companyId=1240972166607458892, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.四川大学华西-协和陈志潜健康研究院慢病研究中心,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240972175524549597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Hp drug resistance and virulence gene primer information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称引物序列(5'→3'PCR产物大小(bp)退火温度(℃)参考文献
23S rRNAF: CCACAGCGATGTGGTCTCAG42555[14]
R: CTCCATAAGAGCCAAAGCCC
gyrAF: TTTRGCTTATTCMATGAGCGT42855
R: GCAGACGGCTTGGTARAATA
cagAF: GATAACAGGCAAGCTTTTGAGG34954
R: CTGCAAAAGATTGTTTGGCAGA
vacA m1/m2F: CAATCTGTCCAATCAAGCGA570(m1)55
R: GCGTCTAAATAATTCCAAGG645(m2)
vacA s1/s2F: ATGGAAATACAACAAACACAC176(s1)57[15]
R: CCTGAGACCGTTCCTACAGC203(s2)
iceA1F: GTGTTTTTAACCAAAGTATC24750[16]
R: CTATAGCCAATTCTTTGCA
iceA2F: GTTGGGTATATCACAATTTAT334/22950
R: TTTCCCTATTTTTTAGTAGGT
oipAF: CGCGGAAAGGAACGGGTTTT51954
R: TTAGCGTCTAGCGTTCTGCC
), ArticleFig(id=1240972175633601506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Hp耐药和毒力基因引物信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称引物序列(5'→3'PCR产物大小(bp)退火温度(℃)参考文献
23S rRNAF: CCACAGCGATGTGGTCTCAG42555[14]
R: CTCCATAAGAGCCAAAGCCC
gyrAF: TTTRGCTTATTCMATGAGCGT42855
R: GCAGACGGCTTGGTARAATA
cagAF: GATAACAGGCAAGCTTTTGAGG34954
R: CTGCAAAAGATTGTTTGGCAGA
vacA m1/m2F: CAATCTGTCCAATCAAGCGA570(m1)55
R: GCGTCTAAATAATTCCAAGG645(m2)
vacA s1/s2F: ATGGAAATACAACAAACACAC176(s1)57[15]
R: CCTGAGACCGTTCCTACAGC203(s2)
iceA1F: GTGTTTTTAACCAAAGTATC24750[16]
R: CTATAGCCAATTCTTTGCA
iceA2F: GTTGGGTATATCACAATTTAT334/22950
R: TTTCCCTATTTTTTAGTAGGT
oipAF: CGCGGAAAGGAACGGGTTTT51954
R: TTAGCGTCTAGCGTTCTGCC
), ArticleFig(id=1240972175759430631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of Hp isolation rates in patients of different classifications

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类分组患者数分离株数(株)分离率(%)χ2P
性别271763.00.8500.404
312374.2
年龄(岁)<45211676.20.8030.398
≥45372464.9
上腹不适症状453680.04.2140.040
13646.2
吸烟史77100.0-0.087
513364.7
饮酒史9888.91.0270.311
493265.3
消化道肿瘤家族史8562.50.0000.989
503570.0
家庭成员Hp感染161275.00.0870.768
422866.7
), ArticleFig(id=1240972175885259757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同分类患者的Hp分离率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类分组患者数分离株数(株)分离率(%)χ2P
性别271763.00.8500.404
312374.2
年龄(岁)<45211676.20.8030.398
≥45372464.9
上腹不适症状453680.04.2140.040
13646.2
吸烟史77100.0-0.087
513364.7
饮酒史9888.91.0270.311
493265.3
消化道肿瘤家族史8562.50.0000.989
503570.0
家庭成员Hp感染161275.00.0870.768
422866.7
), ArticleFig(id=1240972175977534448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The dual and multiple resistance of Hp to six types of antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耐药类型抗生素分离耐药菌株数(株)菌株比例(%)
单重耐药MTZ512.5
双重耐药MTZ+CLA615.0
MTZ+LEV25.0
三重耐药MTZ+CLA+LEV2767.5
), ArticleFig(id=1240972176094974965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Hp对六种抗生素双重及多重耐药结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耐药类型抗生素分离耐药菌株数(株)菌株比例(%)
单重耐药MTZ512.5
双重耐药MTZ+CLA615.0
MTZ+LEV25.0
三重耐药MTZ+CLA+LEV2767.5
), ArticleFig(id=1240972176216609787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Hp resistance status based on different eradication attempts (number of cases, %)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
根除次数(次)抗生素
MTZCLALEV
113(100.0)7(53.8)6(46.2)
216(100.0)15(93.8)13(81.3)
≥311(100.0)11(100.0)10(90.9)
χ29.1906.278
P0.0040.048
), ArticleFig(id=1240972176329854976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同根除次数Hp耐药情况[例数(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
根除次数(次)抗生素
MTZCLALEV
113(100.0)7(53.8)6(46.2)
216(100.0)15(93.8)13(81.3)
≥311(100.0)11(100.0)10(90.9)
χ29.1906.278
P0.0040.048
), ArticleFig(id=1240972176493432838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Clarithromycin resistant gene 23S rRNA mutation characteristic analysis of Hp (n=28)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耐药基因突变位点菌株例数(株)突变率(%)
23S rRNAT2182C414.3
A2143G517.9
A2143G+T2182C1242.9
T2182C+A2223G27.1
A2143G+T2182C+C2195T27.1
A2143G+T2182C+A2223G13.6
A2143G+C2165T+T2182C+A2219G13.6
13.6
), ArticleFig(id=1240972176631844876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Hp CLA耐药基因23S rRNA突变特征分析(n=28)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耐药基因突变位点菌株例数(株)突变率(%)
23S rRNAT2182C414.3
A2143G517.9
A2143G+T2182C1242.9
T2182C+A2223G27.1
A2143G+T2182C+C2195T27.1
A2143G+T2182C+A2223G13.6
A2143G+C2165T+T2182C+A2219G13.6
13.6
), ArticleFig(id=1240972176753479695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Levofloxacin resistance genes gyrA amino acid mutational characteristics analysis of Hp (n=25)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耐药基因突变位点菌株例数(株)突变率(%)
gyrAN87K728.0
N87I416.0
D91G28.0
D91Y28.0
A88V14.0
N87I+D91Y14.0
N87K+A97V14.0
728.0
), ArticleFig(id=1240972176971583509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

Hp LEV耐药基因gyrA氨基酸突变特征分析(n=25)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
耐药基因突变位点菌株例数(株)突变率(%)
gyrAN87K728.0
N87I416.0
D91G28.0
D91Y28.0
A88V14.0
N87I+D91Y14.0
N87K+A97V14.0
728.0
), ArticleFig(id=1240972177143549982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Relationship between clarithromycin and levofloxacin resistance and the vacA, iceA, oipA gene

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素分组vacAm1+ (n=15)vacAm1-(n=20)χ2PvacAm2+
(n=20)
vacAm2-
(n=15)
χ2PiceA1+
(n=22)
iceA1-
(n=13)
χ2PiceA2+
(n=4)
iceA2-
(n=31)
χ2PoipA+
(n=24)
oipA-(n=11)χ2P
CLA耐药(n=28)1216-0.6601810-0.1011810-0.525325-0.609199-0.619
敏感
n=7)
3425431652
LEV耐药(n=25)916-0.179178-0.047169-0.560223-0.319196-0.138
敏感(n=10)6437642855
), ArticleFig(id=1240972177252601887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906666152955, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

CLA、LEV耐药性与vacA、iceA和oipA基因之间的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素分组vacAm1+ (n=15)vacAm1-(n=20)χ2PvacAm2+
(n=20)
vacAm2-
(n=15)
χ2PiceA1+
(n=22)
iceA1-
(n=13)
χ2PiceA2+
(n=4)
iceA2-
(n=31)
χ2PoipA+
(n=24)
oipA-(n=11)χ2P
CLA耐药(n=28)1216-0.6601810-0.1011810-0.525325-0.609199-0.619
敏感
n=7)
3425431652
LEV耐药(n=25)916-0.179178-0.047169-0.560223-0.319196-0.138
敏感(n=10)6437642855
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根除治疗失败患者幽门螺杆菌的耐药特性及毒力基因研究
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何琪云娜 1 , 潘美伶 2 , 田海英 1 , 何蕾 1 , 罗姝菡 1 , 郑田利 1 , 陈嘉熠 1 , 裴晓方 1 , 许欣 1 , 廖娟 1, 3
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2024,51(7): 1331-1337
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现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2024, 51(7): 1331-1337
根除治疗失败患者幽门螺杆菌的耐药特性及毒力基因研究
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何琪云娜1, 潘美伶2, 田海英1, 何蕾1, 罗姝菡1, 郑田利1, 陈嘉熠1, 裴晓方1, 许欣1, 廖娟1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.成都市双流区疾病预防控制中心
  • 3.四川大学华西-协和陈志潜健康研究院慢病研究中心,四川 成都 610041
  • 何琪云娜(1995—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

通讯作者:

廖娟,E-mail:
Study on drug resistance and virulence genes of Helicobacter pylori in patients with failed eradication therapy
Qi-yun-na HE1, Mei-ling PAN2, Hai-ying TIAN1, Lei HE1, Shu-han LUO1, Tian-li ZHENG1, Jia-yi CHEN1, Xiao-fang PEI1, Xin XU1, Juan LIAO1, 3
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-04-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401036
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目的

研究根除治疗失败患者幽门螺杆菌(Helicobater pylori,Hp)的耐药表型、耐药基因和毒力基因,为补救治疗提供参考依据。

方法

采集根除治疗失败患者胃黏膜组织分离培养Hp,药敏实验检测分离菌株对甲硝唑(metronidazole, MTZ)、克拉霉素(clarithromycin, CLA)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin, LEV)、阿莫西林(amoxicillin, AMX)、四环素(tetracycline, TET)和呋喃唑酮(furazolidone, FZ)的耐药情况,PCR扩增CLA、LEV耐药基因23S rRNA、gyrA及毒力基因cagA、vacA、iceA、oipA,进一步探究耐药表型与耐药及毒力基因的关系。

结果

从58例患者中分离获得40株Hp(69.0%),其对MTZ、CLA、LEV、AMX、TET、FZ的耐药率分别为100.0%、82.5%、72.5%、0%、0%、0%。23S rRNA、gyrA基因最常见的突变位点分别为T2182C(78.6%)和N87K(32.0%),并在CLA耐菌株中新发现了C2165T和A2219G突变。此外,这些菌株毒力基因cagA、vacA s1、vacA s2、vacA m1、vacA m2、iceA1、iceA2、oipA的阳性率分别为97.1%、100.0%、0%、42.9%、57.1%、62.9%、11.4%、68.6%,LEV耐药菌株中vacA m2基因阳性率更高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论

本地区根除治疗失败患者Hp分离株对MTZ、CLA、LEV的耐药情况严峻,补救治疗推荐选用AMX、TET、FZ。CLA耐药与C2165T和A2219G突变及LEV耐药与vacA m2的关系值得进一步探讨。

幽门螺杆菌  /  根除治疗失败  /  抗生素耐药性  /  耐药基因  /  毒力基因
Objective

To study the drug resistance phenotype, drug resistance gene, and virulence gene of Helicobacter pylori(Hp) in patients with failed eradication therapy, and to provide reference for remedial therapy.

Methods

Hp was isolated and cultured from gastric mucosa of patients with failed eradication therapy. Drug sensitivity test was used to detect the resistance of isolated strains to Metronidazole (MTZ), Clarithromycin (CLA), Levofloxacin (LEV), Amoxicillin (AMX), Tetracycline (TET),and Furazolidone (FZ). CLA and LEV resistance genes 23S rRNA, gyrA and virulence genes cagA, vacA, iceA, oipA were amplified by PCR, to further explore the relationship between drug resistance phenotype and drug resistance and virulence genes.

Results

In total 40 strains of Hp were isolated from 58 patients (69.0%). The resistance rates to MTZ, CLA, LEV, AMX, TET, and FZ were 100.0%, 82.5%, 72.5%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. The most common mutations of 23S rRNA and gyrA genes were T2182C (78.6%) and N87K (32.0%), respectively, and new C2165T and A2219G mutations were found in CLA resistant strains. In addition, the positive rates of virulence genes cagA, vacA s1, vacA s2, vacA m1, vacA m2, iceA1, iceA2, and oipA were 97.1%, 100.0%, 0%, 42.9%, 57.1%, 62.9%, 11.4%, and 68.6%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant.

Conclusion

The resistance of Hp isolates to MTZ, CLA and LEV in patients with failed eradication therapy in this area is serious, and AMX, TET and FZ are recommended for remedial therapy. The relationship between CLA resistance and C2165T and A2219G mutation and LEV resistance and vacA m2 warrants further investigation.

Helicobacter pylori  /  Failure of eradication therapy  /  Antibiotic resistance  /  Drug resistance gene  /  Virulence gene
何琪云娜, 潘美伶, 田海英, 何蕾, 罗姝菡, 郑田利, 陈嘉熠, 裴晓方, 许欣, 廖娟. 根除治疗失败患者幽门螺杆菌的耐药特性及毒力基因研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (7) : 1331 -1337 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401036
Qi-yun-na HE, Mei-ling PAN, Hai-ying TIAN, Lei HE, Shu-han LUO, Tian-li ZHENG, Jia-yi CHEN, Xiao-fang PEI, Xin XU, Juan LIAO. Study on drug resistance and virulence genes of Helicobacter pylori in patients with failed eradication therapy[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (7) : 1331 -1337 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401036
幽门螺杆菌(Helicobater pylori,Hp)长期感染可能引发慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡等疾病,并发展为胃腺癌和黏膜相关淋巴组织(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, MALT)淋巴瘤,全球感染率高达50%[1-2]。1994年,Hp被国际癌症研究机构认定为I类致癌物,全球近90%的远端胃癌是由Hp感染引起的[3]。为防止胃癌的发生和发展,Hp感染者应接受根除治疗[4-6]。常用的治疗方案包括标准三联疗法、铋剂四联疗法、伴随疗法和序贯疗法等[7]。然而,由于抗生素的广泛使用,Hp的耐药性不断升高,导致根除率逐年下降[8-9]。因此了解根除治疗失败患者的Hp耐药性及相关规律,对补救治疗具有重要意义。Hp耐药性与地理和社会经济因素有关[10]。因此,了解成都地区根除治疗失败患者Hp分离株的耐药特性对补救治疗药物的选择具有重要意义。而且成都地区根除治疗失败患者Hp的耐药性是否与耐药基因发生了突变有关也值得进一步研究。此外,有研究报道了长春地区Hp菌株的耐药性与vacAiceA基因密切相关[11],而成都地区根除治疗失败患者Hp分离株的耐药性与毒力基因的研究未见报道。因此,本研究采集成都市某三甲医院根除失败患者的胃黏膜组织进行Hp的分离培养,检测其耐药性、耐药相关基因(23S rRNA、gyrA)和毒力基因(vacA、cagA、iceA和oipA),旨在了解根除治疗失败患者Hp的耐药情况,探讨耐药表型与耐药基因及毒力基因间的关系,为根除失败患者的补救治疗方案的选择积累宝贵的资料。
以成都市某三甲医院就诊的一次或多次根除治疗失败,且同意行胃镜检查和胃黏膜活检的患者为研究对象。纳入标准:(1)曾接受过Hp根除治疗;(2)治疗后13C尿素呼气试验结果为阳性。排除标准:(1)过去1个月内使用过抗生素、质子泵抑制剂(proton pump inhibitors, PPIs)和铋剂等药物;(2)有严重凝血功能及严重心、肺、脑疾病;(3)既往行胃部手术或有胃恶性肿瘤病史。本研究经医学伦理委员会批准,所有研究对象均在参与研究前签署知情同意书。
显微镜(日本olympus公司);三气培养箱、iBright 1500凝胶成像仪(美国Thermo Fisher公司);十万分之一电子天平(赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司);ProFlexTM PCR仪(美国ABI公司)。
哥伦比亚琼脂、Mueller-Hinton(MH)琼脂、脑心浸液(Brain Heart Infusion, BHI)肉汤、氧化酶试验试纸条(青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司);3%过氧化氢试验试剂(广东环凯微生物科技有限公司);革兰染液(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);甲硝唑(metronidazole,MTZ)、克拉霉素(clarithromycin,CLA)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin, LEV)、阿莫西林(amoxicillin,AMX)、四环素(tetracycline, TET)药敏试纸条(温州康泰生物科技有限公司);抗菌药物药敏纸片(杭州微生物试剂有限公司);脲酶试验试剂(三明市贝真生物科技有限公司);无菌脱纤维绵羊血(郑州益康生物工程有限公司);细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒、Golden Easy PCR System(天根生化科技(北京)有限公司)等。
将采集到的根除治疗失败患者的胃窦和胃体黏膜样本充分研磨制成匀浆,接种于选择性哥伦比亚血平板,于37℃,5%O2、10%CO2、85%N2的环境中培养3~5 d。选取平板上圆形、灰白色或半透明、针尖大小凸起、边缘整齐的小菌落进行革兰染色,观察细菌镜下形态,并进行脲酶、氧化酶和过氧化氢酶试验。根据《幽门螺杆菌感染的基础与临床》[12]、《幽门螺杆菌感染及其相关疾病的诊治》[13]H. pylori分离培养阳性的标准为:符合典型H. pylori菌落特征,显微镜下观察到革兰阴性弯曲杆菌,过氧化氢酶、氧化酶、脲酶试验均为阳性。将Hp菌株混悬于含30%甘油的BHI肉汤中,于-80℃冰箱保存备用。
分别用浓度梯度纸条扩散法(E-test法)和纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。用生理盐水制备Hp菌悬液,将其均匀涂布于MH血平板。待干燥后,将AMX、MTZ、LEV、CLA和TET的试纸条有梳齿的一侧插入MH血平板,将呋喃唑酮(furazolidone, FZ)的药敏纸片贴于MH血平板,以空白纸片为对照。Hp标准菌株ATCC 43504用于质量控制。
判定结果参照欧洲抗菌药敏试验委员会(EUCAST)关于抗菌药敏试验的技术说明和药敏纸片制造商的说明,Hp对AMX、CLR、MTZ、LEV和TET耐药定义为最小抑菌浓度分别>0.125、>0.5、>8、>1和>1 mg/L。FZ药敏纸片抑菌圈直径≤14 mm时,判定为耐药。
从-80℃冰箱取出冻存菌株,复苏后传代活化。刮取适量菌落于无菌生理盐水中,参照细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒说明书提取DNA。
CLA耐药基因23S rRNA、LEV耐药基因gyrA和毒力基因cagA、vacA、iceA、oipA的特异性引物序列见表1。PCR扩增条件参照参考文献。
PCR反应产物经电泳鉴定后送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。以NCBI在线数据库下载的Hp 26695菌株的23S rRNA和gyrA基因序列为阴性对照。23S rRNA基因序列直接进行比对,gyrA基因序列经MEGA 11软件翻译为氨基酸序列后进行比对。毒力基因测序结果于NCBI在线数据网站进行BLAST比对分析。
本研究共纳入58例Hp根除失败患者,其中男性27例,占46.6%,女性31例,占53.4%;年龄范围为19~69岁,平均年龄为(49.1±11.9)岁。
成功分离培养出40株Hp,分离率为69.0%。根据患者的年龄、性别、是否有上腹不适症状、吸烟史、饮酒史、消化道肿瘤家族史以及家庭成员感染的情况进行分类,不同分类患者的Hp分离情况见表2。有上腹不适症状的患者胃部组织中Hp的分离率明显高于无症状患者(χ2=4.214,P<0.05)。采用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行统计学分析。计数资料采用率(%)进行描述,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率进行比较,检验水准α=0.05。
40株Hp分离株对MTZ、CLA、LEV、AMX、TET、FZ的耐药率分别为100.0%(40/40)、82.5%(33/40)、72.5%(29/40)、0%、0%、0%,多重耐药情况见表3
比较不同根除次数组间的Hp分离株的耐药情况,不同根除次数组间CLA和LEV的耐药率具有统计学意义(χ2=9.190, P<0.05; χ2=6.278, P<0.05),随着根除治疗次数增加,Hp对CLA和LEV耐药率不断增加。见表4
共复苏出35株冻存菌株,其中CLA、LEV耐药分别为28株和25株。Hp菌株的23S rRNA基因序列比对结果显示,CLA敏感菌株未发生突变,耐药菌株中除1株未发生23S rRNA V区突变外,其余27株均发生23S rRNA V区突变。最常见的突变位点为T2182C,其次是A2143G,突变率分别为78.6%(22/28)、75.0%(21/28)。见表5
Hp菌株的gyrA氨基酸序列比对结果显示,LEV敏感菌株未发生突变,耐药株中除7株未发生突变外,其余18株均发生了突变。其中,N87K突变率最高,突变率为32.0%(8/25)。见表6
Hp的毒力基因除vacA s2未检出外,cagA、vacA s1、vacA m1、vacA m2、iceA1、iceA2和oipA均有检出。cagA阳性率为97.1%(34/35)。vacA基因分s和m区,所有菌株s区分型均为s1型(100.0%);m区中m1型阳性率为42.9%(15/35)、m2型阳性率57.1%(20/35)。iceA阳性率为74.3%(26/35),两个等位基因iceA1型与iceA2型的阳性率分别为62.9%(22/35)、11.4%(4/35)。oipA基因阳性率为68.6%(24/35)。 Hp毒力基因vacA、iceA和oipA在CLA和LEV耐药和敏感株之间的分布差异见表7,其中,LEV耐药菌株中vacA m2基因阳性率更高(P<0.05)。
本研究首次对成都地区某三甲医院根除治疗失败患者的Hp进行分离培养及耐药特性研究,并初步探讨了耐药特性与毒力基因的关系。我们从58例患者中成功分离获得了40株Hp,发现Hp分离株对MTZ、CLA、LEV的耐药情况严峻,并且在CLA耐药菌株中发现了C2165T和A2219G两个新突变位点,此外,还首次观察到LEV耐药菌株中毒力基因vacA m2阳性率更高。
抗生素耐药是影响Hp根除治疗方案疗效的主要因素[17]。全球大多数地区的Hp对MTZ、CLA、LEV的耐药率均超过15%[18]。Hp的继发耐药是导致耐药情况严重的一个重要因素,首次抗生素治疗后,细菌若产生耐药性,再次使用同类抗生素可能失效[19]。有报道,亚洲人群对MTZ、CLA、LEV、AMX和TET的继发耐药率分别为62.0%、64.3%、15.7%、10.3%、10.4%[20];而国内叶峰等人[21]报道的根除失败患者对MTZ、CLA、LEV、AMX、TET和FZ的耐药率分别为97.37%、58.95%、48.42%、0%、0%、0%;本研究中,MTZ、CLA、LEV、AMX、TET和FZ的耐药率分别为100.0%、82.5%、72.5%、0%、0%、0%,提示本地区患者MTZ、CLA、LEV耐药情况更为严重。此外,有研究发现根除治疗失败会导致更多的多重耐药菌株出现[22],我国南方的一项多中心、前瞻性队列研究发现初次治疗失败后对MTZ+CLA、MTZ+LEV、MTZ+CLA+LEV的耐药率分别为34.0%、38.7%、17.8%[10],本研究中MTZ+CLA、MTZ+LEV、MTZ+CLA+LEV的耐药率分别为15.0%、5.0%、67.5%,相比之下,本地区三重耐药情况更为严重,而且CLA、LEV的耐药率随治疗次数增加而升高,提示补救治疗应选择非MTZ、CLA、LEV的抗生素以提高成功率,并且应密切关注多重耐药的情况。
Hp耐药性与耐药基因突变有关[23],如CLA耐药与Hp的23S rRNA基因V区的点突变有关,常见突变位点为A2142G和A2143G[24],也有T2182C、A2223G和C2195T等位点突变及检出率的报道[25-26],如Albasha等人[25]报道的苏丹患者中CLA耐药菌株突变位点A2143G、T2182C和C2195T的突变率分别为20%、16%、12%;国内张择伟等人[27]报道的CLA耐药菌株常见的突变位点T2182C、A2143G的突变率分别为35.29%、20.0%;而本研究发现的最常见突变位点T2182C、A2143G的突变率分别为78.6%、75.0%,特别值得关注的是我们还发现了C2165T和A2219G新突变位点,提示本地区根除失败患者的CLA耐药菌株T2182C和A2143G位点突变频率更高,应加强关注。不过新突变位点与CLA耐药的关系还需更多研究予以确证。另一方面,LEV耐药机制与喹诺酮类耐药决定区gyrA基因的突变有关,常见突变在第87位(N87L、I、A或K)和第91位(D91G、N、A、Y或H)的氨基酸取代[28],还发现了A88V、A97V等突变位点[29-30]。Wang等人[31]的研究中常见突变N87K、D91N突变率分别为20.2%、10.5%,而本研究中突变以N87K、N87I为主,突变率分别为32.0%、20.0%,未发现新的突变位点。
值得关注的是Hp耐药表型可能与毒力基因相关,如意大利西西里地区的一项研究显示CLA耐药性与cagA基因相关[32];蒋洁[11]等人发现,Hp菌株CLA耐药与iceA1基因与密切相关,但与cagA基因无关;林定赛[33]等人发现,CLA耐药可能与vacA基因有关;而本研究我们发现对LEV耐药的菌株中vacA m2基因阳性率更高(P<0.05),提示LEV耐药可能与vacA m2基因相关。因此,CLA、LEV的耐药性与vacA、iceA及oipA之间的关系值得进一步探讨。
此外,本研究在对根除失败患者感染的Hp分离培养中发现,从有上腹不适症状患者的标本中分离获得Hp的比例为80.0%,显著高于无该症状患者的标本(P<0.05),提示有上腹不适症状患者的Hp分离成功率更高。
本研究发现,根除失败患者Hp分离株对MTZ、CLA和LEV的耐药率高。因此,在临床补救治疗中,建议首选AMX、TET和FZ。此外,CLA耐药与C2165T和A2219G突变的关系,以及LEV耐药与毒力基因vacA m2的关系值得进一步深入研究。
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202401036
  • 接收时间:2024-01-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-04-10
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    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
    2.成都市双流区疾病预防控制中心
    3.四川大学华西-协和陈志潜健康研究院慢病研究中心,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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