Article(id=1240950906171225048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701619200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773795351784, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1712678400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773795351784, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773795351784, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773795351784, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240950898113966774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='7', pageStart='1153', pageEnd='1344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773795349862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773795519367, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240951609136567133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240951609136567134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1240950898113966774, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1239, endPage=1243, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240950906502575087, articleId=1240950906171225048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Incidence and associated factors of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine among children born to mothers infected with hepatitis B virus, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the status of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine and its related factors in children born to mothers infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV).

Methods

The children born to mothers with HBV infection reported in Hunan Province from January to December 2022 were selected. All the children received hepatitis B immunoglobulin injection and 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccination and were followed up to 7-12 months of age for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBs. Both HBsAg and anti-HBs were negative, indicating that there was no response to hepatitis B vaccine in children. Unconditional binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine in children.

Results

A total of 9 792 children born to mothers infected with HBV were analyzed. Among 9 792 children, the non-response rate of hepatitis B vaccine was 9.5% (928/9 792). Non-conditional binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine in children born to HBeAg-positive mothers was 1.62 times higher than that in children born to HBeAg-negative mothers (OR=1.62, 95%CI: 1.40-1.88). The risk of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine in children with macrosomia (birth weight ≥ 4 000g) was 1.41 times higher than that in children with normal birth weight (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.08-1.85). Maternal antiviral therapy (OR=0.59, 95%CI: 0.48-0.73) and child HepB standard vaccination (OR=0.66, 95%CI: 0.57-0.78) were the protective factors of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine in children.

Conclusion

The non-response rate of hepatitis B vaccine in children born to HBV infected mothers is high, and it is affected by maternal HBeAg positive, antiviral therapy during pregnancy, birth weight, and standard vaccination.

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目的

分析乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答状况及其相关因素。

方法

以2022年1—12月湖南省“预防乙型肝炎母婴传播管理信息系统”报告的HBV感染母亲所生儿童为研究对象,所有儿童完成乙肝免疫球蛋白注射和3剂次乙肝疫苗接种并随访至7~12月龄进行乙肝病毒表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg)和表面抗体(抗-HBs)检测。HBsAg和抗-HBs均阴性,表示儿童乙肝疫苗无应答。采用非条件二分类logistic回归模型分析儿童乙肝疫苗无应答的相关因素。

结果

共纳入HBV感染母亲所生儿童9 792名儿童分析。9 792名儿童中,乙肝疫苗无应答率为9.5%(928/9 792)。非条件二分类logistic回归分析显示,HBeAg阳性母亲所生儿童发生乙肝疫苗无应答的风险是HBeAg阴性母亲所生儿童的1.62倍(OR=1.62, 95%CI: 1.40~1.88);巨大儿(出生体重≥4 000 g)儿童发生乙肝疫苗无应答的风险是正常出生体重儿童的1.41倍(OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.08~1.85)。母亲孕期抗病毒治疗(OR=0.59, 95%CI: 0.48~0.73)和儿童HepB规范接种(OR=0.66, 95%CI: 0.57~0.78)是儿童乙肝疫苗无应答的保护因素。

结论

HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率较高,并受母亲HBeAg阳性、孕期抗病毒治疗、出生体重和疫苗规范接种等因素影响。

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李辉霞,E-mail:
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谭三风(1984—),女,本科,主管护师,研究方向:儿童保健

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谭三风(1984—),女,本科,主管护师,研究方向:儿童保健

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Chinese Journal of Vaccines and Immunization, 2021, 27(3):235-241., articleTitle=Interpretation of the childhood immunization schedule of National immunization program vaccines and instructions(2021 version), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240972168935297797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906171225048, awardId=2020JJ5285, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省自然科学基金项目(2020JJ5285), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240972162627064156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906171225048, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972162635452766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906171225048, companyId=1240972162627064156, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Child Health Care, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972162643841376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906171225048, companyId=1240972162627064156, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖南省妇幼保健院儿童保健科,湖南 长沙 410008)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240972162748698986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906171225048, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240972162752893290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906171225048, companyId=1240972162748698986, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中南大学湘雅公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系,湖南 长沙 410008)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240972168280986329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906171225048, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Univariate analysis of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine among children born to mothers infected with hepatitis B virus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本情况例数(%)有应答无应答χ2P
母亲年龄(岁)26.711<0.001
<20100(1.0)85(85.0)15(15.0)
20~241 159(11.8)1 011(87.2)148(12.8)
25~292 656(27.1)2 389(89.9)267(10.1)
30~344 180(42.7)3 818(91.3)362(8.7)
≥351 697(17.3)1 561(92.0)136(8.0)
母亲民族4.0490.044
汉族8 874(90.6)8 050(90.7)824(9.3)
其他918(9.4)814(88.7)104(11.3)
母亲文化程度41.238<0.001
小学及以下327(3.3)269(82.3)58(17.7)
初中4 004(40.9)3 599(89.9)405(10.1)
高中(含中专/职高)2 848(29.1)2 576(90.4)272(9.6)
大专及以上2 613(26.7)2 420(92.6)193(7.4)
母亲职业62.872<0.001
农民2 664(27.2)2 328(87.4)336(12.6)
家务及待业4 294(43.9)3 882(90.4)412(9.6)
其他2 834(28.9)2 654(93.6)180(6.4)
孕次(次)5.2810.152
12 090(21.3)1 909(91.3)181(8.7)
22 608(26.6)2 337(89.6)271(10.4)
32 264(23.1)2 042(90.2)222(9.8)
≥42 830(28.9)2 576(91.0)254(9.0)
产次2.7300.098
初产4 483(45.8)4 082(91.1)401(8.9)
经产5 309(54.2)4 782(90.1)527(9.9)
母亲HBeAg28.662<0.001
阴性5 039(51.5)4 639(92.1)400(7.9)
阳性4 753(48.5)4 225(88.9)528(11.1)
孕期抗病毒治疗情况17.123<0.001
未用药8 029(82.0)7 222(89.9)807(10.1)
用药1 763(18.0)1 642(93.1)121(6.9)
分娩方式0.0030.955
阴道分娩5 485(56.0)4 966(90.5)519(9.5)
剖宫产4 307(44.0)3 898(90.5)409(9.5)
儿童性别0.3770.539
5 285(54.0)4 793(90.7)492(9.3)
4 507(46.0)4 071(90.3)436(9.7)
早产1.0470.306
9 178(93.7)8 301(90.4)877(9.6)
614(6.3)563(91.7)51(8.3)
出生体重7.7940.020
低出生体重405(4.1)369(91.1)36(8.9)
正常出生体重8 879(90.7)8 053(90.7)826(9.3)
巨大儿508(5.2)442(87.0)66(13.0)
HBIG及时注射0.7270.394
50(0.5)43(86.0)7(14.0)
9 742(99.5)8 821(90.5)921(9.5)
乙肝疫苗规范接种21.205<0.001
1 873(19.1)1 643(87.7)230(12.3)
7 919(80.9)7 221(91.2)698(8.8)
合计9 792(100.0)8 864(90.5)928(9.5)
), ArticleFig(id=1240972168427786977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906171225048, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本情况例数(%)有应答无应答χ2P
母亲年龄(岁)26.711<0.001
<20100(1.0)85(85.0)15(15.0)
20~241 159(11.8)1 011(87.2)148(12.8)
25~292 656(27.1)2 389(89.9)267(10.1)
30~344 180(42.7)3 818(91.3)362(8.7)
≥351 697(17.3)1 561(92.0)136(8.0)
母亲民族4.0490.044
汉族8 874(90.6)8 050(90.7)824(9.3)
其他918(9.4)814(88.7)104(11.3)
母亲文化程度41.238<0.001
小学及以下327(3.3)269(82.3)58(17.7)
初中4 004(40.9)3 599(89.9)405(10.1)
高中(含中专/职高)2 848(29.1)2 576(90.4)272(9.6)
大专及以上2 613(26.7)2 420(92.6)193(7.4)
母亲职业62.872<0.001
农民2 664(27.2)2 328(87.4)336(12.6)
家务及待业4 294(43.9)3 882(90.4)412(9.6)
其他2 834(28.9)2 654(93.6)180(6.4)
孕次(次)5.2810.152
12 090(21.3)1 909(91.3)181(8.7)
22 608(26.6)2 337(89.6)271(10.4)
32 264(23.1)2 042(90.2)222(9.8)
≥42 830(28.9)2 576(91.0)254(9.0)
产次2.7300.098
初产4 483(45.8)4 082(91.1)401(8.9)
经产5 309(54.2)4 782(90.1)527(9.9)
母亲HBeAg28.662<0.001
阴性5 039(51.5)4 639(92.1)400(7.9)
阳性4 753(48.5)4 225(88.9)528(11.1)
孕期抗病毒治疗情况17.123<0.001
未用药8 029(82.0)7 222(89.9)807(10.1)
用药1 763(18.0)1 642(93.1)121(6.9)
分娩方式0.0030.955
阴道分娩5 485(56.0)4 966(90.5)519(9.5)
剖宫产4 307(44.0)3 898(90.5)409(9.5)
儿童性别0.3770.539
5 285(54.0)4 793(90.7)492(9.3)
4 507(46.0)4 071(90.3)436(9.7)
早产1.0470.306
9 178(93.7)8 301(90.4)877(9.6)
614(6.3)563(91.7)51(8.3)
出生体重7.7940.020
低出生体重405(4.1)369(91.1)36(8.9)
正常出生体重8 879(90.7)8 053(90.7)826(9.3)
巨大儿508(5.2)442(87.0)66(13.0)
HBIG及时注射0.7270.394
50(0.5)43(86.0)7(14.0)
9 742(99.5)8 821(90.5)921(9.5)
乙肝疫苗规范接种21.205<0.001
1 873(19.1)1 643(87.7)230(12.3)
7 919(80.9)7 221(91.2)698(8.8)
合计9 792(100.0)8 864(90.5)928(9.5)
), ArticleFig(id=1240972168578781929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906171225048, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Multivariate analysis of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine among children born to mothers infected with hepatitis B virus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素βWald 值OR95%CIP
母亲HBeAg(以阴性为参照)0.4842.161.621.40~1.88<0.001
孕期抗病毒治疗(以未用药为参照)-0.5324.540.590.48~0.73<0.001
出生体重(以正常出生体重为参照)6.650.036
低出生体重-0.100.320.900.63~1.290.574
巨大儿0.356.171.411.08~1.850.013
乙肝疫苗规范接种(以未规范接种为参照)-0.4124.900.660.57~0.78<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1240972168704611059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1240950906171225048, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

HBV感染孕母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答多因素分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素βWald 值OR95%CIP
母亲HBeAg(以阴性为参照)0.4842.161.621.40~1.88<0.001
孕期抗病毒治疗(以未用药为参照)-0.5324.540.590.48~0.73<0.001
出生体重(以正常出生体重为参照)6.650.036
低出生体重-0.100.320.900.63~1.290.574
巨大儿0.356.171.411.08~1.850.013
乙肝疫苗规范接种(以未规范接种为参照)-0.4124.900.660.57~0.78<0.001
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HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答状况及相关因素
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谭三风 1 , 李辉霞 1 , 肖娟 1 , 谭丹凤 1 , 涂颖 2 , 高洁 1 , 杨敏 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(7): 1239-1243
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(7): 1239-1243
HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答状况及相关因素
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谭三风1, 李辉霞1 , 肖娟1, 谭丹凤1, 涂颖2, 高洁1, 杨敏1
作者信息
  • 1.湖南省妇幼保健院儿童保健科,湖南 长沙 410008
  • 2.中南大学湘雅公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系,湖南 长沙 410008
  • 谭三风(1984—),女,本科,主管护师,研究方向:儿童保健

通讯作者:

李辉霞,E-mail:
Incidence and associated factors of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine among children born to mothers infected with hepatitis B virus
San-feng TAN1, Hui-xia LI1 , Juan XIAO1, Dan-feng TAN1, Ying TU2, Jie GAO1, Min YANG1
Affiliations
  • Department of Child Health Care, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
出版时间: 2024-04-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312042
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目的

分析乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答状况及其相关因素。

方法

以2022年1—12月湖南省“预防乙型肝炎母婴传播管理信息系统”报告的HBV感染母亲所生儿童为研究对象,所有儿童完成乙肝免疫球蛋白注射和3剂次乙肝疫苗接种并随访至7~12月龄进行乙肝病毒表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg)和表面抗体(抗-HBs)检测。HBsAg和抗-HBs均阴性,表示儿童乙肝疫苗无应答。采用非条件二分类logistic回归模型分析儿童乙肝疫苗无应答的相关因素。

结果

共纳入HBV感染母亲所生儿童9 792名儿童分析。9 792名儿童中,乙肝疫苗无应答率为9.5%(928/9 792)。非条件二分类logistic回归分析显示,HBeAg阳性母亲所生儿童发生乙肝疫苗无应答的风险是HBeAg阴性母亲所生儿童的1.62倍(OR=1.62, 95%CI: 1.40~1.88);巨大儿(出生体重≥4 000 g)儿童发生乙肝疫苗无应答的风险是正常出生体重儿童的1.41倍(OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.08~1.85)。母亲孕期抗病毒治疗(OR=0.59, 95%CI: 0.48~0.73)和儿童HepB规范接种(OR=0.66, 95%CI: 0.57~0.78)是儿童乙肝疫苗无应答的保护因素。

结论

HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率较高,并受母亲HBeAg阳性、孕期抗病毒治疗、出生体重和疫苗规范接种等因素影响。

乙肝疫苗  /  儿童  /  无应答  /  相关因素
Objective

To analyze the status of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine and its related factors in children born to mothers infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV).

Methods

The children born to mothers with HBV infection reported in Hunan Province from January to December 2022 were selected. All the children received hepatitis B immunoglobulin injection and 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccination and were followed up to 7-12 months of age for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBs. Both HBsAg and anti-HBs were negative, indicating that there was no response to hepatitis B vaccine in children. Unconditional binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine in children.

Results

A total of 9 792 children born to mothers infected with HBV were analyzed. Among 9 792 children, the non-response rate of hepatitis B vaccine was 9.5% (928/9 792). Non-conditional binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine in children born to HBeAg-positive mothers was 1.62 times higher than that in children born to HBeAg-negative mothers (OR=1.62, 95%CI: 1.40-1.88). The risk of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine in children with macrosomia (birth weight ≥ 4 000g) was 1.41 times higher than that in children with normal birth weight (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.08-1.85). Maternal antiviral therapy (OR=0.59, 95%CI: 0.48-0.73) and child HepB standard vaccination (OR=0.66, 95%CI: 0.57-0.78) were the protective factors of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine in children.

Conclusion

The non-response rate of hepatitis B vaccine in children born to HBV infected mothers is high, and it is affected by maternal HBeAg positive, antiviral therapy during pregnancy, birth weight, and standard vaccination.

Hepatitis B vaccine  /  Children  /  Non-response  /  Related factors
谭三风, 李辉霞, 肖娟, 谭丹凤, 涂颖, 高洁, 杨敏. HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答状况及相关因素. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (7) : 1239 -1243 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312042
San-feng TAN, Hui-xia LI, Juan XIAO, Dan-feng TAN, Ying TU, Jie GAO, Min YANG. Incidence and associated factors of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine among children born to mothers infected with hepatitis B virus[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (7) : 1239 -1243 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312042
乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染是全球重要的公共卫生问题之一。我国是HBV感染高发区,一般人群乙肝病毒表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg)阳性率为6.1%[1],其中孕妇HBsAg阳性率为5.4%[2]。母婴传播是我国儿童感染乙肝的主要传播途径,并且也是儿童乙肝慢性化的主要原因[3]。研究发现,乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)和乙肝疫苗联合免疫可有效阻断乙肝母婴传播[4-5],但据文献报道,HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无或低应答率为13.5%~25.8%[6-8],远高于一般人群的5%~10%[9]。因此,提高HBV感染母亲所生儿童的乙肝疫苗应答反应成为我国近年来的研究热点之一。目前有关HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗应答反应的相关因素研究大都集中在母亲HBV感染状况,如乙肝E抗原(HBeAg)、HBV DNA[6,10-13],而有关儿童及母亲机体个体方面的其他因素研究较少。本研究通过对湖南省2022年预防乙型肝炎母婴传播管理信息系统的监测资料进行分析,探讨HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答状况及其相关因素,为促进儿童乙肝疫苗应答反应和优化当前母婴阻断免疫措施提供科学依据。
以2022年1—12月湖南省“预防乙型肝炎母婴传播管理信息系统”报告的HBV感染母亲所生儿童为研究对象,所有儿童随访至7~12月龄。纳入标准:(1)在湖南省内医院出生;(2)出生体重≥2 000 g;(3)出生后完成100 IU HBIG注射和3剂次乙肝疫苗接种。排除标准:(1)接受过全身免疫抑制治疗或患免疫缺陷疾病儿童;(2)随访采血进行乙肝血清学检测距第3剂乙肝疫苗接种日期间隔<1个月儿童;(3)HBV感染儿童。本研究通过湖南省妇幼保健院医学伦理委员会审核批准(2020-48)。
收集“预防乙肝母婴传播管理信息系统”中纳入儿童及其母亲的登记资料,包括母亲的年龄、民族、文化程度、职业等社会人口学特征;孕次、产次、乙肝病毒血清学检测(HBsAg、抗-HBs、HBeAg、抗-HBe、抗-HBc)、孕期抗病毒治疗及分娩方式等妊娠分娩情况;儿童性别、出生孕周、出生体重、HBIG注射及乙肝疫苗接种情况。于儿童7~12月龄,采集静脉血对其进行HBsAg和抗-HBs检测。本研究中的乙肝病毒血清学检测为定性检测,检测方法为酶联免疫吸附试验或化学发光免疫试验。
母亲HBsAg阳性即诊断HBV感染[14]。母亲孕期抗病毒治疗分为未用药和用药两种情况。按照国家《预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播工作规范(2020年版)》要求,母亲孕中、晚期血清HBV DNA≥2×105 IU/ml或HBeAg阳性应于孕28周开始抗病毒治疗,对于HBV DNA>2×109 IU/ml的母亲将于孕24周开始抗病毒治疗。本研究中的母亲大部分未进行HBV DNA检测,仅有HBeAg检测结果,因此母亲孕期抗病毒治疗开始时间基本都是28周。
出生孕周<37周为早产。出生体重分为三组,分别为低出生体重(<2 500 g)、正常出生体重(2 500~3 999 g)和巨大儿(≥4 000 g)。HBIG及时注射是指HBsAg阳性母亲所生儿童在出生后12 h内完成100 IU HBIG注射。乙肝疫苗规范接种是指按照“0-1-6个月”程序接种3剂次乙肝疫苗,其中第1剂在出生后24 h内接种,第2剂在1月龄时接种,第3剂在6月龄时接种[15];按照基本公共卫生的统计方法1月龄指出生后30~59 d,6月龄为出生后6月龄~6月龄29 d[16]。本研究所有儿童接种的乙肝疫苗为重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗,每剂次10 μg。
HBsAg阳性、抗-HBs阴性,表示儿童感染HBV,发生乙肝母婴传播;HBsAg阴性、抗-HBs阳性,表示儿童乙肝疫苗有应答,免疫接种成功;HBsAg阴性、抗-HBs阴性,表示儿童乙肝疫苗无应答,免疫接种未成功[17]
采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析。不同特征儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率的比较采用χ2检验。以HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗应答状况为因变量(0=有应答,1=无应答),以单因素分析有统计学意义的指标为自变量,结合医学意义进行儿童乙肝疫苗无应答的多因素分析。多因素分析采用非条件二分类logistic回归模型分析方法,自变量的选择采用逐步回归法(Forward: LR;α=0.05,α=0.10)。检验水准α=0.05。
共随访HBV感染母亲所生儿童9 841名,排除母婴传播感染HBV儿童49名,最终9 792名儿童纳入分析,其中,男童占54.0%,女童占46.0%;早产占6.3%;低出生体重占4.1%;HBIG及时注射率为99.5%;乙肝疫苗规范接种率为80.9%。母亲的社会人口学特征及妊娠、HBeAg阳性、抗病毒治疗情况见表1
儿童乙肝疫苗无应答人数为928人,无应答率为9.5%。<20岁母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率为15.0%,20~24岁组为12.8%,25~29岁组为10.1%,30~34岁组为8.7%,≥35岁组为8.0%。汉族母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率为9.3%,低于其他民族母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答(11.3%)。小学及以下文化程度母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率为17.7%,初中母亲所生儿童为10.1%,高中(含中专/职高)母亲所生儿童为9.6%,大专及以上母亲所生儿童为7.4%。职业为农民母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率为12.6%,家务及待业母亲所生儿童为9.6%,其他职业母亲所生儿童为6.4%。HBeAg阳性母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率为11.1%,高于HBeAg阴性母亲所生儿童(7.9%)。孕期抗病毒治疗母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率为6.9%,低于孕期未进行抗病毒治疗母亲所生儿童(10.1%)。出生体重为巨大儿的儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率为13.0%,低出生体重儿童为8.9%,正常出生体重儿童为9.3%。乙肝疫苗规范接种儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率为8.8%,低于乙肝疫苗未规范接种儿童(12.3%)。不同孕次、产次、分娩方式母亲的儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同性别、是否早产、HBIG是否及时注射的儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1
母亲HBeAg阳性(OR=1.62, 95%CI:1.40~1.88)和巨大儿(OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.08~1.85)是儿童乙肝疫苗无应答的危险因素。母亲孕期抗病毒治疗(OR=0.59, 95%CI: 0.48~0.73)和儿童乙肝疫苗规范接种(OR=0.66, 95%CI: 0.57~0.78)是儿童乙肝疫苗无应答的保护因素。见表2
本研究发现,HBV感染母亲所生儿童全程接种乙肝疫苗后无应答率为9.5%,与我国在4省8县开展的一项调查结果相近(9.1%)[12],而高于陕西省报道的6.7%[18]。各研究间儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率存在差别,可能与各研究的调查样本量、疫苗种类、儿童随访时间以及乙肝血清学实验室检测方法不同有关。
既往有关HBV感染母亲HBeAg阳性是否与儿童乙肝疫苗免疫应答存在关联尚无统一的定论[6,10-13]。在我国吉林、河南、四川、甘肃4省开展的一项随访调查显示HBV感染母亲HBeAg阳性是儿童乙肝疫苗无应答的危险因素,HBeAg阳性母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率为13.5%,高于HBeAg阴性母亲所生儿童(7.4%)[12]。杨志清等[6]开展的一项前瞻性研究却得到完全相反的结论,发现HBeAg阳性母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无/低应答率为11.3%,明显低于HBeAg阴性母亲所生儿童(23.4%)。而冯静等[10]对265例HBsAg阳性母亲所生儿童进行追踪随访发现母亲HBeAg阳性与儿童乙肝疫苗的免疫应答无关。我们的研究结果与4省的研究结果一致,发现HBeAg阳性母亲所生儿童发生乙肝疫苗无应答的风险是HBeAg阴性母亲所生儿童的1.62倍。这是由于母亲机体内的HBeAg可部分透过胎盘进入胎儿体内,通过胎儿的血液循环调节其免疫状态进而增加胎儿出生后发生乙肝疫苗无应答的风险[13],其有关免疫机制有待进一步深入探讨。
本研究发现母亲孕期抗病毒治疗是儿童乙肝疫苗无应答的保护因素,这与既往的研究结果相一致[19]。许喜喜等[19]研究发现妊娠中晚期服用替比夫定的HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无/弱应答率为3.0%,明显低于未服药母亲所生儿童(20.4%)。孕期服用抗病毒药物能够降低儿童乙肝疫苗无/弱应答风险的可能原因,一方面已有研究证实母亲HBV DNA含量与儿童乙肝疫苗无/弱应答密切相关[13,20],母亲HBV DNA通过抑制其新生儿天然免疫信号通路及疫苗应答相关免疫细胞导致婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答[21];而抗病毒药物可显著降低母亲体内的HBV DNA含量,从而降低对新生儿免疫功能的影响。另一方面是抗病毒药物能够促进新生儿的干扰素-γ和白介素-10分泌,从而降低儿童乙肝疫苗无/弱应答的发生风险[19]
多项研究证实早产和低出生体重是儿童乙肝疫苗无/弱应答的危险因素[7,22-23]。但本研究未发现早产和低出生体重与儿童乙肝疫苗无应答存在关联,而发现巨大儿是儿童乙肝疫苗无应答的危险因素。这是由于本研究排除了出生体重<2 000 g的早产/低出生体重儿,而出生体重≥2 000 g的早产/低出生体重儿一般为晚期早产儿,免疫功能发育较极早/非常早产儿要相对完善。
此外,本研究还发现乙肝疫苗规范接种是儿童乙肝疫苗无应答的保护因素。这是由于乙肝疫苗免疫应答与疫苗的免疫接种程序密切相关,依据《国家免疫规划疫苗儿童免疫程序及说明(2021年版)》要求,乙肝疫苗按照“0-1-6个月”程序接种,才能充分发挥疫苗的免疫效果[24]
本研究存在的局限性是儿童乙肝病毒血清学检测为定性检测,未开展抗-HBs定量检测,不能深入分析乙肝疫苗的免疫应答强度(如低应答、正常应答和高应答),有待后续进一步的研究。
综上所述,HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答率较高,并受母亲HBeAg阳性、孕期抗病毒治疗、出生体重和疫苗规范接种等因素影响。需加强HBeAg阳性孕妇的抗病毒治疗,重视孕期保健,减少巨大儿发生,并且按照国家免疫程序为儿童规范接种乙肝疫苗,以促进儿童乙肝疫苗免疫应答效果。
  • 湖南省自然科学基金项目(2020JJ5285)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312042
  • 接收时间:2023-12-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-04
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湖南省自然科学基金项目(2020JJ5285)
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    1.湖南省妇幼保健院儿童保健科,湖南 长沙 410008
    2.中南大学湘雅公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系,湖南 长沙 410008

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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